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	An-Nasir - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the early years of his caliphate, his goal was to crush the Seljuk power and replace it with his own.
		The Khwarizm Shah, Tekish, at his instigation, attacked the Seljuk forces, and defeated them.
		The steppes of Central Asia were set in motion by Genghiz Khan, and his hordes put to flight the Khwarizm Shah, who died an exile in an island of the Caspian.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/An-Nasir (515 words)

	MuslimHeritage.com - Topics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Khwarizm in the earlier Middle Ages had two capitals, one on the Persian side of the Oxus called Jurjaniyah, or Urganj, the other on the eastern Turkish side called Kath, which in the tenth century was held to be the capital in chief of the province.
		[4] Khwarizm was celebrated for its fruit, carpets, brocades of mixed cotton and silkand numerous canals.
		Besides the economic prosperity, Khwarizm early on witnessed a sharp rise in the numbers of traditionalists (i.e Hadith scholars), lawyers and theologians.
	www.muslimheritage.com /topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=482 (4278 words)

	Gengis Khan - Wikipedia
		Nel 1218 le terre controllate da Genghis Khan si estendono verso ovest fino al lago Balkhash confinando con Khwarizm, uno stato islamico che giunge fino al Mar Caspio ad ovest ed al golfo di Persia ed al Mar Arabico a sud.
		Nel 1218 Genghis Khan invia alcuni emissari nella provincia più orientale del Khwarizm (Corasmia) per parlamentare con il governatore di queste.
		Durante la campagna contro Khwarizm l'imperatore degli Xia occidentali (vassallo dei mongoli) che si era rifiutato di prendere parte alla guerra stringe un alleanza anti mongola con i Chin.
	it.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genghis_Khan (1116 words)

	Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Musa al-Khwarizmi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He is often cited as "the father of algebra", which was named after a part of the title of his book, Hisab o jabr o muqabele, along with the algorism number system.
		Khwarizmi was born in the town of Khwarizm (now Khiva), in Khorasan province of Persia/Iran (now in Uzbekistan).
		The name Khwarizmi means the person from Khwarizm+ "i" which in Persian makes adjective.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Al-Khwarizmi (1641 words)

	The Khwarizm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Because of them Khwarizm, pre-eminent in trade and industry, culture, science and the arts, doubled in population the 10th century in a boom that made it the hub of the global economy.
		Prosperity in Europe and China depended on Khwarizm's exports -- steel, copper and silver products, ceramics, the bullion that gave Europe its first gold coinage since Roman times, dyes, spices, carpets, silks and textiles -- stimulated growth in Flanders, Italy and southern Britain, helping drag them from the Dark Ages.
		Progress was general and not confined to trade.
	www.marxmail.org /archives/February99/khwarzim.htm (293 words)

	MONGOLS - LoveToKnow Article on MONGOLS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This was the more incumbent on him since Jelal ed-din, who had been driven by Jenghiz into India, had returned, reinforced by the support of the sultan of Delhi, whose daughter he had married, and, having reconquered his hereditary domains, had advanced westward as far as Tiffis and Kelat.
		His coins were struck at Sarai, Khwarizm, Mokshi, Bulgar, Azak and Krim, and are dated from 1313 to 1340.
		Flushed with success, Toktamish demanded from his patron Timur the restoration of Khwarizm, which had fallen into the hands of the latter at a period when disorder reigned in the Golden Horde.
	71.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MO/MONGOLS.htm (13176 words)

	Genghis Khan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By 1218, the Mongol Empire extended as far west as Lake Balkhash and it adjoined Khwarizm, a Muslim state that reached to the Caspian Sea in the west and to the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea in the south.
		Genghis did not as a general rule trust his relatives on commanding large number of troops for larger campaigns, and so he did not allow them to command significant numbers of soldiers.
		The governor of the province had the emissaries executed with the growing power on the East, and Genghis retaliated with an invasion force of 20 tumen (200,000 troops).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genghis_Khan (5139 words)

	Al-Khwarizmi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (780?-845?) was a mathematical pioneer and author whose work was fundamental to the development of the field of mathematics.
		He published most of his scientific works in Arabic, the scientific language of his time and place, but his native language was Persian.
		He developed the concept of the algorithm in mathematics, and the word "algorithm" itself comes from an English corruption of his name, but he also made major contributions to the fields of algebra, trigonometry, astronomy, geography, and cartography.
	www.portaljuice.com /al_khwarizmi.html (376 words)

	The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall - From Original Sources [Chapter 77]
		Khwarizm Shah’s advance on Bagdad, 612-614 A.H. Mohammad son of Takash, exasperated at these proceedings, now aimed not simply to crush the temporal rule of the Caliph, but by setting up an anti-Caliph of the house of 'Ali, to paralyse his spiritual power as well.
		A council of learned doctors assembled at Khwarizm accordingly deposed An-Nasir as an assassin and enemy of the Faith and nominated a descendant of 'Ali to the Caliphate, who was prayed for in public and his name struck on the coinage of the Eastern empire.
		It would have been all too late, for Mohammad, the Khwarizm Shah, had already taken Eastern 'Irak and Bagdad lay at his mercy, when, by the opportune inclemency of an early winter, he was forced to return to Khorasan.
	answering-islam.org /Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap77.htm (1034 words)

