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Topic: Khitan script

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	Khitan: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		The Khitan, in Chinese Qidan (契丹 Pinyin: qi4 dan1) or Zhendan (震旦 zhen4 dan1), were an ethnic group who dominated much of Manchuria and classified in Chinese history as one of the Eastern Hu[?] ethnic group (東胡族 dong1 hu2 zu2).
		Ancestors of Khitans was the Yuwen[?] clan of the Xianbei.
		The former was derived from Chinese, and the latter was apparently inspired by the Uighur alphabet.
	www.encyclopedian.com /kh/Khitan.html (425 words)

	Liao Dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Khitan tribes were originally under the domain of the Tang Dynasty.
		In 936, Shi Jingtang, the new emperor of the Later Jin Dynasty in northern China, ceded 16 prefectures in the Youyun area (modern northern Hebei; Beijing) to the Khitans.
		In 946 the Khitans sacked Kaifeng, the capital of Later Jin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Khitan_Dynasty (489 words)

	Khitan language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Khitan language is a now-extinct language once spoken by the Khitan people.
		Both of the scripts remain to be connected to the Khitan spoken language.
		Although there are several clues to its origins, which might point to different origins, the Khitan language is most probably Mongolic, and its agglutinizing nature is not particularly suited to purely monosyllabic logographs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Khitan_language (182 words)

	Khitan scripts
		The Khitan people, who dominated a large chunk of Manchuria between 916 and 1125 AD, used two different scripts - the "large script", which came into use in about 920 AD, the "small script", which was reputedly created in about 925 AD by the Khitan scholar Diela, who was inspired by the Uighur alphabet.
		The two scripts were used in parallel and appear to have little in common in terms of the forms of the characters and the ways they were assembled into compound characters.
		The "large script" was written in vertical columns running from top to bottom and from right to left.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/khitan.htm (173 words)

	Chinese History - Liao Dynasty (Khitan) é¼ literature, thought, philosophy, and the Khitan script ...
		This first script is called the Large Khitan Script and borrows many Chinese characters without changing their original appearance, while also other characters are derived from a Chinese character and are changed slightly, and a third group of characters has no Chinese origin or counterpart but was invented independently.
		The Small Khitan script is consisting of syllabograms, but also of components that consist of a logographic part (a symbol) and a pure syllabic part (a sound).
		Both scripts were used until the end of the Khitan empire and were partially incorporated into the Jurchen script.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Song/liao-literature.html (1041 words)

	Khitan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Khitan, in Chinese Qidan (契丹 Pinyin: Qìdān), were an ethnic group who dominated much of Manchuria and classified in Chinese history as one of the Tungus ethnic groups (東胡族 dōng hú zú).
		The Khitan were known as خطا in Arabic (Khata) and are mentioned by Muslim chroniclers as they initially fought with Muslims and later converted to Islam.
		The Khitan language is most probably Mongolic, however, and its agglutinizing nature is not particularly suited to purely monosyllabic logographs.
	www.gogoglo.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/k/kh/khitan.html (275 words)

	[No title]
		DEMOTIC an Egyptian script for general use; it emerged in the 6th century B.C. and was replaced by Coptic in the 5th century A.D. One of the scripts featured on the Rosetta Stone.
		As script for common purpose replaced by Demotic around 500 B.C. developed in Egypt in the 3rd millennium B.C., a script which later was used predominantly for inscriptions.
		The script was developed in 920 and used until 1191, although Khitan was overthrown by the Jurchen in 1125.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/images/scripts/scriptsak.html (886 words)

	Mongolian alphabet
		Two writing systems based on simplified Chinese ideograms and Sinogram-typed alphabetic block (see Hangul), respectively, were used to write the Mongolic language of Khitan, also used to write the Tungusic Jurchen language in their modified forms.
		Intermediate between these is the Mongolian script proper, derived from the Sogdian[?] alphabet through the Syriac alphabet via the Uighurs.
		Perhaps its two most notable features are that it is a vertical script, and that it is the only such script that is written from left to right.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/mo/Mongolian_alphabet.html (234 words)

	Mongol Scripts
		This script was used as early as the mid 13th century as a stylistic variation of Uighur Script.
		The former is a logographic script based on Chinese characters, and the latter, developed by a Khitan scholar named Diela, is a syllabic script influenced in part by Uighur with characters for each syllable combined into word groups.
		This script was modified in 1632 with influence of the Korean Script (Hunmin Chong'um).
	www.viahistoria.com /SilverHorde/research/MongolScripts.html (2659 words)

	Chinese History - Jin Dynasty (Jurchen) é‘ literature, thought, philosophy and Jurchen script ...
		The script was based on the Khitan script and Chinese characters.
		This Larger Jurchen Script was enriched by a Smaller Jurchen Script that was in use from 1145 on.
		The Khitan script was abandoned by the Jin court in 1191.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Song/jinn-literature.html (759 words)

