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Topic: Khibiny Mountains

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	Russia - MSN Encarta
		Russia can be divided into three broad geographical regions: European Russia, consisting of the territory lying west of the Ural Mountains; Siberia, stretching east from the Urals almost to the Pacific Ocean; and Far Eastern Russia (or the Russian Far East), including the extreme south-east and the Pacific coastal fringe.
		The topography is generally mountainous in these areas of outcropping, particularly in the north, where a maximum elevation of 1,191 m (3,906 ft) is reached in the Khibiny Mountains of the central Kola Peninsula.
		The European Plain terminates in the east at the Ural Mountains, a series of mountain ranges that were formed about 250 million years ago when, as a result of continental drift, Siberia collided with Europe during the formation of the ancient continent of Laurasia (see Plate Tectonics).
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569000/Russia.html (1408 words)

	Amorous secrets in Khibiny mountains on Kola Peninsula
		The rocky and treeless Khibiny Mountains are situated north of 67-th parallel, beyond the Arctic Circle on Kola Peninsula in Russian Lapland.
		In clear summer weather the Khibiny Mountains can be seen from many miles away, from the Kandalaksha tundra in the south, the frontier heights of Kovdor in the west and even from the hilly banks of the Voronija River in the north.
		The Khibiny Mountains are the geographic centre of the Kola Peninsula region which was in former times a remote outlying district of Russia, inhabited by severe Pomors (coast dwellers) and mysterious Lapps.
	www.kolatravel.com /khibiny_mountains.htm (834 words)

	Russia - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		On the eastern margins with the Pacific Ocean, the mountains are higher and steeper, and volcanic activity becomes prevalent.
		The Caucasus Mountains comprise two major folded mountain chains divided along their entire extent by a lowland, with the older northern chain, the Greater Caucasus (Bolshoi Kavkaz), forming part of Russia’s southern border.
		To the south of this zone is a broad belt of subarctic climate; in the west it reaches almost as far south as the city of St Petersburg, broadening east of the Urals to cover almost all of Siberia and Far Eastern Russia.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761569000___2/Russia.html (6061 words)

	Land Resources of Russia
		Mountain forests in the Altay Mountains and in West Syan, which are composed of firs, tall grasses, and nemoral species but lack taiga shrubs and mosses, belong to this type.
		The belts stretch symmetrically at various slopes in the mountains with a humid climate, especially in the north.
		The primary forest communities could be considered to be broad-leaved-Siberian pine and fir-spruce forests of various ages in the Far East, fir-cedar forests in the mountains of South Siberia, pine-larch forests in Siberia, and spruce forests and pine forests of various ages in the European North.
	www.iiasa.ac.at /Research/FOR/russia_cd/veg_des.htm (4364 words)

	Untitled Document
		The Khibiny Mountains, rocky and treeless are situated north of 67-th parallel, beyond the Arctic Circle.
		The Khibiny is the geographical and industrial centre of the Kola Peninsula region which was in former times a remote outlying district of tsarist Russia, inhabited by severe Pomors and misterious Lapps.
		Previously an unforeseen route from Imandra railway station to the Khibiny foothills was crowned with the discovery of unknown for science minerals.
	www.kaktuseklubi.org.ee /matk/koola/khibiny.htm (973 words)

	Kola peninsula, Khibiny Mountains Ski adventure in Russia. Ski tour in Russia. Skitour in mountains of Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Khibiny mountains (an old Saami name) are located in the centre of the Kola Peninsula, 80 km north from the White sea and 120 km south from the Barents sea.
		The Khibiny mountains are located north of the Arctic Circle, so during the short summer period the sun is not hidden below the horizon but starting from mid-December till early January the sun does not appear in the sky.
		The higher to the mountains the poorer the vegetation world is getting: thick pine-, fir- and birch-woods of the foothills change at the level of 200-250 m into dwarf forest, then at 300 meters - into tundra (arctic prairies) and on the flat Khibiny tops dominate arctic stone deserts.
	www.slope.ru /?p=page4&m=kamch&l=en (566 words)

