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	Khrushchev Thaw - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Soviet history, Kruschev's Thaw or Khrushchev Thaw refers to the period between the end of 1950s and the beginning of 1960s, when repressions and censorship reached a low point.
		In the West, Khrushchev's Thaw is known as a thaw in the icy tension between the United States and the USSR during the Cold War.
		Khrushchev's Thaw developed largely as a result of Khrushchev's theory of peaceful co-existence which believed the two superpowers (USA and USSR) and their ideologies could co-exist together, without war (peacefully).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw (332 words)

	Nikita Khrushchev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Khrushchev prevailed, becoming party leader on September 7 of that year, and his main rival, NKVD chief Lavrenty Beria, was executed in December.
		Khrushchev was regarded by his political enemies in the Soviet Union as a boorish, uncivilized peasant, with a reputation for interrupting speakers to insult them.
		Khrushchev's grave at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev (2463 words)

	Biography: Nikita Khrushchev
		Khrushchev honestly believed in the superiority of Communism, and felt that it was only a matter of time before it would destroy the Capitalist system once and for all.
		Khrushchev's enthusiasm for flashy gestures had not been liked by more conservative elements from the very start; many Soviets were greatly embarrassed by his antics, such as banging a shoe on the podium during a speech to the UN General Assembly.
		Khrushchev never regained his prestige after the incident, and was quietly ousted two years later by opponents in the Politburo--significantly, with no bloodshed.
	www.pbs.org /redfiles/bios/all_bio_nikita_khrushchev.htm (817 words)

	Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Khrushchev's emphasis on improving the standard of living in the USSR sprang from his own peasant origins.
		Because of problems with the economy and foreign affairs (a breach with China in 1960; conflict with the USA in the Cuban missile crisis of 1962), he was ousted by Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin.
		In 1958 Khrushchev succeeded Bulganin as chair of the council of ministers (prime minister).
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Khrushchev,%20Nikita%20Sergeyevich (350 words)

	Thaw - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It can also mean a time during the Cold War, from around 1956 to 1964, were relations between United States and Soviet governments were relatively less tense.
		THAW is also an acronym used for Tony Hawk's American Wasteland.
		This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thaw (120 words)

	Khrushchev
		In 1961 Khrushchev declared that the period of 'the dictatorship of the proletariat' was at and end, and that he would bring in instead: 'the state of the whole people'.
		Khrushchev explained the new policy in his famous speech (February 1956) in which he criticised Stalin and said that 'peaceful co-existence' was not only possible but essential: 'there were only two ways - either peaceful co-existence or the most destructive war in history.
		In fact, however, the 'thaw' was only partial: Khrushchev's policy was a curious mixture which western leaders often found difficult to understand [and] he was quick to respond to anything which seemed to be a threat to the east.
	www.johndclare.net /cold_war12.htm (832 words)

	Archontology.org: History of KHRUSHCHEV, Nikita Sergeyevich: presidents, kings, prime ministers, biography, database
		In 1919, Khrushchev became a political commissar in the Red Army and fought in the campaigns against the Whites and the Poles.
		The speech marked a new era in Soviet history and resulted in "Khrushchev's thaw" that witnessed the release of political prisoners and relative liberalization of the Soviet regime.
		On 26 Oct 1957, Khrushchev dismissed Marshal Georgy Zhukov from his post as minister of defense, and in March 1958 he was appointed Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers after the term of his predecessor, Nikolay Bulganin, expired.
	www.archontology.org /nations/ussr/ussr_govt/khrushchev.php (1078 words)

	Welcome to Ukraine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Secondly, Khrushchev was born in the land of Kurshchyna, the borderland between Russia and Ukraine.
		Khrushchev carried out "political and ideological campaigns" against "Ukrainian nationalism" and against "cosmopolitanism that knows no allegiance to the native land." Most of the victims of these campaigns were young intellectuals, artists, writers and musicians.
		When already in retirement, Khrushchev invited several poets and artists whom he had subjected to scathing criticism at the time when he had been head of the communist party (in fact, it was the party's central committee that was pressing him to do so) to come to his place.
	www.wumag.kiev.ua /index2.php?param=pgs20043/74 (2642 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| The real secret of Khrushchev's speech
		Uttered 50 years ago tomorrow, this was Khrushchev's secret speech: a coruscating indictment of Stalinism that would roll out across the world; the beginning of the "thaw" and the end of terror in a country where hundreds of thousands had been shot or sent to the gulags.
		The limits of Khrushchev's thaw were evident a few months after the speech when he sent Soviet tanks to crush the Hungarian uprising.
		Nikita Khrushchev, 46, a journalist who was named after his grandfather, admits the Soviet leader was not the hero he is often made out to be.
	www.guardian.co.uk /russia/article/0,,1716627,00.html (1275 words)

	Official Deconstruction of Stalin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The death of Stalin brought the Khrushchev thaw.
		Khrushchev directly quotes Lenin calling for the removal of Stalin from the position of General Secretary.
		Khrushchev does, however, criticize the actions taken against innocent Soviet citizens (in reality, Trotsky, Zinoviev and Bukharin ought to have been included as "innocent" citizens).
	it.stlawu.edu /~rkreuzer/indv2/deoff.htm (322 words)