	Jurchens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Like the Khitans and Mongols, they took pride in feats of strength, horsemanship, archery and hunting.
		The early Jurchen script was invented in 1120 by Wanyan Xiyin, acting on the orders of Wanyan Aguda.
		It was based on the Khitan script, that was inspired in turn by Chinese characters.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nurchen (1233 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Jurchen
		The Jurchen is a Siniform script, that is, the form of its characters are based on those in the Chinese writing system.
		Khitan itself is poorly attested and remains undeciphered.
		The Manchurians adopted the Mongolian script (which is a distant descendent of Brahmi) in 1599, and the Jurchen script ceased to be used.
	www.ancientscripts.com /jurchen.html (218 words)

	old_european_script_pictogramas_logogramas_ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The usual name of the script is given first (and bolded); the name of the language(s) in which the script is written follows (in brackets), particularly in the case where the language name differs from the script name.
		Ideographic scripts (in which graphemes are ideograms representing concepts or ideas, rather than a specific word in a language), and pictographic scripts (in which the graphemes are iconic pictures) are not thought to be able to express all that can be communicated by language.
		An abugida, or alphasyllabary, is a segmental script in which vowel sounds are denoted by diacritical marks or other systematic modification of the consonants.
	www.uned.es /geo-1-historia-antigua-universal/ESCRITURAS_ANTIGUA/Escrituras_antiguas_sistemas_de_escritura.htm (1309 words)

	Khitan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Khitan, in Chinese Qidan (契丹 Pinyin: Qìdān), were an ethnic group which dominated much of Manchuria and was classified in Chinese history as one of the Tungus ethnic groups (東胡族 dōng hú zú).
		As the Khitan language is still almost completely illegible, it is difficult to create a detailed history of their movements.
		Ancestors of the Khitan were the Yuwen clan of the Xianbei, an ethnic group situated in the area covered by the modern Liaoning and Jilin provinces.
	en.orangehedgehog.com /content/Khitan (318 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		According to the “Khitan National Annals”, the Khitan big scripts were coined in imitation of Li Shu which was the same with the Khitan scripts of Jin Xi, whereas the Khitan scripts of Qing Ling was modeled after Hui hu which shared similarities with the Khitan small scripts, which was supported “History of Liao Dynasty”.
		So a greater part of the sound and meaning of Khitan big scripts could be identified in a short time with the study of Khitan small scripts as the basis and Aisin Gioro Ulhicun, the granddaughter of Jin Guang pinｇ, inherited his academic cause and engaged intensively in the study of Khitan and Jurchen scripts.
		The Jurchen big scripts inherited both the advantage of the Khitan big scripts in ideograms and the strong point of Khitan small scripts in phonogram, so within 20 to 30 years, it developed into a new language possessing the advantages of both Khitan big scripts and small ones.
	www.apu.ac.jp /~yoshim/newpage1.htm (1210 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Khitan
		The second one, not surprisingly called the "small script", was reputedly created by the Khitan scholar Diela around 925 CE with inspiration from the Uyghur alphabet.
		Recall that Khitan was an Altaic language, and so it was highly polysyllabic (in contrast to Chinese's monosyllabic structure), so often words are written with more than one sign.
		The Khitan state fell at 1125 CE, but the two scripts continued to be used until 1191.
	www.ancientscripts.com /khitan.html (436 words)

	All Empires History Forum: The origins of the Khitans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Ye-lue Khitans was the descendants of the ancient 8 Khitan tribes, while Shen-mi Khitans had a non-Khitan origin in fact.
		The central 'Khitan' army was full-time, paid, regular soldiers (still nomads with tents etc), they were frequently rented out to the subordinate states who had a lot of freedom, provided they kept the Gurkhan and his army rich.
		Khitans may have spoken either a proto-mongolian language influenced by tungusic vocabulary or a tungusic language influenced by Mongolian vocabulary, in either case using many Turkic loan words.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=6625&PN=1 (1847 words)

	Mongolian alphabet Did You Mean mongolian_alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Two writing systems based on simplified Chinese ideograms and Sinogram-typed alphabetic block (see Hangul), respectively, were used to write the Mongolic language of Khitan, and also to write the Tungusic Jurchen language in their modified forms.
		Intermediate between these is the Mongolian script proper, which was derived in the 12th-13th centuries from the Uyghur alphabet, a descendant of Sogdian alphabet that came from Syriac alphabet.
		Besides the Mongolian language, the Evenk language is written in the Mongolian script.
	www.did-you-mean.com /Mongolian_alphabet.html (494 words)

	The origins and history of the Khitan - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		The Khitans (or "Qi Dan" in chnese) were a mongoloid ancient tribe that dwelled in the steppe of the Mongolia.
		Among the Khitan wall murals that we have found, there are quite a number depicting the process of breaking camp or returning to camp, showing that the Khitan did preserve their nomadic lifestyle to some extent.
		He believes the Khitan script was a mature and versatile one, and has simply been out of use for too long for us to recognise that.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=3798&view=old (6386 words)

