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Topic: Khazar Correspondence

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	Khazar - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		From the Khazar Correspondence it is apparent that two Spanish Jews, Judah ben Meir ben Nathan and Joseph Gagris, had succeeded in settling in the land of the Khazars.
		Khazar kingship was divided between the khagan and the Bek or Khagan Bek.
		Khazar coin minted in imitation of Caliphate dirhem and bearing the legend "Moses is the prophet of God", early 9th c.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Khazar (6809 words)

	KHAZARS
		It is generally held that only the Khazar nobility adopted Judaism; however, between the 7th and 10th centuries, in the Pannonian plains, there was a center for Judaization that is sometimes attributed to the Khazars (Chelarevo).
		The Khazar state is called the "kaghan's empire" or the "kaghsnate", and gone from its name is that of the original Khazar Empire, which preceded the kaghanate and built it with the sword.
		Since the Khazar state approves these expansions, the two sides come out of every conflict reinforced and with double the number of their temples, which, of course, works to the determent of the Khazars and their faith.
	thor.prohosting.com /mila18/yellow/khazars.htm (1931 words)

	Wikinfo \| Khazars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Khazars were important allies of the Byzantine Empire, and were a major regional power at their height.
		The possible Khazar contribution to the bloodline of modern Ashkenazi Jews is politically sensitive and has been the subject of much discussion, but most geneticists now believe that it is unsubstantial.
		In 986 Khazar Jews were present at Vladimir's disputation to decide on the prospective religion of the Kievian Rus.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Khazars (5677 words)

	S.C.J. FAQ: Section 13.4. Jews as a Nation: Who were the Khazars? Are Ashkenazi Jews descended from the Khazars?
		The Khazars were a Turkic tribe that migrated to the steppes of what is today southern Russia and eastern Ukraine by the 5th century.
		The Khazars were a potent military force in eastern Europe till about the middle of the 11th century, their last power base being the Crimean peninsula.
		However, most of the soldiers in the Khazar army were Muslims, and the non-Khazar ethnic groups within the Khazar Empire (such as the Slavs, Bulgars, and Goths) did not adopt Judaism but rather remained pagans, Muslims, and Christians.
	www.shamash.org /lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/13-04.html (1400 words)

	Khazar
		A few historians have looked for possible connections between the Khazars and the lost tribes of Israel, but the vast majority of modern scholars generally consider them to be Turks who migrated from the East.
		Khazar armies were led by the Bek and commanded by subordinate officers known as tarkhans.
		By 800 Khazar holdings included most of the Pontic steppe as far west as the Dneiper and as far east as the Aral Sea (some Turkic history atlases show the Khazar sphere of influence extending well east of the Aral).
	www.governpub.com /Languages-K/Khazar.php (5989 words)

	The Sephardhim and The Ashkenazim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Khazars were one of the Turkic tribes which, moving westwards as a consequence of what are still largely undefined pressures in inner Asia, began to settle round the northern edges of the Byzantine Empire, in the middle of the first millennium AD.
		The Khazars, evidently an intelligent people, were anxious to keep their options open and it seemed to them that it did not in any case take the judgement of a political genius to realise that the acceptance by them of one of the two great religious orthodoxies would immediately alienate the other.
		The Khazars were thus obliged to seek an original solution to their dilemma: the solution they found was remarkable - they Judaised, that is to say, they declared themselves Jews and in doing so hoped to ward off the attentions of both their mighty suitors.
	muslimsonline.com /babri/khazar1.htm (1524 words)

	The Thirteenth Tribe
		The Khazars' sway extended from the Black sea to the Caspian, from the Caucasus to the Volga, and they were instrumental in stopping the Muslim onslaught against Byzantium, the eastern jaw of the gigantic pincer movement that in the West swept across northern Africa and into Spain.
		Thereafter the Khazars found themselves in a precarious position between the two major world powers: the Eastern Roman Empire in Byzantium and the triumphant followers of Mohammed.
		As Arthur Koestler points out, the Khazars were the Third World of their day, and they chose a surprising method of resisting both the Western pressure to become Christian and the Eastern to adopt Islam.
	www.christusrex.org /www2/koestler/index.html (608 words)

	The Thirteenth Tribe - The Khazar Empire And Its Heritage
		By this time it is possible to reconstruct Khazar history in some detail without recourse to the letters of Hasdai and Joseph.” Nevertheless, the reader may be interested in a brief outline of what is known of the history of these documents.
		Poliak, A. “The Khazar Conversion to Judaism” (in Hebrew), Zion, Jerusalem, 1941.
		Zajaczkowski, The Khazar Culture and its Heirs (in Polish) (Breslau, 1946).
	www.bibliotecapleyades.net /sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_khazar01_10.htm (7411 words)

