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Topic: Kievan Rus

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	Kievan Rus'
		Kievan Rus' was the early Russian state dominated by the city of Kiev from about 860 to the middle of the 12th century.
		Kievan Rus' was not able to maintain its position as a powerful and prosperous state, in part because of the amalgamation of disparate lands under the control of a ruling clan.
		In 1299, in the wake of the Mongol invasion, the metropolitan of the Orthodox Church moved to the city of Vladimir, and Vladimir-Suzdal' replaced Kievan Rus' as the religious center.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ki/Kievan_Rus'.html (1369 words)

	Kievan Rus. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The reign (1019–54) of Vladimir’s son, Yaroslav the Wise, represented the political and cultural apex of Kievan Rus.
		In 1169, Kiev was sacked and pillaged by the armies of Andrei Bogolubsky of Suzdal, and the final blow to the Kievan state came with the Mongol invasion (1237–40).
		Ukrainian scholars consider Kievan Rus to be central to the history of the Ukraine.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ki/KievanRu.html (468 words)

	Kievan Rus' and Mongol Periods
		Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated as a state because of the armed struggles among members of the princely family that collectively possessed it.
		Among the lasting achievements of Kievan Rus' are the introduction of a Slavic variant of the Eastern Orthodox religion and a synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures.
		The impact of the Mongol invasion on the territories of Kievan Rus' was uneven.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Kievan.html (2841 words)

	Russia - MSN Encarta
		By the early 10th century, however, Kievan Rus had established close commercial and cultural ties with the Byzantine Empire, the center of Orthodox Christianity.
		Furthermore, because Kievan Rus territories were divided among a ruler’s heirs, political power became fragmented and constant battles ensued between the various branches of the princely house.
		Other Kievan Rus principalities challenged Kyiv’s supremacy, particularly Galicia and Volhynia to the west; Chernigov, Novgorod-Severskiy, and Vladimir-Suzdal’ to the northwest; Polotsk and Smolensk to the north; and Novgorod, by far the largest, in the far north.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569000_16/Russia.html (1144 words)

	Kievan Rus'
		Kievan Rus' continued to grow until, at its peak, it reached from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains to the Oka river.
		However, the end of Iaroslav's reign brought disunity to Kievan Rus' as he divided the country among his sons, telling them to obey the eldest as the Grand Prince of Kiev.
		Kievan Rus' was further weakend by Andrei Bogolyubsky's attack of Kiev in 1169.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/history/russia/kievanrus.html (576 words)

	History of Russia
		Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated as a state, leaving a number of states competing for claims to be the heirs to its civilization and dominant position.
		Among the lasting achievements of Kievan Rus' are the introduction of a Slavic variant of the Eastern Orthodox religion, dramatically deepening a synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next thousand years.
		The invading Mongols accelerated the fragmentation of the Kievan Rus'.
	www.stranslation.com /Russian_Translation/history_of_russia.htm (9326 words)

	EefyWiki - Kievan Rus
		To Understand the rise and the fall of the Kievan Rus’ is important to know its’ economical, political, and social structures.
		Also, another reason of Kievan Rus’ Dynasty fall was that Kievan Rus’ splintered into many principalities and it left Rus’ vulnerable to foreign attach such as the Mongols Invasion on 1236-1240.
		It is also important to mention that one of the reason of the rise of Kievan Rus’ dynasty was because of the conversion of Rus’ into Christianity.
	eefy.editme.com /KievanRus (848 words)

	Russia
		The formative centuries of the Russian state are perhaps best divided into three main periods: the era of Kievan Rus from its roots in the ninth century to the Mongol invasion of 1237-40; a century of `Mongol dominance' from 1240 to c.
		The lands that made up Kievan Rus were located in the forest zone of Eastern Europe along a group of rivers, the Dnieper, the western Dvina, the Lovat-Volkhov, and the Volga, the headwaters of which all emanate from the Valdai hills.
		Kievan Rus was thus left without effective defences when it had to face a new, overwhelming threat from the steppe--the Mongols.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/f/freeze-russia.html (3973 words)

	Kievan Rus' - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kievan Rus', although sparsely populated compared to Western Europe [1], was not only the largest contemporary European state in terms of area but also one of the most culturally advanced.
		In the Western periphery, the Rus' legacy was carried for two more centuries by the Principality of Halych-Volhynia and later, as these lands along with the territories of the modern central Ukraine and Belarus fell to the Gediminids, the powerful Grand Duchy of Lithuania, largely Ruthenized, drew heavily on the Rus' cultural and legal traditions.
		On the northeastern periphery of Kievan Rus', those traditions were adapted to form the legacy that eventually lead to a modern Russian statehood that gradually gravitated towards the Moscow rulers, thus creating the connection between the modern Russia to the historic Rus' through the Vladimir-Suzdal to Muscovy to the Russian Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kievan_Rus (3139 words)