	HIS 242 the Thaw BB (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		At the same time, a concomitant of the Thaw was commencing, the era of “peaceful coexistence.” In 1947, Stalin had cashiered the prominent economist Evgenii Varga for “revisionist views” that advocated peaceful relations with the West in the post-war era, though Stalin himself would soon adopt a similar line.
		The difficulties that Khrushchev faced in Poland and Hungary and within the Soviet communist party itself in 1956-57 relegated cultural matters to the background until the award of the 1958 Nobel Prize for literature to Boris Pasternak for Doctor Zhivago.
		In December 1962, Khrushchev denounced all abstract art after visiting a 30-year retrospective of socialist realist painting in the Manege, an exhibition hall that was once a hippodrome.
	novaonline.nv.cc.va.us /eli/evans/HIS242/Remarks/ThawBB.html (1004 words)

	"Back to the Future? Khrushchev, Gorbachev, and the West"
		Khrushchev include An activist, imaginative style, with an increased sensitivity to public Bombast, millennialism, and utopianism in.public proposals The ability to see a failed policy as' such and'to retreat--but not before all Vigorous courtship of the Third World.
		For the West, the central lesson of the Khrushchev experience is that it is not to be assumed that a partial domestic "liberalization".will necessarily be accompanied by a restructuring of fundamental priorities of Soviet foreign policy.
		Khrushchev's tour of Southern Asia, which "opened India, Burma, and Afghanistan to the Soviet Union is likely to be repeated in Gorbachev's opening to South America in a planned tour--the first such trip ever by a Soviet leader.
	www.heritage.org /Research/RussiaandEurasia/bg619.cfm (3056 words)

	CNN Cold War - Interviews: Yevgeni Yevtushenko
		And I sent [the poem] to Khrushchev, or his assistant, and I was waiting about seven months, probably.
		[And] when Khrushchev was in the Caucasus, one chairman of [a] collective farm, with tears in eyes, began to tell him how many people were killed in Caucasus during Stalin's purges.
		It was published in Pravda; it was a big scandal, and some Party big cheeses, without any kind of knowledge that Khrushchev was behind this poem, they wrote a letter accusing the editor-in-chief of Pravda of anti-Soviet activities [for] publishing such a scandalous poem.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/14/interviews/yevtushenko (2017 words)

	Welcome to Ukraine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Khrushchev’s words, “We are against peaceful co-existence in the sphere of ideologies,” were taken up as a battle cry in the struggle against the nonconformist intelligentsia not only in Moscow but all over the Soviet Union.
		During the whole of 1963, a campaign against “the formalists” was waged in the media as a preparation for a major attack on the dissident youth intellectuals.
		By the summer of 1965, this “creative intelligentsia” had lost their illusions concerning “the thaw.” After “peaceful means” to get the intelligentsia under proper control had been exhausted (reprimands; expulsions from Artists’ and Writers’ Unions, firing from work, disciplinary actions, psychological pressure, and so on), the Soviet authorities resorted to tougher actions.
	www.wumag.kiev.ua /index2.php?param=pgs20044/48 (2288 words)

	Thaw in the Cold War: Eisenhower and Khrushchev at Gettysburg
		Dwight D. Eisenhower and Nikita Khrushchev, opposing leaders of the United States (U.S.) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) at the height of the Cold War in 1959, had reached an impasse.
		Even at the informal setting of Camp David, with occasional escapes from the intrusive protocol and ever present advisers, the leaders were making little progress in their effort to lessen the tensions.
		As he and Khrushchev boarded the helicopter for the short flight from Camp David to the president's Gettysburg, Pennsylvania farm, Eisenhower hoped that the quiet, rural atmosphere would have the intended effect on Khrushchev.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/29ike/29ike.htm (326 words)

	The Museum of Russian Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The thaw began in 1956, the year Khrushchev denounced the Stalin cult of personality as well as his crimes against the Soviet people in his Secret Speech to the Twentieth Party Congress.
		The thaw was a very exciting, hopeful period in which for the first time in many years Soviet citizens felt free to speak honestly without fear of immediate arrest or execution.
		This was created in 1961—at the height of the Khrushchev thaw, the Severe Style, and the same year that Alexander Solzhenitsyn’s A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich was written.
	www.tmora.org /articles/a20050625_JaneFriedman/JaneFriedman.html (3681 words)

	Amazon.com: Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Commissar (1918-1945): Books: Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev,George ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (1894-1971) was First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 and Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964.
		Khrushchev served as a member of the Military Council and as Commissar in the Ukraine (a political hierarchy that paralleled the military chain of command).
		Khrushchev's actions at the 20th-Party Congress and his fight during his last days to preserve his right to publish seem, to me at least, to be an attempt to reclaim some part of that dignity that was voluntarily (if by necessity) forfeited years ago.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0271023325?v=glance (1882 words)

