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Topic: Khilafat Movement

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	The Khilafat Movement, Mahatma Gandhiji leading the Congress and the start of Non-Cooperation Movement
		The first stirrings in favour of the Khilafat Movement in Bengal was seen on 30 December 1918 at the 11th Session of the All India muslim league held in Delhi.
		In the initial stage, the movement was popularised by Bengali leaders such as Maulana Akram Khan, maniruzzaman islamabadi, Mujibur Rahman Khan, the brothers Maulana abdullahil kafi and Maulana abdullahil baqi, ismail hossain shiraji, Abul Kasem and AK Fazlul Huq.
		The movement was launched formally on 1st August 1920, after the expiry of the notice that Gandhi had given to the Viceroy in his letter of 22 June, in which he had asserted the right recognized 'from time immemorial of the subject to refuse to assist a ruler who misrules'.
	www.indhistory.com /khilafat-movement.html (2868 words)

	Khilafat Movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a movement amongst the Muslims of British India (the largest single Muslim community in one geo-political entity at the time) to ensure that the British, victors of World War I, kept a promise made at the Versailles.
		Gandhi became a member of the Central Khilafat Committee and at the Nagpur session (1920) of the Indian National Congress Gandhi proposed a non-cooperation campaign, of non-violent satyagraha, in support of swaraj and khilafat.
		The final blow to the movement was Kemal Atatürk's overthrow of the Ottoman Sultan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Khilafat_Movement (754 words)

	POLITICAL PARTIES AND INDIAN MUSLIMS
		The supporters of Khilafat lost their great cause when the people of Turkey abolished the post of Caliph, a few years later.
		Khilafat movement was an attempt to incite the sentiments of Indian Muslims for a cause that did not in any way benefit them, socially or economically or in any other manner.
		This is the reason for the fact that support to meaningless movements like Khilafat by Mahatma Gandhi led to the elimination of the leaders among Muslims who talked of development, growth and modernisation.
	www.samarthbharat.com /muslim.htm (1614 words)

	The fall of Ottoman Caliphate and the Indian Khilafat Movement.\| MeraWatan
		It is a folly to think that the Khilafat Movement was the aspiration of a single community in India.
		Khilafat Movement was India's reaction at the misdeeds of the Imperial forces in First World War.
		Khilafat leaders like Ali Musliyar, Kunhammad Haji (who established a short-lived Caliphate in Malabar) are still remembered for their ceaseless struggle against the Imperial power.
	www.jaihoon.com /watan/indarbkhilafat.htm (2084 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : Opinion (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Khilafat-Non-Cooperation movement is singular because it is the only movement led by Gandhi that was centred on a religious issue: the preservation of the Sultan of Turkey as the Caliph of all Muslims.
		The irony of this is sharpened by the fact that the greatest critic of the Khilafat movement and the Congress’s part in it was Jinnah, once Dadabhai Naoroji’s private secretary, and, at the time, the outstanding representative of the Moderate tendency in Muslim politics.
		No, the reason the Khilafat movement was aberrant was because the earlier deals had been based on rational political bargaining, whereas agitating for the Sultan was inflammatory posturing in a hopeless cause.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1050626/asp/opinion/story_4915438.asp (1486 words)

	Qalandar
		Shortly after, with the end of the First World War, the Khilafat movement was launched in India in order to preserve the Ottoman Caliphate from attack by the victorious allies and to prevent the holy cities of Mecca and Medina from falling under European control.
		The Khilafat movement provided a new lease of life to the ‘ulama, who had been, by this time, increasingly marginalized by western-educated Muslims as leaders of the community.
		Khilafat committees were set up all over the country, organized by ‘ulama in collaboration with modern educated Muslims, thus helping bring about a temporary reconciliation between the two.
	www.islaminterfaith.org /feb2005/article3.htm (2220 words)