	Wikinfo \| Ruthenia
		The decline of Kievan Rus' and its subjugation to external empires was the basis for the split of Ruthenians into three separate nations.
		In the meantime, the territories of the historical Rus incorporated the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as can be seen from the full name, "Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus' and Samogitia", were still called "Rus", translated into Latin (and English) as "Ruthenia" and its inhabitants, "Rusiny", translated as "Ruthenians".
		The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, taken as a whole, was basically a Ruthenian state, as it was populated mainly by Ruthenians, its nobles were of Ruthenian origins, and a variant of Old Slavonic close to Belarusian is the sole language of most surviving official documents of the state prior to 1697.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Ruthenia (1125 words)

	Russian History POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE KIEVAN RUS : chronology, Bright Persons, Great Events, Historical ...
		The expedition resulted in a great success: the emperor Leo VI Philosopher (886-912) agreed to pay a hefty ransom, and moreover, the first trade treaty in the history of Kievan Rus was signed.
		Kievan princes were also obliged to provide Byzantine emperors with military aid and renounce claims to the Byzantine possessions in the Crimea.
		During Igor's reign Kievan Rus extended its sovereignty over the territories of the Uliches and Tivercians.
	www.cozy-corner.com /history_eng/events_development_kievan_russia.htm (1403 words)

	The Infamous Svjatoslav
		For the Rus' annalists,4 the pagan Svjatoslav was an unprincipled warrior who enjoyed the reckless life of a Varangian adventurer and thrived on the exploits of military campaigns.
		The Rus' annalists, however, would have us believe that this overture was not made in good faith, but on the contrary that the Byzantines, given to being deceptive and making falsehoods, had employed deception and "were crafty."23 The Rus' annalists appear to applaud Svjatoslav for his ability to avoid being misled by the mendacious Greeks.
		Svjatoslav's expression of concern and fear of embarrassing the land of Rus' is without doubt an exaggeration, for the Rus' prince had lost interest in his homeland, viewed Kiev with disregard and contempt, and sought fame and fortune elsewhere.
	www.deremilitari.org /RESOURCES/ARTICLES/hanak.htm (4675 words)

	Russian_Literature_WWW_Courses_Russ3421_Lesson1
		The literature of old Rus' (the ancient name of Russia) can seem problematic to the modern student in various ways, not the least of which is that most of the works that belong to it do not seem to us to be literary works at all.
		The literature of Kievan Rus' possessed the same sort of works as were generally known in the Orthodox East: chronicles, homiletic works, and saints' lives.
		The literature of Rus' was dying, and the literature of Russia was being born.
	www1.umn.edu /lol-russ/hpgary/Russ3421/lesson1.htm (1363 words)

	Kievan Rus
		During the middle of the 9th century, the inhabitants of Rus sent a request to the Varangians, “Our whole land is great and rich, and there is no order in it.
		Kievan Rus was baptized by Vladimir I in 988.
		Prior to this conversion, the Kievan state was predominately pagan.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/n/c/nck112/part1.html (512 words)

	Russia: A Country Study
		Muscovy drew people and wealth to the northeastern periphery of Kievan Rus'; established trade links to the Baltic Sea, the White Sea, and the Caspian Sea and to Siberia; and created a highly centralized and autocratic political system.
		When the Mongols invaded the lands of Kievan Rus', Moscow was an insignificant trading outpost in the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal'.
		Ivan III was the first Muscovite ruler to use the titles of tsar and "Ruler of all Rus'." Ivan competed with his powerful northwestern rival Lithuania for control over some of the semi-independent former principalities of Kievan Rus' in the upper Dnepr and Donets river basins.
	www.cla.wayne.edu /polisci/kdk/easteurope/sources/russia1.htm (16148 words)

	Kievan Rus Database (Veche) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Novgorod probably started converting to a strong veche in the first half of the 11th century, while the rest of Rus started in the second half of the century.
		The veches survived longest in the northwest because the rich feudal notables were not strong enough to destroy the veche, but were strong enough to use it to serve themselves against the princes.
		These treaties were concluded not on behalf of a veche, but on behalf of the prince and the boyars, and the prince is always mentioned first.
	members.aol.com /mokosh/Veche.html (1295 words)

