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Topic: Khoisan languages

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List of Khoisan languages

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	The Khoisan Language Family
		The Khoisan language family is the smallest of the languages families of Africa.
		Many of the Khoisan languages have five vowels /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/ which can be produced with additional features, such as nasalization, pharyngealization, and different voice qualities such as breathy and creaky voice, sometimes resulting in up to 40 different vowels.
		The Khoisan languages differ in the number of such combinations from a low of 20 in Nama to a high of 83 in Kxoe.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/september/khoisan.html (1040 words)

	Khoisan Languages - MSN Encarta
		Khoisan Languages, African language family (considered by some to be the oldest language family in Africa), spoken by small populations in southern and south-western Africa (especially Botswana and Namibia).
		The Khoisan languages were formerly known as “Hottentot” and “Bushmen” languages, and the term “Khoisan” is composed of the Nama (formerly Hottentot) words khoi “person” and san “foragers”.
		The sound systems of Khoisan languages are complex and they include the so-called “clicks” (these unique consonants have been borrowed into some contiguous Bantu languages such as Xhosa and Zulu).
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571752/Khoisan_Languages.html (295 words)

	AFRICAN LANGUAGES, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Arabic language, the leading member of this branch, is the major language of North Africa and of the Republic of the Sudan.
		Languages of the Berber branch of the Hamito-Semitic family are spoken by a substantial portion of the population of Morocco, Algiers, and Tunisia; by scattered groups elsewhere in North Africa; and along the southern fringes of the Sahara Desert in western Africa.
		Languages of the Chari-Nile branch are spoken in the northern part of Chad, in the Sudan, in much of Uganda and Kenya, and in the northeastern corner of the Congo Republic.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=200355 (3277 words)

	Khoisan languages - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Khoisan languages comprise the smallest phylum of African languages.
		They are notable for the use of click consonants as phonemes, including the Kung-ekoka language, which has in excess of 50 click consonants and over 140 separate phonemes, and the !Xóõ language with its giant phoneme inventory and strident and pharyngealized sounds.
		The only other languages using clicks as phonemes are Nguni Bantu languages (a separate phylum) such as Xhosa and Zulu in South Africa, Sesotho (also spoken in South Africa and Lesotho), the South Cushitic Dahalo language, and an artificial ceremonial language called 'Damin', spoken by some Australian Aborigines.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Khoisan_languages (342 words)

	African Languages - MSN Encarta
		Languages in the largest of the six subgroups, Nilotic, are spoken along the Nile and Chari rivers.
		Languages of South African Khoisan, which include Nama and Naron, are spoken in and around the Kalahari Desert of northern South Africa, southwestern Botswana, and Namibia.
		Languages of East African Khoisan include Sandawe and Hadza, both of which are spoken in Tanzania.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761565449_2/African_Languages.html (804 words)

	Numbers in Over 5000 Languages
		Their ears may not be attuned to the language; or there may be dialectal variation, or even sound change.
		There is nothing inherent in the language variety to tell us what it is. Linguists sometimes use "language" to refer to a mutually intelligible group of dialects (but note that intelligibility can be partial).
		For non-African languages, a macron indicates length and is indicated :.
	www.zompist.com /numbers.shtml (926 words)

	Khoisan - Khoesaan
		An outline of the phonetics of the language of the Chû: Bushmen of north-west Kalahari.
		An outline grammar of the !Xû; language spoken in Ovamboland and West Kavango.
		A grammar and vocabulary of the Namaqua-Hottentot language.
	www.african.gu.se /khsrefs.html (3220 words)

	Languages & Writing Systems - Crystalinks
		Language is a system of conventional spoken or written symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social group and participants in its culture, communicate.
		Languages of the Finno-Ugric family, such as languages of the Sami (Lapp) and Baltic-Finno groups (e.g., Sami, Finnish, and Livonian), are spoken in parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia.
		The languages of North Asia are those spoken from the Arctic Ocean on the north to South Asia and China on the south and from the Caspian Sea and Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.
	www.crystalinks.com /languages.html (2691 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Khoisan languages compose the smallest phylum of African languages.
		The only widespread Khoisan language is Nama, with a quarter of a million speakers; Sandawe is second in number with about 40,000, some monolingual; and the Ju language cluster has some 30,000 speakers total.
		Khoisan languages are most famous for the use of click consonants (some of which are represented in writing by marks such as Ç and Ç) as phonemes.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=San_language (436 words)