	Procrastination: The End of the Ottoman Empire
		The “Khilafat” movement, a disgrace to Sub-continental Muslims, led to the thousands of middle class Sindhis and Punjabis being unfortunately duped into making the hijrah (I believe that when a land is no longer safe for Muslims, they must either wage jihah or emigrate to a more friendly locale) to Turkey to restore the Khilafat.
		Interestingly Gandhi was in favour of the Khilafat movement and held it to be a signal that India Muslims had a greater “Muslim” consciousness than their co-adherents of the West.
		Movement ostensibly started as a protest against British and a rebellious Khilafat Kingdom was established in a few towns and villages as a mark of protest.
	www.zackvision.com /weblog/2003/04/end-of-ottomans.html (2838 words)

	JAMI'AT-UL-ULAMA-I-HIND - Basically a movement for religious nationalism.
		Since the Khilafat movement was based on negative perspective, its failure had a demoralising affect on JUH leaders due to which they could not establish themselves as real voice of Muslim mass against the Muslim League.
		Notwithstanding the failure of Khilafat movement and collapse of Ottoman Empire of Turkey in 1924, which sent a shocking wave to Ulama, the JUH marched along its ambitious political course, which was not identical with Indian National Congress' unitary democratic polity.
		Islamic revival movement, the JUH also generated competitive communalism in Indian society particularly among the Hindus and the on going conflict between Muslim communalism and political Hindutva as we see today is therefore the natural outcome of their Islamic communalism, which they are carrying since the days of freedom struggle.
	www.saag.org /papers6/paper586.html (3627 words)

	Khilafat Movement (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The genesis of the Khilafat Movement can be traced to the mind-set of the Indian Muslim that if Ottoman Turkey, the symbol of Islam's worldly power, was to disappear their political importance vis-a-vis the Hindus would be extremely compromised.
		If the Khilafat Movement failed to achieve its immediate objectives it was because its demands clashed with the interests of the Allied governments who displayed no compassion for the Indian point of view.
		The leadership of the movement bowed a preponderance of urban middle class educated elite with the total exclusion of the landed class which reappeared only after the movement had failed and the Muslim League was back in business.
	www.binoria.org /albineng/august98/khilafat.html (1856 words)

	THE STATESMAN..... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		But the tensions raised could not be settled and Jinnah could no longer play a leading role in the Khilafat movement and it passed into the hands of Ali brothers, Dr. Kitchlew and the militant segment of the Ulema.
		Gandhi became the head of the Khilafat movement and declared that the Indians would boycott all British goods, courts, institutions, elections etc. He urged that such large scale protest movement would force the British to grant India self rule.
		Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement had been approved at a special session at Amritsar and during the Nagpur session, Jinnah was the only person who had the courage to openly oppose the resolution proposed by Gandhi, despite strong opposition by the crowd.
	www.pakistan.gov.pk /Quaid/politician6.htm (787 words)

	IMC India - Gandhi an Enigma (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A movement is started, some incomprehensible, often disastrous decisions are taken leaving his faithful followers in the lurch, and the whole thing explained away with resort to sophistic arguments based on unverifiable claims.
		The Khilafat movement is generally described as a demand by the Muslims for the restoration of the Sultan of Turkey to his rightful office of the Caliph.
		The lesson of the Khilafat fiasco may be summarized as follows: it showed that the enthusiasm of the Muslim masses in India could be aroused only through appeals to religious symbols of an alien culture rooted in an alien land.
	india.indymedia.org /en/2003/04/4681.shtml (7174 words)

	EMERGENCE OF A MODERN ISLAMIC COMMUNITY
		Under the aegis of the Pakistan Khilafat Movement an international Khilafat conference was held in Lahore on 28 January.
		khilafat based on the path shown by prophethood, for countering the challenges facing the ummah, and if this khilafat comes into being it must perforce deal with internal issues of the ummah also and try to find answers to them.
		Islamic movements that are neither truly subordinate to the ulema and their understanding of Islam nor is their inspiration derived completely from Western sources.
	www.angelfire.com /mi/farhadmian/modern_islam1.html (1585 words)