	Mountain skiing tours (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Khibiny is the name of the mountains in the Cola peninsula.
		Such mountain skiing resorts of the southern Urals as Abzakovo and Zavialikha are more popular among the locals, but the quality of their skiing tracks is well known even in other regions.
		Mountain skiing centers of Siberia are so remote from the central part of the country that it is mostly local mountain skiers or guests from the neighboring region that come here to ski.
	www.russiatourism.ru /redirect.asp?id=8 (481 words)

	Trek in Khibiny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Khibiny is not very high mountain massif on the Kola peninsula, located almost 150 km to the north from the Polar Circle.
		One of the specific features and advantages of these mountains is also the long light "polar" day lasting throughout all summer.
		Northern taiga, woods of crooked and dwarf birches, shrub and lichen tundra, picturesque river valleys and flat summits, lots of berries and mushrooms - all is waiting for you on the trip.
	www.geographicbureau.com /CERussia/khibiny.htm (389 words)

	RUSSIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Very simply, the landmass of the republic consists of a vast plain in the western and northern parts of the country fringed by a discontinuous belt of mountains and plateaus on the south and on the east; this is the most extensive plain in the world.
		The topography is generally rough in these areas of outcropping, particularly in the north, where a maximum elevation of 1191 m (3906 ft) is reached in the Khibiny Mountains of the central Kola Peninsula.
		To the east, toward the Pacific Ocean, the mountains are higher and steeper, and volcanic activity becomes prevalent.
	k.1asphost.com /prosto/russia.html (1377 words)

	Kola Peninsula ski-tour - ski randonne in Russia
		The Khibiny mountains are almost unknown to the Western tourist.
		It is a mountain country above the Polar Circle, in the very heart of the Kola Peninsula, with the highest point m.Tchasnotchor(1191m).
		The moderate altitude of the mountains (ab.1000m), and mild climate makes it possible for skiers to be a pioneer of the wild land.
	www.tst.spb.ru /eng/tours/kola/kola.html (544 words)

	Russia - Search View - ninemsn Encarta
		East of the Altai Mountains, agriculture is found only in isolated mountain basins along the southern fringes of Siberia and the far eastern region.
		The most accessible and valuable stands of timber were heavily harvested during the Soviet period, and less valuable tree species have become dominant in many areas that were once prime forest land.
		In 1997 the state was due to transfer management of five of the most profitable mines to boards of trustees, as an initial step towards their eventual sale to the private sector.
	au.encarta.msn.com /text_761569000__1/Russia.html (20643 words)

	ELIAN TRAVEL / Russian Geography
		The north extremity is on the Rudolf insland in Frans-Iosif land archipelago (in latitude 81'49" North), and the south extremity in on the ridge of the Main Caucasus Ridge (in latitude 41'12" South).
		It continues eastward in isolated mountain basins along the extreme fringes of Siberia and far eastern Russia, and in the North Caucasian Plain.
		The Caucasus region is particularly abundant in wildlife; mountain goats, chamois, Caucasian deer, wild boar, porcupine, leopard, hyena, jackal, squirrel, bear, and such game fowl as the fl grouse, turkey hen, and stone partridge are found here.
	www.loverussianwife.com /travel/russia/about/geography.htm (4730 words)

	Stukenberg Geology Museum of Kazan State University
		The museum demonstrates samples of transparent gypsum crystals and druses from Kamsko-Ustyinskoye Deposit, calcite forms from Syukeyevo case and Antonoskiye mountains, collomorphic aggregates of chalcedony and small quartz druses from the right bank of the Volga River and suburbs of Kazan, polished silicon concretions from the Kamsko-Ustyinsky District.
		Variety of minerals and rocks is defined by a big land mass of alkali rocks - nepheline-syenites from Khibiny Mountains.
		The Mineralogy Section of the museum demonstrates radial aggregates of astrophilite, crimson eudialyte disseminations, druses of emerald crystals of amazonite, growths of wedge-shaped crystals of sphene and other exotic minerals from the Kola Peninsular.
	www.ksu.ru /gmku/eng/s16.php (410 words)

