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Topic: Kidney function

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	Your Kidneys and How They Work (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As kidney function worsens, the amount of albumin and other proteins in the urine increases, and the condition is called proteinuria.
		In this first stage of kidney disease, the goals of treatment are to slow the progression of CKD and reduce the risk of heart and blood vessel disease.
		People with reduced kidney function (a high creatinine level in the blood or a low creatinine clearance) should have their blood pressure controlled, and an ACE inhibitor or an ARB should be one of their medications.
	kidney.niddk.nih.gov /kudiseases/pubs/yourkidneys/index.htm (4129 words)

	Healthy Living - Preserving Kidney Function
		Once kidney function has fallen to 10 to 15 per cent, people are considered to have end stage renal disease, or kidney failure.
		For acute kidney failure, there isn’t much that can be done to preserve the kidneys, but for chronic kidney failure, people have numerous opportunities to protect and preserve their kidneys.
		If you are at increased risk for developing kidney disease (if you have a family history of kidney problems, high blood pressure or diabetes) you should speak with your doctor about having yearly tests to determine how well your kidneys are working.
	www.kidneyfoundation.ab.ca /Be_Active/preserving_function.htm (543 words)

	National Kidney Foundation: How Your Kidneys Work
		There are two kidneys, each about the size of a fist, located on either side of the spine at the lowest level of the rib cage.
		Chronic kidney disease is defined as having some type of kidney abnormality or "marker" such as protein in the urine, and having decreased kidney function for three months or longer.
		The kidney may come from someone who died or from a living donor who may be a relative, friend or possibly a stranger, who donates a kidney to anyone in need of a transplant.
	www.kidney.org /kidneydisease/howkidneyswrk.cfm (1584 words)

	UK NKF - Calculating Kidney Function
		Kidney function is estimated in the clinic by taking blood and measuring the concentration of a chemical within the blood called creatinine.
		Reduced kidney function, tests to determine the exact nature of the problem with the kidneys are required.
		Anyone who uses the calculator to estimate their own kidney function from their blood results should discuss the results with their own medical specialist, to make sure that the result and the interpretation are appropriate to their individual case.
	www.kidney.org.uk /Medical-Info/kidney-basics/calc-kidney-fn.html (966 words)

	Kidney Function Tests \| AHealthyMe.com
		Kidney function tests is a collective term for a variety of individual tests and procedures that can be done to evaluate how well the kidneys are functioning.
		Kidney function tests help to determine if the kidneys are performing their tasks adequately.
		Kidneys that are functioning normally will excrete more water into the urine as fluid intake is increased, diluting the urine.
	www.ahealthyme.com /topic/topic100587050 (1517 words)

	Chronic Kidney Disease
		The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs that lie on either side of your spine in the lower middle of your back.
		Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys partly or completely lose their ability to carry out normal functions.
		Stage 5 chronic kidney failure is also referred to as end-stage renal disease, wherein there is total or near-total loss of kidney function and patients need dialysis or transplantation to stay alive.
	www.emedicinehealth.com /chronic_kidney_disease/article_em.htm (835 words)

	Review of kidney function
		The kidney is a highly specialized organ that maintains the internal environment of the body by selectively excreting or retaining various substances according to specific body needs.
		The importance of urine formation and excretion as a life-sustaining function is highlighted in situations in which kidney function is suddenly lost.
		Renal function tests are used to screen for kidney disease, to help determine the cause of kidney disease, the to determine the extent of renal dysfunction.
	www.rnceus.com /renal/renalfunction.html (725 words)

	Kidney Dialysis
		In the kidney, the blood undergoes filtration and dialysis to separate the particles that will be removed from the body (through the ureter to the bladder) from those that will be returned to the circulating blood (through the renal vein).
		The tubule functions as a dialysis unit, in which the fluid inside the tubule is the internal solution and the blood (in capillaries surrounding the tubule) acts as the external solution.
		Thus, artificial kidney dialysis uses the same chemical principles that are used naturally in the kidneys to maintain the chemical composition of the blood.
	www.chemistry.wustl.edu /~edudev/LabTutorials/Dialysis/Kidneys.html (4733 words)

	Kidney Function and Urological Disorders Encyclopedia of Childhood and Adolescence - Find Articles
		A number of congenital kidney abnormalities may occur in children, often originating during that part of the prenatal period when the kidneys are moving into their permanent position.
		An ectopic kidney--one that is in the wrong place--generally functions normally, although it may cause a malformation of the ureter, obstructing the flow of urine.
		Nephrotic syndrome is a disorder that affects the ability of the glomeruli (the kidney's filtering units) to retain protein in the blood.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2602/is_0003/ai_2602000334 (972 words)

