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Topic: Khwarezmians

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	Rusudan - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In the Autumn of 1225, Georgia was attacked by the Khwarezmian shah Jelal ad-Din Mingburnu, pursued by the Mongols.
		The Georgians suffered bitter defeat at the battle of Garni, and the royal court with Queen Rusudan moved to Kutaisi, when the Georgian capital Tbilisi was besieged by the Khwarezmians.
		Then, Rusudan made an alliance with the neighbouring Seljuk rulers of Rüm and Khlat, but the Georgians were routed by the Khwarezmians at Bolnisi, before the allies could arrive (1228).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Rusudan (499 words)

	Seventh Crusade - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Seventh Crusade was a crusade led by Louis IX of France from 1248 to 1254.
		In 1244 the Khwarezmians retook Jerusalem, after the end of a 10-year truce following the Sixth Crusade.
		The fall of Jerusalem, no longer an earth-shattering event to European Christians who had seen the city pass from Christian to Muslim control numerous times in the past two centuries, did not prompt an immediate call for a new crusade.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Seventh_Crusade (776 words)

	Kingdom of Jerusalem Encyclopedia Article @ Principally.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		However, the nobles of Outremer, led by the regent John of Ibelin, not only felt more could have been recovered militarily, but also resented his attempts to impose Imperial authority over their kingdom, resulting in a number of military confrontations both on the mainland and on Cyprus.
		The recovery was short-lived - not enough territory had been ceded to make the city defensible, and in 1244 the Ayyubids invited the Khwarezmian clans displaced by the Mongols to reconquer the city.
		The Seventh Crusade under Louis IX of France was inspired by this massacre, but it accomplished little save to replace the Ayyubids and Khwarezmians with the more powerful Mamluks as the Crusaders' main enemy in 1250.
	www.principally.net /encyclopedia/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem (6653 words)

	Channel 4 - History - Tit for tat
		Genghis saw the potential in a commercial partnership with the Khwarezmians so he sent a caravan comprising 500 merchants to establish official trade ties with his neighbour.
		However, Inalchuq, governor of the city of Otrar, murdered all the merchants and seized all their goods – silk, silver, gold, weapons – claiming that their presence was a part of a plot against the empire (although he could equally well have been motivated by greed).
		By 1220, the Khwarezmians had been taken over by the Mongol empire, which soon reached from the China Sea to Vienna.
	www.channel4.com /history/microsites/H/history/t-z/titfortat1.html (334 words)

	khwarezm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The first two names of rulers we have for the area are Sijavus c.1300 BC (a son-in-law of Afrasiab c.1100 BC) and Aurvat-Aspa, usually placed in the late 600s BC though dating is very difficult.
		According to some historians, Khwarezmians were the people mentioned as Khalyzians in contemporary Byzantine sources.
		Many of the ancient Khwarezmian towns are situated currently in Xorazm Province, Uzbekistan.
	www.elcasinoargentina.com /wiki/?title=Khwarezm (1847 words)

	History of early Arab Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		His reign saw the recapture of Jerusalem in 1244, and the introduction of a larger force of Mameluks into the army.
		Much of his time was spent in campaigns in Syria, where he allied with the Khwarezmians against the Crusaders and Ayyubids.
		In 1249 he faced an invasion by Louis IX of France (the Seventh Crusade), and Damietta was lost again.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-History_of_early_Arab_Egypt (2509 words)

	Iranian People Encyclopedia Article @ Populace.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Parni replaced the Seleucids as the Parthians, a dynasty that ruled Persia during the early centuries of the 1st millennium CE and became the main rival of the Roman Empire in the east.
		It is surmised that many Iranian tribes, including the Khwarezmians, Massagetae and Sogdians, were assimilated and/or pushed out of Central Asia by the migrations of Turkic tribes emanating out of Siberia.
		The most dominant surviving Eastern Iranians are represented by the Pashtuns, whose origins are generally believed to be in southern Afghanistan, from which they began to spread until they reached as far west as Herat and as far east as the Indus.
	www.populace.org /encyclopedia/Iranian_people (4648 words)

	Khazars - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A famous tarkhan referred to in Arab sources as Ras or As Tarkhan led an invasion of Armenia in 758.
		The army included regiments of Muslim auxiliaries known as Arsiyah, of Khwarezmian or Alan extraction, were quite influential and exempt from campaigning against their fellow Muslims.
		In addition to the Bek's standing army, the Khazars could call upon tribal levies in times of danger and were often joined by auxiliaries from subject nations.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Khazar (5720 words)

	History of Central Asia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The execution of Mongol envoys by the Khwarezmian Shah Muhammad sets in motion the first Mongol westward thrust.
		The Mongols, in pursuit of the Khwarezmian shah, encounter the Russians on the river Kalka, where they defeat them.
		A group of Khwarezmians, fleeing from the Mongols, capture Jerusalem from the Crusaders.
	members.tripod.com /~Dzhan/history/chron1.htm (1959 words)

	History
		In 1218, the Mongols captured Semirechye and the Tarim Basin, occupying Kashgar.
		In 1218, the execution of Mongol envoys by the Khwarezmian Shah Muhammad set in motion the first Mongol westward thrust.
		In 1220, the Mongols captured Bukhara and Samarkand, defeating the Khwarezmians.
	www.oqya.5u.com /about.html (1483 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Nakhichevan
		The Armeno-Georgian princely house of Zacharids frequently raided the region when the Atabeg state was in decline in the early years of the 13th century.
		It was then plundered by invading Mongols in 1220 and Khwarezmians in 1225 and became part of Mongol Empire in 1236 when the Caucasus was invaded by Chormaqan.
		In the 15th century, the territory of Nakhichevan became part of the states of Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Nakhichevan (4120 words)