	LATE GLACIAL ICE MARGINAL FLUCTUATIONS ON CENTRAL KOLA PENINSULA, NW RUSSIA
		Extensive moraine systems and lateral meltwater channel series in the central part of the Kola Peninsula mountains, the Khibiny and Lovozero mountains, reveal a complicated interaction between regional ice sheet dynamics and local cirque glaciation.
		During the Younger Dryas, the eastern ice margin of the Fennoscandian ice sheet was positioned north-south across the central Kola Peninsula, depositing end moraines on the lowlands surrounding the mountains, particularly on the northern part of the peninsula.
		Within the central mountains themselves there is extensive evidence of ice marginal positions both from local mountain glaciation, such as regular end moraines at the mouths of cirques, and from continental glaciation, with inlet glaciers flowing up and into the valleys and cirques, depositing marginal moraines.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/inqu/finalprogram/abstract_55320.htm (513 words)

	Murman.Ru / Catalogue / Tourism and Rest / Hotels - Murmansk region
		Distance to the nearest mountain ski elevator is 200 meters.
		It is situated in the centaur of Kirovsk on the 4th floor of building of original architect.
		Hotel of tourist class “Khibinu” piedmont Ikuajvenchorr mountain and small (7 rooms) family hotel “Ekkos” offers placement of mountain skiers in Kirovsk of the Murmansk region.
	www.murman.ru /guide/tourism/hotels-eng.shtml (352 words)

	Backcountry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Khibiny Mountains is a wonderful place for such trips.
		There are mainly two relief types suitable for skiing in the Khibiny: going down virgin snow fields (the slope’s angle 15-50°) and descending along narrow, avalanche type of corridors (30-50°).
		Outer Khibiny slopes (the ones that face the valley) are almost never used for skiing down the virgin snow fields.
	www.ramzay-sever.com /engl/pages/backcountry.html (767 words)

	Hotels Khibiny and Ekkos are pleased to welcome you!
		Khibiny got his name after the mountains Khibiny surrounding the city of
		Khibiny is mainly used by tourists attracted by alpine skiing, as it is situated very close to mountain.
		Ekkos is very popular amongst business travelers and families, as it is situated in the very center of Kirovsk and is of higher standard.
	khibiny.mels.ru /khibiny1en.htm (340 words)

	WayToRussia.Net Guide to Russia / Insights / Snowboarding Trip to the North of Russia
		Ural mountains are not high at all, the highest peak is about 1000 meters, besides Ural is busy Russian industrial center and there more plants and factories than anywhere else in Russia.
		Khibini - it is the very north of Russia, behind the Pole Circle, no one of my friends was there.
		The one we found was cheap and close to the mountains, we could even see the elevator from the window.
	www.waytorussia.net /Insights/Travel/Travelling.html (969 words)

	Khibiny Massif, Kola Peninsula, Murmanskaja Oblast', Northern Region, Russia
		Khibiny Massif, Kola Peninsula, Murmanskaja Oblast', Northern Region, Russia
		Refs.: Minakov, F.V., Dudkin, O.B., and Kamanev, E.A. (1981) The Khibiny carbonatite complex.
		Goryainov, P.M., Ivanyuk, G.Yu., and Yakovenchuk, V.N. (1998) Tectonic percolation zones in the Khibiny massif: morphology, geochemistry, and genesis.
	www.mindat.org /loc-2680.html (184 words)

	PAC Group - Tourism in Russia - Tours in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Golden Ring,Russian North, Karelia, Urals, Baikal, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Tourists will learn about the history of the industrial developing of the North of Russia, the process of mining the deposits of minerals, about the building and mining the biggest deposits of apatites.
		Arrangement of the tent camp on the bank of mountain lake.
		Tourists will enjoy not only the process of collecting minerals, but also the splendid, unique landscapes and the guide will tell the history of studying the Khibiny mountains, geological processes, the technology of extraction and dressing of apatite-nepheline ores.
	www.pac.ru /incoming/tours/?tid=13&rid=4 (787 words)

	Prodigy Hibiny mountains in hotel Tirvas(Kirovsk,Apatity)Russia .Sanatorium Tirvas.
		All more popular becomes the rest and treatment in NORTHWEST zone of the Russia.
		The Sanitarium "Tirvas " well-earned is considered one of the the most popular smithies of health in Hibiny mountains.
		He is located in poles kilometer from city Kirovsk,in one of the calm valleys Hibiny mountains.The mountains,wood,water-neighbours "Tirvas".Two the most beautiful lakes surround his(its)-Big and Small Vudiyavr.The Paradise small piece of coal name the sanitarium local inhabitants.
	tirvas.hotmail.ru /index_eng.htm (185 words)