	SAVE THE SAN
		In: New perspectives on the study of Khoisan, pp 139-147.
		In: Language, identity and conceptualization among the Khoisan, pp 117-136.
		In: The proceedings of the Khoisan identities and cultural heritage conference, held at the South African Museum, Cape Town, 12-16 July 1997, pp 225-231.
	www.khoisanpeoples.org /indepth/san-libary.htm (1820 words)

	Khoisan languages: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		The Khoisan languages are the smallest phylum of African Languages.
		They are notable for the use of click consonants as phonemes, including the !Xu~ language, which has in excess of 50 click consonants and over 140 separate phonemes.
		The only other languages using clicks as phonemes are Nguni Bantu languages, such as Xhosa and Zulu in South Africa, and the Hadza and Sandawe languages in Kenya.
	www.encyclopedian.com /kh/Khoisan-languages.html (269 words)

	African languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		These languages are spoken in all parts of the continent, from the extreme south up to the territory of the Afroasiatic languages of N Africa.
		The Adamawa-Eastern branch, to which Banda, Zande, and Sango belong, is composed of a number of languages spoken in Nigeria, Cameroon, and an area north of the Bantu territory to Sudan.
		Swahili, a Bantu tongue of the Niger-Kordofanian stock, was written before the European conquest of Africa (see Swahili language), and Vai, a language belonging to the Mande subdivision of Niger-Congo, employs an indigenous script developed in the 19th cent.
	www.bartleby.com /65/af/Africanlng.html (1428 words)

	AllRefer.com - African languages : Khoisan (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		The Khoisan, or Click, linguistic family is made up of three branches: the Khoisan languages of the San (Bushmen) and Khoikhoi, spoken in various parts of sub-Saharan Africa; Sandawe, a language found in E Africa; and Hatsa (Hadzane or Hadzapi), also spoken in E Africa.
		Although all the Khoisan languages use click sounds, Sandawe and Hatsa are unlike the other Khoisan tongues and are not related to each other.
		All of the Khoisan languages appear to use tones to distinguish meanings, and the Khoikhoi languages and some of the San languages inflect the noun to show case, number, and gender.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/Africanlng-khoisan.html (293 words)

	Khoisan - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Khoisan Languages, African language family (considered by some to be the oldest language family in Africa), spoken by small populations in southern...
		The Khoisan (or Click) languages comprise the smallest language family in Africa, with only around 200,000 speakers of the 30 or so languages...
		San, ethnic group living mainly in the Kalahari of Botswana and Namibia, thought to be descended from the original inhabitants of Zimbabwe.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Khoisan.html (116 words)

	Africa: UNESCO-CI
		Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Grimes 2000) identifies 37 African languages that are on the verge of extinction (compared with 161 in the Americas).
		Khoisan languages are likely to have originally been spoken throughout most of southern Africa.
		A major problem concerning the safeguarding of linguistic diversity in Africa is the lack of documentation on languages and language speakers, and national linguistic policies that neglect the importance of African languages for development.
	portal.unesco.org /ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=8048&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (930 words)

	!Kung
		Language: The languages of the !Kung are also referred to as !Kung.
		The San languages are distantly related to the languages spoken by the Khoikhoin, also called Khoi, or Hottentots.
		The San languages are written in a standardized alphabet based on Latin characters with special symbols for the click sounds unique to the Khoisan languages.
	cesa.imb.org /peoplegroups/!kung.htm (1459 words)

	Gwikwe Bushmen Profile
		This is a "click" language, as a member of the Khoisan language family in which click sounds serve as consonants.
		The San languages are related to the languages spoken by the Khoikhoin, also called Khoi, or Hottentot.
		The Khoisan languages are written in a standardized alphabet based on Latin characters with special symbols for the click sounds unique to the Khoisan languages.
	orvillejenkins.com /profiles/gwikwe.html (1285 words)

	Xhosa
		Language: Xhosa is a Bantu language in the Nguni family of southeastern Bantu languages.
		Bantu languages are a part of the Benue-Congo division of the Niger-Kordofanian language group.
		These sounds were borrowed from the Khoisan languages of the original inhabitants of the area, the Khoikhoi and San families.
	cesa.imb.org /peoplegroups/xhosa.htm (1145 words)