	Nation Mourns Theater’s Legend
		Yefremov was a quiet rebel during Nikita Khrushchev’s "thaw" and Leonid Brezhnev eras, an artist who battled tirelessly for truth and sincerity in art without becoming involved openly in the dissident movement.
		It is said that his teacher Maria Knebel — a legend in her own right as a pupil of the great actor Mikhail Chekhov and one of the most important theater pedagogues of the Soviet era — paid Yefremov an unprecedented compliment: She said Yefremov reminded her of her teacher.
		In 1956, as Khrushchev denounced Josef Stalin in the Kremlin, Yefremov was organizing a group of colleagues and former classmates to create a new kind of theater.
	www.themoscowtimes.com /stories/2000/05/26/109-print.html (901 words)

	History Empire Forums - UK History Channel: French Revolution
		Khrushchev's speech, denouncing the Stalin personality cult and his mass purges, came as a bombshell to the 1,500 delegates who attended the last day of the 20th Communist Party Congress.
		The 20th Congress, and the secret speech in particular, was the start of the Khrushchev thaw, which saw a certain easing of the stranglehold over society.
		Khrushchev's thaw lasted only eight years, and under his successor, Leonid Brezhnev, Soviet media were banned from mentioning Khrushchev and his criticism of Stalin for 18 years.
	www.historyempire.com /forums/showthread.php?p=36 (1295 words)

	Propaganda: Debriefing - Keys
		Khrushchev even admitted in a secret speech that Stalin had committed crimes.
		Even when the thaw ended and censorship was reasserted, the use of terror never reached anything resembling its proportions under Stalin.
		When Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985, he tried something even more dramatic than Khrushchev's "thaw." Glasnost, or openness, was a key part of Gorbachev's plan to revitalize a stagnating Soviet economy that was in dire need of reform.
	www.pbs.org /redfiles/prop/debrief/p_brief_ter_keys.htm (812 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Programmes \| From Our Own Correspondent \| The day Khrushchev denounced Stalin
		Khrushchev, it was said, had made a shattering report to a secret session, openly denouncing Stalin by name as a murderer and torturer of party members.
		True, in the three years since his death, Moscow's citizens had relaxed somewhat under the warm glow of Khrushchev's "thaw", but not all that much.
		In Moscow the thaw turned to deep freeze, and soon afterwards the KGB began to put pressure on me. So I asked to be recalled to London, and never expected to go back to Moscow.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4723942.stm (1011 words)

	AUCPB - Stalin in the Distorted Mirror of History Falsifiers
		The lie of the "Khrushchev Thaw" was fully used by the opportunists of a number of communist parties in the world.
		As a result, Khrushchev became the object of laughs, Brezhnev of mockery, Gorbachev of scorn, and Yeltsin of hatred.
		Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the CPSU emphatically said that Stalin fought the "war globally and not on the front"!
	www.mltranslations.org /Russia/aucpb.htm (2197 words)

	The Legal Reforms of 1958—1961
		Older prisoners refer to the period from Stalin's death in 1953 until the beginning of the 1960's as the "Golden Age of the GULAG." Khrushchev's thaw brought comparatively more change to the prison system than to life in the outside world.
		The changes of the second half of the 1950s in the penitentiary system related not only to the release of political prisoners, a dramatic decline in the prison population, and the closure of hundreds of camps; it was also a period of intensive and innovative reform of prison life.
		The new measures were introduced without public statement, thus marking the end of Khrushchev's thaw.
	www.prison.org /English/placleg.htm (1683 words)

	Nikita Khrushchev Encyclopedia Article @ LaunchBase.com (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Although he was apparently highly intelligent, he only received approximately two years of education as a child and probably only became fully literate in his late twenties or early thirties.
		Khruschev promoted reform of the Soviet system and began to place an emphasis on the production of consumer goods rather than on heavy industry.
		He also had very poor diplomatic skills, giving him the reputation of being a rude, uncivilised peasant in the West and as an irresponsible clown in his own country.
	www.launchbase.com /encyclopedia/Nikita_Khrushchev (1868 words)

	Centennial Scholars
		Thus, the quartet's composition is entangled with one of the most bewildering points in the study of Shostakovich's life—his joining of the Communist Party.
		While it is not surprising that a figure as prominent in the Soviet Union as Shostakovich would have been pressured to join the Party, the confusion comes with the fact that he joined so late in his life, at 54 years old, and at the height of the "Thaw" under Nikita Khrushchev.
		The response was quite the opposite, though; the string quartet was praised by audiences and government alike.
	www.barnard.edu /centschl/projects/devereux.htm (1187 words)

	The Austin Chronicle Screens: Comrades-in-Cameras
		The New Wave began in earnest with the "Khrushchev Thaw" of 1956, when the renunciation of Stalinist doctrine paved the way for new innovations in the arts and a decline in socialist realism.
		But Ian Christie, writing in Film Comment, described how the young Tarkovsky "transformed it into a powerful explosion of an orphan's yearning for a lost maternal paradise," producing a film that is moving yet unsentimental in its message about war and the loss of innocence.
		Khrushchev formally attacked "liberalism" in the arts in late 1962, and the axe quickly fell on the progressively minded New Wave films.
	austinchronicle.com /issues/dispatch/2001-11-02/screens_feature2.html (495 words)

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