	Ecological active tourism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The first complex will be open in the very center of the Khibiny – Kuel’porr valley.
		It is possible to travel with light baggage now – all necessary equipment is ready for you right there in the mountains.
		Comfortable staying in the mountains with all facilities and transfer provided.
	www.ramzay-sever.com /engl/index.html (146 words)

	301
		Some eutrophication and acidification of the lake might be caused by total warming after "Little Ice Age" which commenced on the Kola Peninsula 30,000 ybp.
		As a result of warming, the tree-line at the Kola Peninsula mountains moved up 70-150 m (Zhukova-Hovanskaya et al.
		Expansion of conifers and increased productivity offer one explanation for a decrease in pH of the lakes, due to acidification of precipitation and surface water during their infiltration through coniferous canopy and litter (Ushakova, 1979).
	www.the-conference.com /JConfAbs/2/301.html (637 words)

	Int. Lichenol. Newsletter 33-2, Reports
		The First Russian Lichenological Field Meeting took place in the Khibiny Mountains (Murmansk Region) and was organized by the St Petersburg Naturalists Society, Russian Botanical Society and Universities of St Petersburg and Petrozavodsk.
		The third excursion to the Lovchorr Mountain slopes (southern Khibiny) was dedicated to different lichen tundras.
		The last two trips were made to Kunijok valley (central Khibiny) with spruce and birch mountain forests and a Southern Canyon (southern Khibiny), rich in epilithic lichens.
	www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de /ial/newsletter/reports.htm (2837 words)

	CO2 Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		(2001) analyzed subfossil wood samples from the Khibiny mountains on the Kola Peninsula of Russia (67-68°N, 33-34°E) in an effort to reconstruct the region's climate history over the past 1500 years.
		And what is known is that in many places it was warmer during the MWP than it was during the latter part of the 20th century.
		For example, they report that "the northern margin of boreal forests in Canada was shifted [north] by 55 km during the MWP, and the tree line in the Rocky Mountains in the southern United States and in the Krkonose Mountains was higher by 100-200 m than that observed at the present time."
	www.co2science.org /scripts/CO2ScienceB2C/subject/m/summaries/mwprussia.jsp (739 words)

	Haplomyces texanus Thaxt
		, Murmansk area (northern part of the Kola Peninsula, including Khibin Mountains): Khibiny Mts., Polar Ural, Taimyr Peninsula, Yakutia area, Chukotka peninsula: Wrangel’ Is. – Gr, Sp.
		On litter of Arctagrostis arundinacea, A. latifolia, Deschampsia cespitosa, Puccinellia angustata, Poa arctica, P. abbreviata; on dead stems of Deschampsia cespitosa.
		On litter of Eriophorum polystachion, E. scheuchzeri, E. vaginatum; on dead stems of Luzula confusa.
	www.binran.spb.ru /infsys/ra_fun/H.fungi.html (1032 words)

	Trips Of A Lifetime Part II: Russia \| Outside Online
		Untapped Frontiers: The Subarctic Urals, Putorana Plateau, and the Altay Mountains
		STRETCHING FROM the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea, on Russia's southern border, the Caucasus Mountains are the Alps on steroids: 730 miles of glaciated peaks, among them 18,510-foot Mount Elbrus, Europe's highest point.
		In recent years, terrorism in Chechnya has cast a pall over Russia's favorite adventure destination, but it hasn't stanched the flow of visitors, who chill in the cozy ski village of Terskol, the base for Elbrus climbs, or head to the Bezengi Wall, a 7.5-mile-long massif spiked with three 16,000-foot summits.
	outside.away.com /outside/features/200403/trips_of_a_lifetime_russia_3.html (910 words)

	BOOKS - MINERALS, GEOLOGY, GEMOLOGY, FLUORESCENT MINERALS, MICROMOUNTING, FIELD COLLECTING
		Numerous gemstone and mineral collecting localities, as well as placer Gold producing areas, are described within the Rocky Mountains.
		5 -- Murzinka gem-bearing pegmatite region of the Ural Mountains
		7 -- Kukisvumchorr in the Khibiny Alkaline Massif, Kola Peninsula
	www.minresco.com /minbooks/books02.htm (1709 words)

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