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	1260. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Khubilai transferred the winter capital to Yanjing, where he constructed Khanbalig, modern Beijing.
		Khubilai's court was patterned after those of his Chinese predecessors, and he and his successors adopted Chinese-style reign titles.
		Khubilai, for his part, favored Tibetan Lamaist Buddhism; 'Phags-pa (1238–80), the man who devised a script for the Mongolian language, was appointed Khubilai's imperial mentor and governor of Tibet, and later became a close confidante of the Great Khan.
	www.bartleby.com /67/375.html (1284 words)

	Morris Rossabi, Khubilai Khan, ch 5
		Khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate Khan of Khans of the Mongols and as the Emperor of China.
		Khubilai was concerned with the welfare of his Chinese subjects and with the economic rehabilitation of the territory that he hoped to rule.
		Khubilai promoted the building of roads, on either side of which “willows and other trees [had] been planted so that the shadow of the trees [fell] upon the road.” In addition, he established postal stations, which, though originally designed to transmit and deliver official mail, also served to facilitate trade.
	yamaguchy.netfirms.com /cikkek/kublaj.html (5988 words)

	Mongolia - Khubilai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty, 1261-1368 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Mongolia - Khubilai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty, 1261-1368
		A major development was Khubilai's establishment in 1260 of a winter capital at what is now Beijing but was then called Dadu ("great capital," also called Khanbalik--Marco Polo's Cambaluc) which shifted the political center of the Mongol empire south into China and increased Chinese influence.
		Khubilai, who took the Chinese-style reign title Zhiyuan ("the greatest of the Yuan"), proved himself to be one of the most able rulers of imperial China.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-8895.html (568 words)

	Anthropology, Mongolia and more... Mongolian history
		Mönh, along with his brother Khubilai, was to attempt to subjugate the Sung in southern China, but at his death in 1259, this task was to remain uncompleted.
		Khubilai was no longer a Khaan in the nomadic sense, personally leading military expeditions, but rather a (largely) sedentary Emperor.
		Khubilai was to continue the campaigns in the East, eventually conquering all of China.
	www.chriskaplonski.com /mongolia/ckpart2.html (1830 words)

	Khubilai Khan History Summary
		Khubilai Khan (or Qubilai Qan), founder of the Yuan dynasty (1279–1368), as the Mongol khanate of China became known, was the last ruler of Mongol China to be born on the steppe.
		Khubilai, then in his mid-thirties, became his brother's viceroy in China, a role he performed very successfully with the help of a variety of advisers savvy in local administrative tradition.
		Khubilai now had unrestricted control in Mongol China and in most of Mongolia, including the old Mongol imperial capital of Karakorum, although his rule was never unchallenged in Inner Asia.
	www.bookrags.com /history/worldhistory/khubilai-khan-ema-03 (870 words)

	Khubilai's Successors - History Forum
		The last years of Khubilai's reign were clouded by the failure of his foreign adventures, by his ill-health and above all by the problem of succession.
		Khubilai's original choice of successor was his son, Zhenjin, but Zhenjin died in 1285.
		After Khubilai's death, Zhenjin's son, Temür, was acclaimed Khaghan and reigned as the emperor Chengzong from 1294 to 1307.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=1370 (1068 words)

	[No title]
		Khubilai was born on September 23, 1215 CE, the same year that Chingis Khan conquered Beijing.
		Khubilai also recruited advisors that were not Chinese, for he welcomed those men that had the knowledge that could help him rule his domain in Hsing-chou.
		It is known that Chabi and Khubilai got married just before the year 1240 CE since her first son was born that year, but nothing else is known about her life in the period between 1240 CE and Khubilais succession as Khaghan in the year of 1260 CE.
	biphome.spray.se /coif/history/kublai/kublen05.html (1766 words)

	Mongols and Yuan China by Sanderson Beck
		Meanwhile in 1273 Khubilai had appointed the Turk Bayan to command the invasion of Song, and in January 1275 the Mongols crossed the Yangzi River.
		Khubilai released tens of thousands of captured Song soldiers and civilians, and he ordered the Mongols to treat the Chinese and their property with respect.
		Khubilai sent an army to invade Burma in 1283, and in 1287 they occupied Pagan for a few months.
	www.san.beck.org /3-6-Mongols.html (11119 words)