	Mongolia Conquest of Khwarizm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1218 the governor of an eastern province of Khwarizm mistreated several Mongol emissaries.
		Chinggis retaliated with a force of more than 200,000 troops, and Khwarizm was eradicated by 1220.
		In 1224 Subetei led the expedition back, after a trek of more than 6,400 kilometers, to a rendezvous with the main Mongol armies, that were returning from their victories over the Khwarizm.
	www.country-studies.com /mongolia/conquest-of-khwarizm.html (339 words)

	Skyscript: AL-BIRUNI and Arabic Astrology by David Plant
		Al-Biruni sought refuge at the court of Sultan Nuh ibn Mansur, the overlord of all the bickering princes of the region.
		By 1009 al-Biruni had returned to Khwarizm where he occupied an honourable position as a councillor and court official to the successors of Ma'mun the usurper.
		Surviving members of the court of Khwarizm were carried off involuntarily to Mahmud's stronghold at Ghazna in Afghanistan and al-Biruni was taken with them, along with ibn Iraq the mathematician and ibn Khammar the physician.
	www.skyscript.co.uk /albiruni.html (2184 words)

	Pakistan Link - Letter & Opinion
		Beyond the widespread death of innocent men, women and children, and destruction wrought by the invaders that came eight centuries apart, there are other similarities between the two.
		Chengiz Khan was provoked by a terrible folly of Khwarizm Shah, who had killed 400 Mongol traders on suspicion that they were spies.
		Khwarizm Shah had spent most of his time and energies fighting with the Ghauris and other Muslim rulers in neighboring territories.
	www.pakistanlink.com /Letters/99/Jan/01/01.html (974 words)

	Al-Khwarizmi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		He may have been born in 780, or around 800 ; he may have died in 845, or around 840.
		He was born in the town of Khwarizm (now Khiva), in Khorasan province of Persia (now in Uzbekistan).
		The name al-Khwarizmi means the person from Khwarizm.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Al-Khwarizmi.html (603 words)

	Islam and Science by Will Durant
		This work, now lost in its Arabic form, was translated by Gerard of Cremona in the twelfth century, was used as a principal text in European universities until the sixteenth century, and introduced to the West the word algebra (al-jabr—”restitution,” “completion”).
		The princes of Khwarizm and Tabaristan, recognizing his talents, gave him a place at their courts.
		Hearing of the bevy of poets and philosophers at Khwarizm, Mahmud of Ghazni asked its prince to send him al-Biruni, Ibn Sina, and other savants; the prince felt obliged to comply (ioi8), and al-Biruni went to live in honor and studious peace with the bellicose ravisher of India.
	www.sullivan-county.com /x/is_durant.htm (2434 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Genghis Khan
		Although the war was not yet over—indeed the conquest of North China was not completed till 1234—Genghis Khan now decided to relinquish personal command of operations, and in the spring of 1216 returned to Mongolia in order to give his attention to events in Central Asia.
		Genghis Khan’s western territory abutted the state of Khwarizm, a vast but poorly organized empire, ruled by Sultan Muhammad, covering the present-day countries of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, as well as Afghanistan and most of Iran.
		Soon after the fall of Samarqand he had dispatched his elder sons north into Khwarizm to lay siege to Muhammad’s capital.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761567712___2/Genghis_Khan.html (627 words)

	Organised Chaos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		His barbaric legions were triggered into a forty year bloodlust through the folly of the Muslim ruler, Muhammad Khwarizm Shah.
		Once a powerful and mighty monarch, Khwarizm Shah ordered the execution of Mongol caravans that came to trade within his kingdom.
		Khwarizm Shah was not the only example of insufferable leadership.
	www.idlanzakaria.com /archives/001196.html (1348 words)

	A General History of the Near East, Chapter 12
		The second Shah of Khwarizm, 'Ala-ud-Din Mohammed II (1200-20), continued the empire's rapid growth by conquering Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.
		To an outside observer Khwarizm must have looked like the most promising new nation of its time, but it had not yet stabilized.
		Khwarizm, to use a modern expression, decided not to "recognize" Genghis Khan.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /neareast/ne12.html (11143 words)

	Sharisabz
		The present khanate is only a meagre relic of the great kingdom which under the name of Chorasmia, Kharezm (Khwarizm) and Urgenj (Jurjaniya, Gurganj) held the keys of the mightiest river in Central Asia.
		The Oxus (Amu-darya).has changed its outlet, and no longer forms a water-way to the Caspian and thence to Europe, while Khiva was entirely surrounded by territory either directly administered or protected by Russia, during Soviet era.
		Khwarizm fell under the power of Mahmud of Ghazni in 1017, and subsequently under that of the Seljuk Turks.
	www.geocities.com /tajikland/Sharisabz.html (414 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Treasures of the North (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Located south of the Aral Sea and close to some of the major emporia of eastern Europe, Khwarizm's role in international commerce was pivotal.
		The furs were transported back to Khwarizm, and from there routed throughout the Islamic East, or west to Baghdad, the political, intellectual and economic hub of the Abbasid Caliphate, and from there to the furthest limits of the Muslim world.
		In addition to its role as an emporium for the fur trade, the country of the Volga Bulgars was itself a key reservoir of furs - sables in particular.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/197905/treasures.of.the.north.htm (2625 words)