	Arthur Koestler
		It is important not only because of the information it contains about the Khazars themselves (and particularly about their relationship with the Magyars), but because of the data it provides on the Rus and the people of the northern steppes.
		He had probably read a transcript of the Correspondence as the less erudite Barzillai had before him, but the evidence is inconclusive.
		In 1941 Poliak advanced the theory that the Khazar Correspondence was, not exactly a forgery, but a fictional work written in the tenth century with the purpose of spreading information about, or making propaganda for, the Jewish kingdom.
	www.findthelinks.com /books/khazars/Khazars_appendices.htm (5120 words)

	Amazon.com: Thirteenth Tribe (Picador Books): Books: Arthur Koestler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Essentially the book recounts the tale of the Khazars, a middle Asian Turkic tribe, or tribal group, which settled in the southern steppes of what is today's Russia, during the seventh and eighth centuries, and adopted Judaism (in reaction to the conflicting demands of nearby 'great powers' espousing Christianity and Islam).
		Still others see the Khazars as a convenient hook on which to hang negative aspersions they wish to cast on modern Jews, suggesting that Jews are descended from a cruel and barbaric middle Asian horde, not fit to stand with the great civilizations and cultures of history.
		Yes, the Khazar empire blew away without leaving a trace -- unless one seeks and finds that trace in the European mores and culture of the Jews coming out of that region (big fur hats and long coats, for instance, may have been a carry-over from the nomadic Khazar horsemen).
	www.amazon.com /thirteenth-tribe-Khazar-heritage-Picador/dp/0330250698 (3242 words)

	Khazaria.com - History of Jewish Khazars, Khazar Turk, Khazarian Jews (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Khazars are portrayed as having become fully integrated with the mainstream Byzantine Jewish community.
		After their conversion, the Khazar people used Jewish personal names, spoke and wrote in Hebrew, were circumcised, had synagogues and rabbis, studied the Torah and Talmud, and observed Hanukkah, Pesach, and the Sabbath.
		The Khazars were an advanced civilization with one of the most tolerant societies of the medieval period.
	www.khazaria.com.cob-web.org:8888 (1679 words)

	Radio Islam.The Thirteenth Tribe.by Arthur koestler .Is The Jews' "Chosen People" Masquerade Finally Over? ...
		Koestler speculates about the ultimate faith of the Khazars and their impact on the racial composition and social heritage of modern Jewry.
		He then proved that by 1951 these "Jews" had a stranglehold on American politics, on Banking and Credit, on all sources of news, on the entertainment industry, on America's education system, and that they were the predominant race as judges, lawyers, doctors, and in organized crime.
		46 Quotes 1,000-year-old Arab historian, "The Khazars and their King are all Jews...some are of the opinion that Gog and Magog are the Khazars." 47-50 Khazars were re-exporters of foreign goods, middlemen, inspectors of trade, goldsmiths, and silversmiths; and they exacted 10% tax on all trade.
	abbc.net /koestler/index.htm (2246 words)

	Who are the KHAZARS? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Turkish-speaking Karaites [Jews] of the Crimea, Poland, and elsewhere have affirmed a connection with the Khazars, which is perhaps confirmed by evidence from folklore and anthropology as well as language.
		Citing ELDAD HA-DANI: "The tribe of SIMEON is in the land of the Khazars" (all from Dunlop, History Of The Jewish Khazars).
		The Jews are the king, his attendants and the Khazars of his kind.
	www.sullivan-county.com /identity/khazars.htm (2298 words)

	What Right Do Zionist Jews Have To Palestine?
		The conversion of the Khazars to Judaism is described in the so-called 'Khazar Correspondence' dating from the tenth century between Hasdai Ibn Shaprut, the Jewish chief minister of the Caliph of Cordoba in Spain, and Joseph, the king of the Khazars.
		The Khazars were formerly well known as a powerful people who, at their peak, 'controlled or exacted tribute from some 30 different nations and tribes' (Koestler), and were the supreme masters of the southern half of eastern Europe for more than a century.
		After their conversion to 'Judaism', a religion based primarily on the teachings of the Pharisees and the Talmud, the Khazars adopted circumcision and became known as the 'Jewish Khazars' and then later simply as 'Jews'.
	www.serendipity.li /zionism/khazars.htm (1558 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: The Medieval Jewish Kingdom of the Khazars
		To satisfy his curiosity he wrote to the ruler of the Khazars about 960 and some time later received an answer from Joseph, the reigning king.
		I, Hasdai, son of Isaac, son of Ezra, belonging to the exiled Jews of Jerusalem in Spain, a servant of my lord the King, bow to the earth before him and prostrate myself towards the abode of your Majesty from a distant land.
		Another Hebrew source tells us that Judaism was adopted by the Khazars when a Jewish general was made king.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/khazars1.html (2346 words)

	Khazars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The question of mass religious conversion is a central theme in Milorad Pavić's international bestselling novel Dictionary of the Khazars.
		"The Khazar Qaghanate and its Impact on the Early Rus' State: The translatio imperii from Itil to Kiev." Nomads in the Sedentary World, eds.
		"The Pre-Ashkenazic Jews of Eastern Europe in Relation to the Khazars, the Rus', and the Lithuanians".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Khazar (7621 words)

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