	VIRTUAL MONGOLIA: Kara Korum Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Khubilai Khan, therefore, occupied central Vietnam in 1282 with the help of his naval and infantry forces.
		Thus, their relationship pre-dated Khubilai's ascendence to the Mongol throne (in 1260), and much pre-dated his conquest of China which started in 1271 and was only completed with the defeat of Sung China in 1279.
		Khubilai Khan recognized Phagpa as the head of the Buddhist church in the entire empire of which he now was emperor, not just of Tibet.
	ubpost.mongolnews.mn /virtualmongolia/kara_korum/mongol_tibet.htm (10000 words)

	The Mongols in World History \| Asia Topics in World History
		Notwithstanding the aspects of their rule that were certainly negative for China, the Mongols did initiate many policies — especially under the rule of Khubilai Khan — that supported and helped the Chinese economy, as well as social and political life in China.
		In order to ingratiate himself with Confucian China, for example, Khubilai restored the rituals at court — the music and dance rituals that were such an integral part of the Confucian ideology.
		Khubilai also set up institutions to rule China that were very familiar to the Chinese, adapting or borrowing wholesale many of the traditional governmental institutions of China.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/eacp/japanworks/mongols/china/china2.htm (260 words)

	Don Croner's World Wide Wanders: 02/24/05
		Khubilai agreed all this was impossible for a king.
		Although it did not fully address all the issues raised, Khubilai and Phagspa agreed to this conciliatory compromise, and a Hevajra initiation was given to the Mongolian ruler and twenty-four of his associates.
		Khubilai relented and had the final proclamation changed to read, “It is the wish of both the Preceptor and the Protector that each and every Dharma system should develop on its own,” thus granting a degree of freedom to the various other sects in Tibet.
	www.doncroner.com /BlogArchive/2005_02_24_achive.html (1557 words)

	The Mongols in World History \| Asia Topics in World History
		Khubilai Khan was an important transitional figure in Mongol history, in particular because he sought to rule — and not merely conquer — the vast domains that the Mongols had subjugated.
		This is not to say that Khubilai did not persist in efforts at military expansionism — indeed, he successfully brought South China under his control in 1279.
		Two key figures closely related to Khubilai Khan include Chabi, his second principal wife, and the Tibetan monk 'Phags-pa lama, who was his close friend and adviser.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/eacp/japanworks/mongols/figures/figu_kub.htm (250 words)

	Defiant24
		Casca is greeted by Khubilai and the khan's son, Chen-Chin, befriends Marco and Vittorio.
		Casca escapes an assassination attempt and becomes one of Khubilai's generals in the campaigns to defeat the rebels.
		In the vengeful pursuit, Khubilai's army defeats the rebel army and Nayan is executed while Casca confronts and strangles the man who had killed Ko.
	www.geocities.com /tony_roberts_bristol/Defiant24.html (828 words)

	Essays.cc - Khubilai Khan
		Khubilai Khan began to play a significant part in the consolidation of Mongol rule when his brother, Mangu Khan, became determined to complete the conquest of China in 1251.
		Khubilai named the dynasty Yuan, meaning “beginning” or “origin of the universe,” to signify that this was the beginning of a long era of Mongol power.3 The Yuan Dynasty lasted from 1279 to 1368 in China.4 Where to put the capital was a major decision for Khubilai Khan.
		Khubilai had appealed to a wide variety of occupational and social groups, and to the various religions of his empire.
	www.essays.cc /free_essays/d3/keb56.shtml (1781 words)

	Discovery Channel - On TV
		Khubilai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, had successfully continued his grandfather’s incredible legacy for some time and was determined to conquer Japan – the one country that refused to bow to him.
		Columbia University’s Professor Morris Rossabi (author of Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times) and University of Wisconsin History Professor David Morgan (author of The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy) point out some of the emperor’s many achievements.
		Khubilai had two new cities built – Ta Tu (modern-day Beijing) and Shang-Tu (his new capital, also known as Xanadu) – as well as the Grand Canal.
	www.discoverychannelasia.com /ontv_kublai_khan/index.shtml (650 words)

