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	Kidney stone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kidney stones, also known as nephrolithiases, urolithiases or renal calculi, are solid accretions (crystals) of dissolved minerals in urine found inside the kidneys or ureters.
		Kidney stones typically leave the body in the urine stream; if they grow relatively large before passing (on the order of millimeters), obstruction of a ureter and distention with urine can cause severe pain most commonly felt in the flank, lower abdomen and groin.
		Kidney stones are usually asymptomatic until they obstruct the flow of urine.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kidney_stone (2026 words)

	Kidney Stones (Renal Stone) - causes, symptoms and treatment information on MedicineNet.com
		Kidney stones are a common cause of blood in the urine and pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin.
		Kidney stones form when there is a decrease in urine volume or an excess of stone-forming substances in the urine.
		Kidney stones associated with infection in the urinary tract are known as struvite or infection stones.
	www.medicinenet.com /kidney_stone/article.htm (574 words)

	Kidney Transplant Information
		A kidney stone is the result of a chemical reaction that occurs when the urine becomes concentrated and when certain substances combine together to create an object that is too large to pass in the urine.
		The exact cause of kidney stones is unknown, however, there are a number of factors that may put a person "at risk" for kidney stones.
		Kidney stone pain usually starts in the kidney or lower abdomen and later may move to the groin.
	www.kidneytransplant.org /article-kidneystones.html (1373 words)

	Kidney Stones - UrologyChannel
		Kidney stones (calculi) are hardened mineral deposits that form in the kidney.
		Kidney stones form when there is a high level of calcium (hypercalciuria), oxalate (hyperoxaluria), or uric acid (hyperuricosuria) in the urine; a lack of citrate in the urine; or insufficient water in the kidneys to dissolve waste products.
		Kidney stones are most prevalent in patients between the ages of 30 and 45, and the incidence declines after age 50.
	www.urologychannel.com /kidneystones/index.shtml (788 words)

	Kidney Stones in Adults (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Other causes of kidney stones are hyperuricosuria which is a disorder of uric acid metabolism, gout, excess intake of vitamin D, urinary tract infections, and blockage of the urinary tract.
		If the stone is too large to pass easily, pain continues as the muscles in the wall of the tiny ureter try to squeeze the stone along into the bladder.
		More often, kidney stones are found on an x ray or sonogram taken on someone who complains of blood in the urine or sudden pain.
	kidney.niddk.nih.gov /kudiseases/pubs/stonesadults (3078 words)

	The Kidney Stone Web Site
		If the kidney stone is larger than 1/2 inch (or 10mm) in diameter it will likely need to be either removed by surgery or by lithrotripsy.
		A complete diagnosis of kidney stones should include blood screens, 24 hour urine samples, provocative calcium loading tests, and stone analysis to determine the type of stone, its underlying cause, and proper treatment, and future stoone prevention.
		Passing these fragments are similar to passing small stones; and more than one sufferer has stated that next time they will opt for some type of physical stone removal to avoid the prolonged painful period of these fragments being passed.
	members.aol.com /rogerbaxtr/pages/Kidney_Stone_Page_1c.html (772 words)

	Kidney Stone Myths, November 2002 Word on Health - National Institutes of Health (NIH)
		Kidney stones are hard masses developed from crystals that build up in the kidney, the organ that makes urine.
		Over a period of five years, scientists studied a group of men with recurrent kidney stones and found that those who had normal calcium levels in their diet were less likely to form new stones than men who were on a low-calcium diet.
		In some cases where stones are quite large or their location will not allow for lithotripsy, you may need surgery or urethroscopy, where a small fiberoptic instrument is placed into the ureter to remove the stones.
	www.nih.gov /news/WordonHealth/nov2002/kidneystones.htm (1787 words)

	Kidney stone definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Kidney stone: A stone in the kidney (or lower down in the urinary tract).
		The stones form in the urine collecting area (the pelvis) of the kidney and may range in size from tiny to staghorn stones the size of the renal pelvis itself.
		The cystine stones (below) compared in size to a quarter (a U.S. $0.25 coin) were obtained from the kidney of a young woman by percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PNL), a procedure for crushing and removing the dense stubborn stones characteristic of cystinuria.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6650 (479 words)