	Kidney Diseases in Childhood
		Kidney failure, which is also called renal failure, is when the kidneys slow down or stop properly filtering wastes from the body, which can cause build-ups of waste products and toxic substances in the blood.
		The goal of treatment usually is to slow the decline of kidney function with medication, blood pressure control, and diet.
		Fetal hydronephrosis: This enlargement of one or both of the kidneys is caused by either an obstruction in the developing urinary tract or a condition called vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in which urine abnormally flows backward (or refluxes) from the bladder into the ureters.
	kidshealth.org /parent/medical/kidney/kidney_diseases_childhood.html (2030 words)

	Kidney - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The kidneys are bean-shaped excretory organs in vertebrates.
		The upper parts of the kidneys are partially protected by the eleventh and twelfth ribs, and each whole kidney is surrounded by two layers of fat (the perirenal fat and the pararenal fat) which help to cushion it.
		Pyelonephritis is infection of the kidneys and is frequently caused by complication of a urinary tract infection.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kidney (2267 words)

	Kidney Transplant Information
		Chronic kidney failure, on the other hand, is a permanent condition, meaning that once it occurs, the kidneys cannot be made to function again.
		Chronic kidney failure may be the result of heredity, as with polycystic kidney disease, or may be caused by prolonged medical conditions, such as high blood pressure or diabetes.
		The surgeon connects the artery and vein of the new kidney to the recipient's artery and kidney.
	www.kidneytransplant.org /article-end-stagerenaldisease.html (864 words)

	UK NKF - Kidney Disease
		Kidney disease is a term used by doctors to include any abnormality of the kidneys, even if there is only very slight damage. ‘Chronic’ means a condition that does not get completely better.
		Although severe kidney failure will not occur with normal ageing of the kidneys, there is an increased chance of high blood pressure and heart disease or stroke, so that medical checks will be helpful.
		If the urine tests show a lot of protein in the urine, or the kidney function is declining over time, the case will be discussed with a kidney specialist, or a referral may be made to a kidney specialist.
	www.kidney.org.uk /Medical-Info/ckd-info/index.html (1197 words)

	Your Kidneys and How They Work
		Gradual loss of kidney function is called chronic renal failure or chronic renal disease.
		One formula for estimating kidney function equates a creatinine level of 2.0 mg/dl to 50 percent of normal kidney function and 4.0 mg/dl to 25 percent.
		They also know that kidney patients who keep their cholesterol under control -- either through diet or medicine -- are more likely to preserve their remaining renal function.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/8/1680_51131.htm (3226 words)

	National Kidney Foundation of Northern California - Education - For Patients - Eating a High Protein Diet May ...
		People diagnosed with kidney disease are often asked to limit their protein intake, a step research suggests may slow the decline in kidney function.
		While recommendations to reduce dietary protein are typically limited to people with moderate kidney disease, the latest research suggests that people with mild kidney problems could also benefit from less protein on their plates.
		The NKF of Northern California is a major voluntary health organization seeking to prevent kidney and urologic diseases, improve the health and well-being of individuals and families affected by these diseases and increase the availability of organs for transplantation.
	www.kidneynca.org /Education_Patients_HighProtienDiet.asp (448 words)

	National Kidney Foundation: Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
		This tells your doctor whether your kidneys are too large or too small, whether you have a problem like a kidney stone or tumor and whether there are any problems in the structure of your kidneys and urinary tract.
		Perform a kidney biopsy, which is done in some cases to check for a specific type of kidney disease, see how much kidney damage has occurred and help plan treatment.
		It is normally removed from your blood by your kidneys, but when kidney function slows down, the creatinine level rises.
	www.kidney.org /kidneydisease/ckd/knowGFR.cfm (1700 words)

	Monitoring Kidney Function and EDTA Dose Computation
		If kidneys are impaired and renal clearance is reduced to 50 ml/min, for example,--as often occurs in chronically ill elderly patients--EDTA would be cleared from only 3 liters of plasma per hour.
		The Cockcroft-Gault equation was found to overestimate renal function in very obese or edematous patients and in patients with rapidly deteriorating kidney function.
		It is not uncommon for elderly patients and those with atherosclerosis to have mild to moderate impairment of renal function at the onset of EDTA chelation therapy.
	www.drcranton.com /chelation/kidneyfunction.htm (2117 words)