	Development of Language and Writing in Africa
		These linguistic experts postulate that the clicking noises used by the Khoisan language family of Africa were once the common speech of all man. On the other hand, linguists who interpret language development from an evolutionary standpoint conclude that primitive man first used hand signals and grunts to communicate.
		Omotic and Cushitic are spoken in the Horn of Africa, primarily Ethiopia and Somalia.
		The final and smallest language group is Khoisan languages, spoken in the Kalahari Desert in south-western Africa.
	www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/essays/cot/t1w03africanlanguages.htm (1680 words)

	Jessica Boynton: Australian Languages
		Consonants in Australian languages are conventionally categorized as either apicals (alveolar or postalveolar), laminals (interdental or palatal) or peripherals (dorsal or labial).
		All languages have at least one plosive/nasal pair (since, as stated before, the languages lack voice distinction in plosives, this is a pairing of a plosive with undefined voicing and a voiced nasal) for each category of place of articulation, and all have two peripherals.
		Since these languages are rapidly dying out, this area of the world needs more attention from field linguists and the irreplaceable data collected must be stored in such a way that it will endure.
	people.emich.edu /jboynton/research/australian.html (3787 words)

	Evolution of Human Languages
		While some important work on Khoisan languages has been done in the past century, mostly in the descriptive and taxonomic area, not much progress has been achieved in establishing regular phonological correspondences between the main branches of Khoisan and reconstructing the phonological and morphological system of Proto-Khoisan.
		This is partially due to a lack of consistently well transcribed language data, but even more so to the extreme complexity and uniqueness of Khoisan phonetics, primarily its high reliance on the use of so-called "click" (injective) phonemes which do not occur in any other language family.
		George Starostin's preliminary view of the Khoisan protosystem is that of a highly complex, yet easily transmutable unity, with a very complex series of phonetic changes independently occurring in each of the main subbranches.
	ehl.santafe.edu /khoisan.htm (249 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Nilo-Saharan & Khoisan
		You have reached the page for Khoisan and Nilo-Saharan languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		Languages belonging to the Nilo-Saharan family of languages are spoken in Africa.
		It is spoken in the Sudan and in Ethiopia.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/nskxlh.htm (676 words)

	State Information Service-Publications
		The European languages inherited from the colonialist period have so penetrated Africa that they have become the official languages of some of the former colonies, or have been used as languages of education in others.
		Politicians, moreover, tend to link local languages to breakaway attempts and thus seek to eliminate them for the sake of national unity; they either choose a national language to be the official language of the State or opt for a non-African language that would help unite the people, however varied their cultural background.
		The extinction of the Khoisan languages in southern Africa and the Coptic language in Egypt (in the wake of the Islamic conquest) are two cases in point.
	www.sis.gov.eg /En/Publications/349/665/669/705/706.htm (610 words)

	Evolution of Human Languages
		Rainer Vossen (University of Frankfurt) gave a detailed introductory speech on Khoisan, elucidating some of the family's most intricate phonological and morphological details for everybody present, particularly those who were not too familiar with the peculiarities of Khoisan.
		He described the "average" click system of Khoisan languages, after which he proceeded to point out the differences between the separate branches of Khoisan.
		He demonstrated the Khoisan computer database system, structured as a two-level hierarchy (from Proto-Khoisan to daughter branches), gave his results of calculating preliminary Khoisan glottochronology, and gave a brief comparison of the reliability and completeness of the data sources he used.
	ehl.santafe.edu /ehlmeet2.htm (452 words)

	Languages Essays\| Languages Dissertations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		If your're looking for languages essays please visit our languages essaybank or purchase a custom languages essay.
		All material supplied about languages must be used for research purposes only and all languages essays remain our copyright.
		They may not be handed in either in whole or in part.
	www.languages.degree-essays.com (113 words)

	The Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society
		In order to create a cadre of Khoisan linguists capable of facilitating the preservation and development of the Khoisan languages of Southern Africa, CASAS administers a scholarship scheme for University linguistic studies in Cape Town, at the undergraduate level with possibilities of advancement to post-graduate studies thereafter.
		KLSSS scholars are Khoisan mother-tongue speakers, with good academic achievements to date at Grade 12 or matric level, from any country in Southern Africa.
		Full scholarships for the three year Bachelor-of-Arts (language and communication studies) Degree, plus an additional one year Honours Degree depending on performance, are awarded to suitably qualified candidates, covering studies, books, out-of-pocket allowance, lodging, food etc.
	www.casas.co.za /khoisan_language.htm (171 words)

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