	Women's Role in Pakistan Movement
		It was a befitting culmination of the reformist movements of the late nineteenth century for the emancipation and education of Muslim women.
		However all this was short-lived and so with the demise of the Khilafat Movement women reverted to the strict seclusion of their homes and their domestic world.
		The movement for Pakistan had spread to girls' schools and colleges and got increasingly tied up with Muslim women's demands for the implementation of Shariat, as that would increase their rights under the law.
	yespakistan.com /history/women.asp (1614 words)

	BEGINNING OF THE GANDHI ERA (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Khilafat and the non – cooperation moved hand in hand as one movement under the leadership of Gandhiji who began his Saryagraha by returning to the Viceroy the title of Kaisar – i – Hind which he had received for his war services.
		Gandhiji thought that the country was not yet ready for a non-violent movement of his conception and that it was a 'Himalayan blunder' on his part to start the Satyagraha movement without adequately preparing the masses for it.
		The nationalist movement which was so far confined to the urban intelligentsia now through the non-cooperation and khilafat movements had reached the masses.
	www.careera1.com /Projects/summary/gandhiera.htm (4460 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This led to the Khilafat Movement of 1919-24.
		That was the first mistake Gandhi made: he believed that the movement would bring Hindus and Muslims closer; but since the primary focus of the movement was on Islam (the independence struggle being a side-dish), such an alliance cannot last.
		By accepting the legitimacy of Khilafat movement Gandhi was actually strengthening the hold of an orthodox clergy.
	www.faithfreedom.org /oped/HinduWoman40718.htm (2176 words)

	Khilafat in the Ahmadiyya Movement: Detailed article
		In the eyes of the law of the land too, the decisions of the Anjuman were final and binding in the affairs of the Ahmadiyya movement; in other words, the Anjuman was a legally registered association with the power of governing the movement.
		Because the institution of khilafat was not included in the basic principles of the Jama'at, the movement lives in the constant danger which can turn the loyalists into non-loyalists, and by the stroke of the pen of ten or eleven men Qadian can at once become Lahore.
		This clearly disproves the allegation made commonly by the present-day Qadianis that the separation in the Movement in 1914 came about because Maulana Muhammad Ali was trying to become the head, and having failed in that attempt he left and formed his own separate group.
	www.muslim.org /qadis/khil2.htm (2812 words)

	Munawar Ahmad Anees (Site not responding. Last check: )
		First, the raw material for the Khilafat movement may have been supplied by the early migration of the grandson of Shah Wali Allah and the later institutional support of the Ottoman Khilafah by Deoband and Nadwat Al-Ulama schools.
		The question of how far the Khilafat movement was able to win adherents at home and abroad has been studied in depth by M Naeem Qureshi of Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad (See: The Khilafat Movement in India, 1919-1924, unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 1973).
		The only question that this brief study of the Ottoman Khilafah, pan-Islamism and the Khilafat Movement has answered is that a collective failure in the evolution of political philosophy that is in concert with the contemporary and future needs of the ummah was the single most common denominator in these ideological undercurrents.
	www.multiworld.org /m_versity/articles/empire.htm (4269 words)

	THE STATESMAN.... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Ali brothers were very persistent in their support of the Khilafat movement.
		Another unpleasant resultant of the Khilafat movement were Moplah riots of 1921.
		The non-cooperation movement was called off after the Chauri Chaura tragedy in which twenty-two policemen were burnt alive by a mob on February 5th 1922.
	www.pakistan.gov.pk /Quaid/politician6_2.htm (443 words)