	Kidney Options - Kidney Disease
		Sometimes the kidneys become unable to perform their life-maintaining functions because of disease or physical damage.
		The kidneys are not able to remove extra water and waste products from the blood, causing you to feel sick.
		Kidney disease progresses in stages and can continue in its early stages for many years without showing any obvious symptoms.
	www.kidneyoptions.com /kidneydisease.html (695 words)

	Kidney failure, chronic - MayoClinic.com
		Their main function is to eliminate excess fluid and wastes from your body by filtering them out of your blood.
		When your kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous levels of fluid and waste accumulate in your body — a condition known as kidney failure.
		Many people with chronic kidney failure don't realize they have a problem until their kidney function has decreased to less than 25 percent of normal.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/kidney-failure/DS00682 (321 words)

	Preventing Kidney Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In addition to these functions, the kidneys regulate the amount of salt we excrete in the urine, a function important in preventing body swelling, and maintain many minerals in the blood stream at their normal levels.
		The damage to the kidneys is not caused by the infection itself, but rather by antibodies that we produce in response to these infections.
		Acute kidney diseases often cause symptoms that are quite obvious, the most prominent being blood in the urine, swelling of the face, feet, and legs, new onset of high blood pressure, and shortness of breath.
	www.kidneyurology.org /Patient_Resources/PaR_Lib_BKidneyDisease.htm (1115 words)

	Kidney function tests
		Approximately one and a half quarts of blood per minute are circulated through the kidneys, where waste chemicals are filtered out and eliminated from the body (along with excess water) in the form of urine.
		Some lead to a rapid (acute) decline in kidney function; others lead to a gradual (chronic) decline in function.
		Inability of the kidneys to concentrate the urine in response to restricted fluid intake, or to dilute the urine in response to increased fluid intake during osmolality testing may indicate decreased kidney function.
	www.lifesteps.com /gm/Atoz/ency/kidney_function_tests.jsp (1632 words)

	Healthopedia.com - Kidney Function Tests (Creatinine, Creatinine-Urine, Creatinine Clearance, BUN)
		Kidney function tests check how well the kidneys filter and transport waste materials from the blood into the urine.
		Kidney function tests are usually ordered when a healthcare provider suspects a disease that may be affecting the kidneys.
		When the kidney does not work properly, these products are not put into the urine and the levels become elevated in the blood.
	www.healthopedia.com /kidney-function-tests (344 words)

	Routine Kidney Function Blood Test - Patient UK
		Routine kidney function is one of the most commonly performed blood tests.
		The level of creatinine is usually used as a marker as to the severity of kidney failure.
		The routine kidney blood test is a general marker of kidney function.
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/27000432 (606 words)

	Kidney Function
		Along with the liver, the kidneys are another part of the waste processing system of the body -- thus urine goes from the kidneys into the bladder.
		An electrolyte regulated by the kidneys and adrenal glands.
		Chloride is an electrolyte regulated by the kidneys and adrenal glands.
	www.hrpca.org /kidneyfunction.htm (885 words)

	Multicystic kidney dysplasia - MayoClinic.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Multicystic kidney dysplasia (MKD) is a condition in which multiple cysts of varying sizes form on the kidney.
		Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited genetic disorder in which clusters of cysts form in both kidneys.
		The most serious complications of PKD are reduced kidney function and high blood pressure.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/kidney-failure/AN00565 (294 words)

	[No title]
		Moreover, over 7 million people have less than half the kidney function of a healthy young adult; while another 11.3 million have at least half of what's regarded as normal kidney function, but with persistent protein in their urine (a sign of kidney disease).
		Levels of this protein are determined by the rate it in which it is removed, which is roughly a measure of kidney function).
		About 15 percent of the people on dialysis (an artificial blood-filtering process used to clean the blood of malfunctioning kidneys) are getting this treatment as a result of the damage that Tylenol and/or aspirin did to their kidneys.
	www.mercola.com /2005/jan/8/kidney_disease.htm (800 words)

	Kidney Disease
		Kidney and Urinary Tract Function, Disorders, and Diseases
		A sample of kidney tissue, a biopsy, is sometimes helpful in diagnosing the specific cause of the problem.
		Parathyroid hormone, which controls calcium levels, is often increased in kidney disease and is often checked to see if enough calcium and vitamin D are being taken to prevent bone damage.
	www.labtestsonline.org /understanding/conditions/kidney-4.html (739 words)

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