	The Kidney Stone Web Site - Definition & Location
		The most obvious reason to learn about kidney stones and modify a person's behavior accordingly is to avoid the intense pain which they cause.
		A kidney stone is a solid lump (from as small as a grain of sand to as large as the size a golf ball) made up of crystals that separate from urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney.
		The intense pain associated with kidney stones usually occurs during the period of time that the stone is being slowly moved along the small ureter between the kidney and the bladder.
	www.rogerbaxter.com /KidneyStone (454 words)

	Kidney Stones In Adults
		Kidney stones, one of the most painful of the urologic disorders, are not a product of modern life.
		A kidney stone is a hard mass developed from crystals that separate from the urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney.
		Certain diuretics which are commonly called water pills or calcium-based antacids may increase the risk of forming kidney stones by increasing the amount of calcium in the urine.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/8/1680_51137.htm (1314 words)

	Kidney Stones - Information - Physician Referrals - Kidney Stone Treatment
		Men appear to be afflicted with kidney stones more often than women, with the ratio being about 3 to 1.
		The etiology of kidney stone formation varies with inborn errors of metabolism, congenital urological abnormalities, dehydration, diet, urinary tract infection-all being factors.
		Once your kidney stone has been treated, don't forget to have a metabolic workup to determine if you are a candidate for dietary change or possibly medication to try to prevent further kidney stone formation.
	www.urostonecenter.com (313 words)

	Kidney stones: treatment options and prevention.
		In rare instances, stones can be dissolved. This is only effective for a smaller, purely uric acid stone and requires frequent medication adjustments and at-home urine testing up to 4 times per day by the patient.
		In general, there are FIVE options available to treat all urinary tract stones. Kidney stone size and location is an important factor in deciding which treatment is best for you.
		Kidney stones are also known as calculi (plural), or calculus (singular). When it is in the kidney, it is a renal calculus. The tube draining the kidney to the bladder is the ureter, and a stone is the ureter is a ureteral calculus.
	www.ocurology.com /stones.html (552 words)

	Kidney stones - causes, symptoms and stone treatments
		Kidney stones are hard, stone-like masses that can form in one or both kidneys.
		Kidney stones are fairly common, with about one percent of people in Western countries likely to get them.
		Kidney stones form when the salts and minerals that are normally found in the urine become out of balance.
	hcd2.bupa.co.uk /fact_sheets/html/Kidney_stones.html (1208 words)

	What I need to know about Kidney Stones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in the kidney out of substances in the urine.
		Kidney stones may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a pearl.
		A cage is used to catch the stone and pull it out, or the doctor may destroy it with a device inserted through the ureteroscope.
	kidney.niddk.nih.gov /kudiseases/pubs/stones_ez (1510 words)

	kidney stone - Stone Center glossary
		Multiple pictures of the kidneys are taken to follow the uptake and excretion of the contrast by the kidneys.
		Kidney Stone - A crystalline structure or calculus, that forms in the kidney.
		These stones develop in acidic urine and are radiolucent, that is, they don’t show up on plain x-rays of the abdomen (KUB).
	www.urostonecenter.com /glossary.asp (398 words)

	National Kidney Foundation: A to Z Health Guide Item
		A kidney stone is a hard mass that occurs when calcium oxalate or other chemicals in the urine form crystals that stick together.
		Kidney stones are more common in men, who account for about four out of five cases.
		Some stones are removed by passing a telescopic instrument into the bladder or into the ureters--tubes that connect the bladder and kidneys--to pull the stones out or to break them into small fragments with shock waves or laser beams.
	www.kidney.org /atoz/atozItem.cfm?id=84 (600 words)

	Kidney Stones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in the kidney out of particles in the urine.
		Kidney stones may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball.
		More often, kidney stones are found on an X-ray or other imaging machines taken on someone who complains of blood in the urine or sudden pain.
	www.kidneyurology.org /Patient_Resources/PaR_Lib_KidneyStones.htm (784 words)