	Learning from Mahatma Gandhi’s mistakes
		The Khilafat movement was a tragicomical mistake, aiming at the restoration of the Ottoman Caliphate against which the Arabs had risen in revolt and which the Turks were dissolving, a process completed with the final abolition of the institution of the Caliphate in 1924.
		Gandhiji failed to take the Khilafat movement seriously whether at the level of principle or of practical politics, and substituted his own imagined and idealized reading of the Khilafat doctrine for reality.
		The Khilafat pogroms revealed one of the real problems with his pacifism: all while riding a high horse and imposing strict conformity with the pacifist principle, he indirectly provoked far more violence than was in his power to control.
	koenraadelst.voiceofdharma.com /articles/fascism/gandhimistake.html (2844 words)

	esamskriti- 2.3 Gandhiji's Politics X-Rayed II (Site not responding. Last check: )
		He alone was the judge of everyone and everything, he was the master brain behind guiding the civil disobedience movement, nobody else knew the technique of that movement, he alone knew when to begin and when to withdraw it.
		For the moment the movement for the revival of the Khilafat appeared to be succeeding.
		The Muslims who were not with the Khilafat Movement soon became out of date and the Ali Brothers who were its foremen leaders swam on the crest of a wave of popularity and carried everything before them.
	www.esamskriti.com /html/new_inside.asp?cat_name=why&cid=588&sid=120&c (4251 words)

	Caliph Encyclopedia Article, Information, History and Biography @ LaunchBase.net (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the 1920s the Khilafat Movement, a movement to restore the Turkish Caliphate, spread throughout the British colonial territories in Asia.
		Popular apolitical Islamic movements such as the Tablighi Jamaat identify a lack of spirituality and decline in religious observance as the root cause of the Muslim World's problems, and claim that the caliphate cannot be successfully revived until these deficiencies are addressed.
		However many such movements have as yet been unable to agree on a roadmap or a coherent model of Islamic governance, and dialog on this issue amongst Muslim activists and intellectuals has yielded no clear consensus on what a modern Islamic state should look like.
	www.launchbase.net /encyclopedia/Caliph (2904 words)

	Khilafat Movement [1919-1924] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This unity reached its climax during the Khilafat and the Non-Cooperation Movements.
		The ensuing movement was the first countrywide popular movement.
		As an institution, the Khilafat had a checkered past.
	www.storyofpakistan.com /articletext.asp?artid=A033 (304 words)

	Pakistan
		The division of Bengal was cancelled on December 1911.
		Pakistan Movement was started for the achievement of an Ideological state.
		During the struggle for Pakistan the slogan of monotheism) was raised which meant achievement of a homeland for the Muslims of the sub-continennt where they could lead their political, social, economic, religious and cultural life according to Islam.
	www.lahoretown.com /pakistan.htm (1530 words)

	Mohammad Ali Jauhar Khilafat Movement
		Q: Going back to the Khilafat Movement, I am finding that however strange and absurd it may have seemed in its goals, it was still a very popular movement.
		But unfortunately all these people were lost in the Khilafat Movement, completely, because they supported a cause which Gandhi saw [as limited] but which they did not.
		Quaid, for instance, never paid any attention to the Khilafat Movement because he had a much clearer sense that it was futile.
	www.harappa.com /amjad_ali/amjadali_interview_mohd_aili.html (776 words)

	Freedom Movement Of India - Khilafat ( 61)
		Gandhiji saw it as an opportunity for courting the Muslim support in the nationalist struggle, and extended the Congress support for the Khilafat movement.
		Unfortunately Congress, by acting in concert with the movement, strengthened the extra-national attitude and the Pan-Islamic agenda of the Muslims.
		So, the Khilafat Movement was an agitation doomed to failure from the very beginning.
	www.freeindia.org /freedom_movement/page61.htm (208 words)

	REPORT of THE COURT OF INQUIRY - Foundations of Islamic State : Qur’an, Sunna ijma’, ijtihad
		A.—As far as I remember, the Khilafat movement finished with the abolition of the Khilafat by the Turks.
		Q.—You are reported to have been a member of the Khilafat movement and having made speeches.
		A.— The Britisher was injuring the Khilafat institution in Turkey and the Musalman was aggrieved by this attitude of the Britisher.
	www.thepersecution.org /archive/munir/p203.html (2394 words)

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