	China History Forum, chinese history forum > Liao Dynasty
		Khitan origin legends date back many centuries, despite the fact that there was no Khitan script until the 10th century.
		The Khitan people were sometimes subordinate to the Uighurs during the Tang Dynasty, but that ended when they (the Uighurs) moved to Xinjiang after A.D. It was then that they adopted writing from the Sogdian people (an Indo-European people) who used a form of the ancient Aramaic script.
		It is from this tribe that Abaoji was born in 872 as the son of the Yila tribe chieftain.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /lofiversion/index.php/t779.html (4745 words)

	Jurchens - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Like the Khitans andMongols, they took pride in feats of strength, horsemanship, archery and hunting.
		The early Jurchen script was based on the Khitan script, which in turnwas inspired by Chinese characters.
		However, because Chinese isan isolating language and the Jurchen and Khitan languages areagglutinative, the script proved to be cumbersome.
	www.encyclopedia-of-knowledge.com /?t=Jurchen (746 words)

	RE: Script vs Writing System
		Whilst not an "alphasyllabary" (as its script units are believed to be polysyllabic), the small Khitan script also shares the same structural feature as Hangul, that is that phonetic elements corresponding to a basic lexical unit are laid out into a rectangular block.
		Indeed, it is quite possible that the blocked layout of the Hangul script was inspired by the small Khitan script (which was in use in the area of north-east China adjacent to Korea only a few hundred years earlier).
		However, as this is a notational system rather than a script, the constituent elements of each block represent string, finger and plucking technique rather than phonetic values.
	www.mail-archive.com /unicode@unicode.org/msg23335.html (288 words)

	SEI: Unicode Scripts Research
		Aramaic is the parent-script of Early Sogdian, Edessan script, Elymaic script, Hatran script, Hebrew, Kharoshthi, Mandaic script, Nabatean script, Palmyran script, Parthian and the Psalter script.
		Daniels and Bright – “The Elymaic script, though poorly attested, is the chief predecessor of the adaptations of the Aramaic script used to write a range of Iranian dialects in the ensuing Sassanid period and later”, p.
		The script evolved during the Liao Empire (916-1125) and survived the fall of this Empire.
	www.linguistics.berkeley.edu /sei/USR.html (7494 words)

	Asia Finest Discussion Forum > Let's Learn Manchu!
		However, they are the descendents of the Jurchens and even earlier, the Khitans.
		The Jurchen script, which is also known as Jurchi, Jurchin or Southern Tungusic, was created by Wanyan Xiyin in 1120 and officially introduced in 1145.
		The script is known from fragments of manuscripts and inscriptions on monuments of the Jurchen empire, from the Sino-Jurchen glossary and documents of the Ming Bureau of Translators and from Ming inscriptions dating from 1413.
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/lofiversion/index.php/t5295.html (2254 words)

	Mongolian alphabet - TheBestLinks.com - Mongolian script, Aramaic alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet, English language, ...
		Mongolian script, Mongolian alphabet, Aramaic alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet...
		During the Yuan Dynasty, the Kublai Khan asked Phagspa to design a new character to be used by the whole empire.
		Phagspa in turn modified the traditional Tibetan script and gave born to a new character called Phagspa characters.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Mongolian_script.html (366 words)

	Turkic language
		The forms of the lost languages of the Khitans, Tanguts and Jurchens, like the Korean writing, had all appeared to be some kind of revision on top of Chinese pictographs.
		(The Manchus first used Khitan's Siniform script and finally adopted Chinese logographic characters.) Turkic language is one of the three language branches in the Altaic language family, namley, Turkic, Mongolian and Tunguzic.
		There is on record a poem written by the wife of a Chinese officer under the Di[1] people's Anterior Qin Dynasty (AD 351-394), and it was said that this love poem was sent to her husband who was exiled to the border post in China's silk road.
	www.findthelinks.com /history/Huns_Turks/Turkic_language.htm (1112 words)

	Manchu History Summary
		This form of written Manchu is called the Old Manchu script because it was further modified in the 1620s by the addition of dots and circles, which eliminated some of the linguistic ambiguities that had resulted from the first attempt to modify the Mongolian script.
		This new script remained the standard form of the written language throughout the Qing dynasty.
		Few native speakers of Manchu remain in China, although volumes of the written script are preserved as official documents of the Qing dynasty and are housed in the national archive in Beijing and provincial archives in the northeast.
	www.bookrags.com /history/worldhistory/manchu-ema-04 (432 words)

	Korean History:: A Bibliography :::::: [LINGUISTICS - Writing systems]
		"The Emergence of the Korean Script as a Symbol of Korean Identity." In Joshua A. Fishman, ed.
		“Script ‘Borrowing’: Cultural Influence and the Development of the Written Vernacular in East Asia.” In T.E. McAuley, ed.
		“The ‘Ideal Square’ of Logographic Scripts and the Structural Similarities of Khitan Script and Han’gul.” In Sang-Oak Lee and Gregory K. Iverson, with Sang-Cheol Ahn and Young-mee Yu Cho, eds.
	www.hawaii.edu /korea/bibliography/linguistics-writingsystems.htm (1435 words)

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