	Gail R. Savitz Author Page
		The degree of pain is unrelated to the size of the stone which is why it is possible to have excruciating pain from a stone smaller than a grain of rice.
		Stones that are between 5 and 10 mm may pass, but it's increasingly unlikely as the stone gets larger.
		The first essential step in the prevention of kidney stones is to guarantee that there will always be sufficient water intake to produce enough urine to easily dissolve all the minerals and chemicals the kidneys normally produce and excrete.
	www.kidneystonesbook.net /author.html (2207 words)

	Four Geez Press Kidney Stones Network Newsletter
		Stones, by their very nature, are composed of a matrix, or honeycomb, of crystals, which serve as individual "rooms" for bacteria once they gain access to the structure.
		Every stone patient should be aware that only a urine culture can prove if you have an infection, as many times bacteria will be seen during a urinalysis merely because they have been washing off the body during urination, not because they are growing in the urine.
		Kidney stone disease is a condition which almost guarantees progression and recurrence unless the underlying cause is identified and eliminated.
	www.kidneystonesbook.net /newsletter.html (4284 words)

	kidney stones, kidney stone treatment
		Kidney stones are small, hard rocks which are made within the kidneys.
		When kidney stones are large or there is more than one, they may block the flow of urine.
		If a person is suspected of having kidney stones, either because of pain or blood in the urine, the physician may order x-rays or an ultrasound examination of the kidneys, ureters (tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder) and the bladder.
	www.clevelandclinic.org /nephrology/patient/stones.htm (863 words)

	Kidney stones - MayoClinic.com
		If you've ever passed a kidney stone, you're not likely to forget the experience — it can be excruciatingly painful.
		Kidney stones (renal lithiasis) are an ancient affliction dating back to the age of the Egyptian pyramids, yet they are still a common disorder today.
		The pain becomes agonizing only when a kidney stone breaks loose and begins to work its way down from your kidneys to your bladder through the connecting tube (ureter).
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/kidney-stones/DS00282 (337 words)

	AKF: Kidney Stones
		A larger stone may get stuck in a ureter (the tube that connects your kidneys and bladder), the bladder, or the urethra (the tube in your body that urine leaves from).
		Most kidney stones pass out of the body without help from a doctor, but sometimes a stone will not just go away or may even get larger.
		Pain in the shaded areas in the picture on the right may be caused by kidney stones.
	www.kidneyfund.org /kf_stones.asp (734 words)

	Kidney Stone Solution? - Digestion and digestive-related information on MedicineNet.com
		Nakada spoke during a news conference on kidney stone research at this week's annual meeting of the American Urological Association in Atlanta.
		Kidney stones form when urine in the kidney becomes supersaturated with stone-forming salts -- and when the urine doesn't contain enough stone-preventing substances.
		Over the time they drank lemonade they had a lower burden of kidney stones and appeared to form kidney stones at a slower rate than they did before starting lemonade therapy.
	www.medicinenet.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=62196 (726 words)

	Kidney Stones
		Kidney stones are a common problem that will affect 5-15% of people at some time during their lives.
		People aged 20-60 years more frequently have kidney stones, and a greater number of people who are sedentary will have them than people who are active.
		Kidney stones are relatively uncommon in children younger than 16 years.
	www.emedicinehealth.com /kidney_stones/article_em.htm (221 words)

	The Kidney Stone Web Site Links
		The publisher of the Kidney Stones Network Newsletter has a web site of interest to kidney stone sufferers - although its primary purpose is to sell their newsletter and a very informative book on the subject which may be useful to suffers who have experienced the pain of kidney stones.
		Their website has a listing of books to read about kidney stones as well as a listing of websites to visit to learn more about kidney stones.
		Kidney stone prevention is the key to long term stone free living and is the topic of this web page.
	members.aol.com /rogerbaxtr/pages/Kidney_Stone_Page2.html (1399 words)

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