	Rusyns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		This issue relates to the beginning of a medieval state called Kievan Rus’, which at its height in the eleventh century extended its sphere of influence over what are today the states of Russia (west of the Urals), Belarus, and Ukraine (north of the open steppe zone).
		Some scholars (supporters of the so-called Normanist theory) believe that Rus’ derives from either a Finnish (ruotsi) or an Old Nordic (ropsmenn, ropskarlar) term, which the Finnic tribes living in what is today northern Russia used to describe adventurers who came from Sweden and created the state that subsequently was called Kievan Rus’.
		Still other scholars argue that Rus’ is originally not associated with any particular ethnic group or tribe, but derives from the name of an international trading company Rūs, which plied the North Sea from the sixth century and that supplied the individuals who helped form Kievan Rus’ in the ninth century.
	www.rusyn.org /pop_rusyns.htm (903 words)

	History of Russia, Famous Russians, Nobel Laureates -- WayToRussia.Net Guide to Russia
		In 869 ruler of Kievan Rus’ prince Vladimir adopted Christianity as a dominant religion of the state.
		Rus’ adopted Christianity from Byzantium and with their religion we adopted much of their culture.
		This invasion lead to further disintegration of Kievan Rus’ – princes had no use cooperating with each other, all their problems were solved by Mongols.
	www.waytorussia.net /WhatIsRussia/History.html (2422 words)

	Kievan Rus
		Among the most famous of the ancient trade routes was the one called "from the Vikings to the Greeks." To a large degree Kiev and Novgorod, the principal cities of Ancient Rus, flourished because they were located along the waterways of this important route.
		In the ninth century Kievan Grand Prince Oleg, with a fleet of lodyas, launched an attack against Constantinople, called Tsargrad by the Slavs.
		The princes of Rus began to use their fleets of lodyas to fight against one another.
	www.neva.ru /EXPO96/book/chap1-1.html (876 words)

	Geographic Subjects: Kievan Rus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The heading Kievan rus' was instituted in 1992 and has been used inconsistently by LC.
		Use for reference, signifying that Kievan rus' and Russia/Soviet Union are the same entity.
		Based on an analysis of LC practice, it seems that Kievan rus' is used only when mentioned explicitly in the title (Kievskaia rus').
	www.indiana.edu /~libslav/slavcatman/kiev.html (115 words)

	HURI Publications: HLEUL
		Klim Smoljatic, the second "native" metropolitan of Rus' (from 1147), is best known for the learned Epistle to Foma, the only medieval Kievan document to address the issue of the proper nature and limits of Christian learning.
		Simon Franklin prefaces his translations of these accomplished works of Kievan literature with a lengthy introduction that places each of the three authors in their historical context and examines the literary specificities as well as textual complexities of their respective works.
		The Edificatory Prose of Kievan Rus' is an indispensable volume for all students of Slavia Orthodoxa in the eleventh century.
	www.huri.harvard.edu /cat.library.html (2018 words)

	Pritsak. Origin of Rus
		Because the Rus came from the north and corresponded to the anthropological criteria of the term Saqlab (meaning "red-haired and ruddy-faced" in comparison with the peoples of the Near East), the author added this phrase by way of explanation.
		The Radhaniya and the Rus were both based in Roman Gaul, the Radhaniya around Arles and Marseille, and the Rus in a region of present-day south-central France near Rodez ("Rusi" in Middle French, and "Ruzzi" in Middle German).
		Transformed from a multiethnic, multilingual, and nonterritorial community with a "low" culture, Kievan Rus' was endowed with a new "high" culture based on a foreign, written, and sanctified Slavic language (traditionally known as Church Slavonic) and as a result appeared on the stage of East European history.
	www.stetson.edu /~psteeves/classes/pritsak.html (3629 words)

	The History of the Russian Navy. Glorious Beginnings.
		The peace that resulted from friendlier relations with Byzantium permitted Kievan Rus to begin to develop craftsmanship, to engage in trade, and to learn how to construct in stone.
		This marked the last assault of a Kievan Rus fleet upon Tsargrad.
		The upper part of the hull was bordered with twisted cane, a reinforcement which improved buoyancy and helped protect the crew from enemy fire.
	www.navy.ru /history/hrn1-e.htm (3441 words)

	The Rus - DBA 108
		The ruler of Rus fell in an ambush and suffered the indignity of having his skull used as a Pecheneg drinking cup.
		The name Rus is usually attributed to the Viking tribe Ross or Rhos, which was known at the time in the court of Byzantium.
		Other historians (especially many Russian historians) minimize the impact of the Vikings on the largely Slavic population and argue that "Rus" is derived from a Slavic tribe of the same name that lived in that region on the banks of the Ros river.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/dba108.html (1311 words)

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