	Mongolians - Research Into Origins Of Huns, Uygurs, Mongols And Tibetans
		At the assembly, Khubilai and Muoge, sons of Touli, refused to acknowledge Guyuk's son as the heir.
		Then, Khubilai sent Zhao Liangbi to Japan where Zhao met a Japanese governor; Zhao was told that the Japanese refused to meet the prior Mongol emissaries because the Koreans had repeatedly said that the Mongols intended to invade Japan.
		Khubilai conferred Xu Heng the title of 'si-tu' and Duke Weiguo-gong posthumously for his contributions in reviving Confucianism and the spirits of Archduke of Zhou Dynasty.
	www.uglychinese.org /mongol.htm (9731 words)

	jinganige.htm
		Anige, the greatest artist of Nepal and the highest artisan-official at the court of the Mongol emperor Khubilai Khan, was born in 1245.
		Khubilai's long silence was finally broken by his question, "Aren't you afraid to come to this huge country?" Anige answered, "The sage regards people in all directions as his sons.
		Khubilai obviously believed that the sudden sickness of his principal court artist was caused by poisoning, presumably by those jealous of Anige's success.
	www.msu.edu /course/ha/121/jinganige.htm (4778 words)

	Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times (Morris Rossabi)
		Still, if you need a book on the life of Khubilai Khan which is clearly written and avoids jargon---though the author does tend to insert a few too many Mongol and Chinese terms which are useless to lay readers---you could do worse than obtain this volume, probably the premier work on the subject in English.
		Khubilai Khan was the first of the Mongol rulers to make the transition from nomadic conqueror of the steppes to effective ruler of a sedentary society.
		His reign in China witnessed the construction of a capital city, the development of a new legal code, and court patronage of the arts, science, and medicine.
	www.truefresco.com /bookshop/us/product/0520067401.htm (612 words)

	Khubilai Khan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		"Khubilai Khan is much more than a biography.
		"[Khubilai Khan] will probably stand for many years as the best account of Khubilai available.
		Living from 1215 to 1294 Khubilai Khan is one of history's most renowned figures.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/2322.html (246 words)

	WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA - Mongolia - Khubilai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty, 1261-1368 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		An encyclopedia (alternatively encyclopædia) is a written compendium of human knowledge.
		He had warred against China with determination, but apparently he realized that there was a limit to the Mongol capabilities for consolidating and for controlling conquered territory.
		Both devoted their attention primarily to consolidating their conquests, to suppressing dissidence, and to reestablishing law and order.
	encyclopaedic.net /world/mongolia/18.php (649 words)

	In the Footsteps of Marco Polo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Marco lived in Venice, an important center for commerce with the East, by which his father and uncle prospered.
		Marco, who had mastered several languages, became the trusted agent of Khubilai Khan and stayed at his court for seventeen years.
		To allow him to travel freely through the vast Mongol territories, Khubilai gave Marco a passport, similar to
	www.metmuseum.org /explore/Marco/get_1.html (101 words)

	Some global history \| Samizdata.net
		Some readers may only know "Khubilai" Khan as the Kubla Khan of Coleridge's poem of that name, but this man did more that decree stately pleasure-domes.
		Khubilai used many ships which were shoddily and hurriedly constructed, by recently conquered Chinese labourers who, the archaeologist featured in the show speculated, had no particular desire for his project to succeed.
		Yet the sinking of Khubilai's fleet was an event of worldwide significance.
	www.samizdata.net /blog/archives/007812.html (3553 words)

	Khubilai Khan, His Life and Times - Morris Rossabi
		Khubilai Khan, His Life and Times - Morris Rossabi
		Rossabi examines Khan's rise to power, the submission of Korea and the attempted invasion of Japan.
		An invader conquered by his own conquest, Khubilai Khan remains of interest to the casual reader because of his influence on his times and his legendary status as the subject of both Marco Polo's writings and Coleridge's famous poem.
	www.longitudebooks.com /find/p/1308/mcms.html (114 words)

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