	History of the Mongol Empire - Quotes
		"Say ye unto the Khwarezmians that I am the soveign of the sunrise, and [he is] the soverign of the sunset.
		Let there be between us a firm treaty of friendship, amity, and peace, and let traders and caravans on both sides come and go.
		Genghis actually wanted peace, but was compelled to go to war when the Mongol ambassadors were killed by the Persians.
	mongolempire.4t.com /r_quotes.htm (869 words)

	World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		But the victory of the barons brought to the kingdom not strength but continued division, the more serious as new forces were appearing in the Muslim world.
		The Khwarezmian Turks, pushed south and west by the Mongols, had upset the power balance and gained the support of Egypt.
		In 1244 an alliance of Jerusalem and Damascus failed to prevent the capture and sack of Jerusalem by Khwarezmians with Egyptian aid.
	members.tripod.com /gpf/worldhistory.html (21681 words)

	1483 Online. Golden Horde
		Shortly before that, the Blue Horde split when Batu's younger brother Shayban left Batu's army to set up his own horde east of the Ural Mountains along the Ob and Irtysh Rivers.
		While the descendants of Batu's original Mongol warriors constituted the upper class of society, most of the Horde's population were Kipchaks, Bulgar Tatars, Kyrghyz, Khwarezmians, and other Turkic peoples.
		The Horde developed as a settled rather than nomadic culture, with Sarai evolving into a populous and prosperous metropolis.
	www.1483online.com /histories/goldenhorde.php (1026 words)

	Mongol history and chronology from ancient times
		Even if the highest estimates of his army reckoned that he had 400 000 men under his command, his army was heterogeneous and of low morality.
		These men were mainly mercenaries of Turkish origin whose loyalty toward the Khwarezmian Empire and its ruler was very fragile.
		In addition to that, the army was hated by the population, because its members, foreign to Mohammad's people in every respect, habitually plundered and terrorized them savagely.
	www.coldsiberia.org /webdoc3.htm (9052 words)

	Chingis Khan the King
		During this hunt, the two Mongol generals with their riders travelled across the whole of Persia, wiping out the population in large areas.
		Bukhara and Samarkand are taken, and this was the decisive blow against the Khwarezmians.
		Mohammad had harbored high military ambitions, and even hoped to be able to conquer China, but when Chingis Khan took Peking in 1215 his hope was finally crushed.
	www.mcguinnessonline.com /temujen/history3.htm (5824 words)

	Home > Hercules, California, CA, 94547, Hercules Real Estate, Hercules Yellow Pages, Hercules Classifieds, Hercules ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Early tribes were nomadic or semi-nomadic due to the arid conditions of the region as the steppe culture in Central Asia was an extension of a larger Eurasian series of horse cultures which spanned the entire specturm of language families including the Proto-Indo-Europeans and Altaic groups.
		Some of the known early Iranian tribes included the Massagatae, Scythians/Sakas, and early Soghdians (most likely precursors of the Khwarezmians).
		Turkmenistan was a passing point for numerous migrations and invasions by tribes which gravitated towards the settled regions of the south including ancient Mesopotamia, Elam, and the Indus Valley Civilization.
	www.herculescaus.com /details/History_of_Turkmenistan (3162 words)

	IL&S: Old Iranian Languages and Scripts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		(today's Harat), the Bactrians (today's Balkh), the Sogdians (on the Zarafshan river), and the Khwarezmians (on the Oxus river).
		All Iranian languages stem from a common proto-Iranian language.
		The eastern group includes the languages of the Sogdians, Khwarezmians, Sakas, and the Avestan (also known as Old Bactrian) language.
	www.iranianlanguages.com /oldiranian/index.htm (351 words)

	Europeans VS Asians - NetSword Discussion Forums
		To the west, the Mongols smashed the Khwarezmian empire in 6 years.
		As you know, Avar and Magyar light horse caused 200-odd years of trouble for their neighbors; if heavy forces were effective against light horse, this would probably not have happened.
		The same is true of the Khwarezmians: it is clear that they lost, but show me that it was because they were weak.
	www.netsword.com /ubb/Forum4/HTML/000152-2.html (14616 words)

	Islam during the Crusades by Sanderson Beck
		Tokush ruled Jibal from Hamadan; but after he died in 1200, the people of Jibal massacred the remaining Khwarezmians.
		In October 1244 the alliance of Egyptian Aiyubids and Khwarezmians fought an alliance of Syrian Aiyubids and Franks at Harbiyya.
		Al-Salih's widow Shajar ad-Durr ruled Egypt for eighty days before she was compelled to marry the first Mamluk sultan Aybeg in 1250.
	www.san.beck.org /AB19-IslamCulture1095-1300.html (22585 words)

	Myths - The Hungarian Identity
		Is it there any link that relates with each other peoples that apparently are quite different?
		Is it there any relationship between Sumerians, Hurrians, Mitanni, Habiru, Hyksos, Kassites, Chaldeans, Medes, Khwarezmians, Scythians, Massagetas, Alans, Sabirs, Avars, Huns, Magyars, OnOgurs, Khazars, Uyghurs and a present-day European nation?
		Can these peoples, having different origins - namely Kushitic, Semitic and Japhetic - converge into the ethnogenesis of a single modern nation?
	www.imninalu.net /myths-Huns.htm (16030 words)

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