	Volga Ethnic Relations from Ibn Fadlan's Perspective
		An agent involved in funding the mission is noted as a Christian; the Christians of Khwarizm were Greek Orthodox, demonstrating Byzantium’s wide influence.
		His observations of Khwarizm’s inhabitants included their “uncouth…speech and nature,” and their habits of praying but cursing the caliph “at the conclusion of every prayer”.
		In the case of death in Bulghar territory, Muslim visitors and men of Khwarizm were washed and buried; though the women remained silent, men wailed, and slaves mourned penitentially.
	www.tamu.edu /chr/agora/summer03/Clouser.htm (5550 words)

	Turmenistan history3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Taking advantage of internal and external disturbances which emerged in the land of Khwarizm, the Mongols launched an attack with a strong army in late 1219.
		As the Mongol army continued to advance in the land of Khwarizm and began to capture cities of Northern Khwarizm one by one, Jatalleddin Khwarizmshah went into action to protect Gurganj.
		When the Uzbek Khan Muhammad the Shaybani who had replaced the state of Tamerlane was defeated by Iranian Shah Ismail in Merv in 1510, Turkmenistan was invaded by the Saffawis, but the Turkmens who lived in Khwarizm united with the Uzbeks and did not allow the Saffawis to settle permanently in the region.
	www.asia-travel.uz /turkmenistan/history3.html (1408 words)

	DJENGIS KHAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		i 1218 var rækkede det mongolske kejserdømme sig helt til søen Balkhash, senere blev Khwarizm, en muslimsk stat, der nåede helt til det Kaspiske Hav i vest og til den Persiske Gulf og det Arabiske Hav mod syd underlagt mongolerne.
		I 1218 sendte Gjengis nogle diplomater til den østligeste provins af Khwarizm for at tale med dens guvernør.
		Vasalkejseren af Vest Xia havde nægtet at deltage i krigen mod Khwarizm, og mens Gjengis var i Iran, indgik Vest Xia, Jin en alliance mod mongolerne, efter en tid med at reorganisere hans styrker forberedte Gjengis Khan sig for kgi mod sine fjender.
	www.shubiworld.com /encyclopedia/D/Djengis_Khan (1316 words)

	Afghanan Dot Net
		From him the Khwarizm Shah received the following note: "I am the sovereign of the sun-rise, and thou the sovereign of the sun-set.
		Insult having thus been added to theft and murder, the flood gates opened for one of the most catastrophic episodes recorded in the annals of mankind.
		Two hundred thousand Mongols marched west to chastise the Khwarizm Shah in the year 1219.
	www.afghanan.net /afghanistan/mongols.htm (428 words)

	Flags of the Turkish Empires (Part 2)
		The Buddhist monk Xuan Zang met its ruler galopping in the steppes in the vicinity of Tashkent in 685.
		Khwarizm Shah was the region around Khiva, near Lake Aral.
		This area is related to the Anushtiginid dynasty, which ruled nearly all of Central Asia till India from 1097-1231, when they were crushed by Dsjingis Khan.
	www.1uptravel.com /flag/flags/tr_imp1.html (360 words)

	Charge sheet for commission of religious crimes, The Milli Gazette, Vol. 3 No. 4
		According to the Maulana, another ‘Shar’i’ crime of Osama bin Laden is that in the background of Arab politics, he left no stone unturned in defaming and destroying the already destroyed and dilapidated Afghanistan because of his extremist views and acts.
		He also quoted an example from the Islamic history: Once the Muslim ruler, Khwarizm Shah ordered the killing of an ambassador of Changezi kingdom, much against the Islamic Commands which resulted in God’s punishment and Muslim populations running into lakhs were destroyed at the hands of Changez Khan and Hulagoo Khan.
		The infidel traders of Changez Khan were got killed by Khwarizm Shah on the suspicion of being spies.
	www.milligazette.com /Archives/15022002/15022200246.htm (1134 words)

	isntapundit : The Left Hand of Rightness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Around this time, a Mongol merchant caravan went to Otrar, a precinct of the kingdom of Khwarizm, and the local Khan, one Inalchuk, plundered the caravan and murdered the merchants.
		The Mongols sent an emissary to Shah Muhammed of Khwarizm demanding justice.
		In return, the Mongols invaded Khwarizm, annihilated Muhammed's armies, razed cities, slaughtered several dozen million people, and ran Muhammed to his grave.
	isntapundit.com /?date=20020925 (2710 words)

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