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Topic: Kiloparsecs

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	Supernova 1987a
		It occurred approximately 50 kiloparsecs from Earth, the closest supernova since Supernova 1604, which occurred in the Milky Way itself.
		Since 50 kiloparsecs is 164,000 light-years the cosmic event itself happened ca.
		Approximately three hours before the visible light from SN 1987a reached the Earth, a burst of neutrinos was observed at two separate neutrino observatories[?], which had originally been built to study the solar neutrino problem.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/su/Supernova_1987a.html (322 words)

	Parsec - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One kiloparsec, abbreviated "kpc", is one thousand parsecs, or 3,262 light years.
		Kiloparsecs are typically used to measure distances between parts of a galaxy.
		The Andromeda Galaxy (M31), at a little under 800 kiloparsecs away, is the most distant object visible to the naked eye.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parsec (952 words)

	Galaxy
		In spiral galaxies, the spiral arms have the shape of approximate logarithmic spirals, a pattern that can be theoretically shown to result from a disturbance in a uniformly rotating mass of stars.
		The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the sky.
		Using a refined approach, Kapteyn in 1920 arrived at the picture of a small (diameter ~15 kiloparsecs) ellipsoid galaxy with the sun close to the center.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ga/Galaxy.html (1047 words)

	Human Planets & Settlements
		Eironea: Human planet 4 kiloparsecs from Credix; last outpost of the Terran Grand Library during the Interregnum.
		The University of Prakis was known during the Interregnum for its fine biology department.
		Terexta: Human planet 2.1 kiloparsecs from New Sardinia.
	www.readersadvice.com /mmeade/scatwlds/gs/1emplnts.htm (508 words)

	Galaxies
		Several hundred billion stars make up our galaxy, stretching over some 100,000 light years or about 30 kiloparsecs in a flattened disk which is about 10,000 light years (3 kpc) thick at the center.
		The sun is some 8 kiloparsecs out from the center, about two-thirds of the way out.
		The Andromeda galaxy is the nearest large galaxy at about 900 kiloparsecs or 2.9 million light years.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/astro/galax.html (448 words)

	PLNEBULAE - Galactic Planetary Nebulae Catalog
		A lower limit to the second quoted distance to the planetary nebula, in kiloparsecs (kpc), given only when the parameter limit_distance_2 is set to "-".
		The fourth quoted distance to the planetary nebula, in kiloparsecs (kpc).
		The fourth quoted statistical distance to the planetary nebula, in kiloparsecs (kpc).
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /W3Browse/all/plnebulae.html (3575 words)

	DISCUSSION
		It requires the bursters to have constant space density out to a distance of at least 30 kiloparsecs away from the center, so that our 8 kiloparsec offset from the center would not be noticed.
		kiloparsecs, a factor of 1,000 farther away than in the old galactic disk paradigm, and therefore it has to be
		In order not to see our 8 kiloparsec offset from the galactic center that core must be at least 30 kiloparsec in radius.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /diamond_jubilee/papers/pac/node5.html (2655 words)

	Welcome to the Cannibal JavaLab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Satellite Mass: The mass of the satellite galaxy as a percentage of the central galaxy's disk mass.
		Perigee Radius: The minimum radius (in kiloparsecs) that would be achieved by the satellite if its orbit did not decay.
		In the upper left corner of the window is the current tidal radius of the galaxy in kiloparsecs.
	burro.astr.cwru.edu /JavaLab/cannibal/CannibalControls.html (381 words)

	Rotation Curves of Low Surface Brightness Galaxies
		The large bulge in the center of this frame is the cluster of interest.
		The box size is one megaparsec and our cluster extends to a distance of approximately 200 kiloparsecs from its centre.
		Here is a close up of the core cluster out to a radius of 200 kiloparsecs.
	panisse.lbl.gov /~evlinder/umass/sumold/tq/home.html (352 words)

	It Pays to Know Where You Are
		The distance to the centre of the Galaxy is 13 kiloparsecs.
		Modern estimates place the Galaxy centre closer to 8 kiloparsecs from the Sun, so Shapley's estimate was incorrect by a factor of around 1.6.
		The method assumes that all stars in the cluster are roughly the same age and at the same distance from the observer.
	www.computing.edu.au /~bvk/astronomy/HET604/roadMap.html (2532 words)

	Dark matter
		This rise appears to stop at about 50 kiloparsecs, where the halo seems to be truncated.
		The radius of the Einstein ring is approximately equal to the geometric mean of the Schwarzschild radius of the MACHO and the distance to the MACHO.
		For a MACHO half-way to the Large Magellanic Cloud, that distance is 55 kiloparsecs.
	astro.berkeley.edu /~mwhite/darkmatter/essay.html (3290 words)

	Lecture 28: What is a Galaxy?
		He concluded that the galaxy was a disk about 3 kiloparsecs thick and 17 kiloparsecs in diameter (about the shape of an Oreo cookie).
		Shapley concluded that the center of the galaxy is 17 kiloparsecs away.
		The actual distance from the Sun to the center of the galaxy is 8 kiloparsecs = 8000 parsecs = 26,000 light years.
	www-astronomy.mps.ohio-state.edu /~ryden/ast162_7/alternate28.html (1368 words)

	[No title]
		The disk of the Galaxy is held together by the self-gravity of the stuff in it.
		The halo of the galaxy is a ball centred on the bulge and extending to maybe 150 kiloparsecs - much further than the disk.
		From what we can measure, the Sun is about 8 kiloparsecs from the centre of the Galaxy and is moving at about 200 km/sec revolving about the centre in a near circular orbit.
	www.astro.psu.edu /users/steinn/Astro1/lec25.html (3768 words)

	The Galactic empire: Our Milky Way is more than just a huge spiral galaxy, it is also the centre of a vast empire that ...
		Because the Milky Way is so big, and its colonies so far away, astronomers prefer to measure its extent and their distances in kiloparsecs rather that light years or parsecs.
		One kiloparsec is a thousand parsecs, or 3260 light years.
		The Sun is 8 kiloparsecs from the centre of the Galaxy, and the radius of the Galaxy's disc is about 20 kiloparsecs.
	www.newscientist.com /article/mg12817454.300.html (340 words)

	Galaxies
		Sandra Faber and Robert Jackson discovered in 1976 a simple relation between the spread of velocities (called the velocity dispersion) and the luminosity of elliptical galaxies.
		An elliptical galaxy's luminosity can be found from the velocity dispersion of the stars in the central few kiloparsecs of the galaxy.
		In 1977 Brent Tully and Richard Fisher discovered a similar relation between the rotational velocity of the disk and the luminosity of a spiral galaxy.
	physics.ship.edu /~mrc/astro/astro_notes/galaxy/s7.htm (1523 words)

	Astronomy 100 - Problem Set 8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Fill in the box with the correct answer (answers should be just a few words or a number).
		The Sun travels in a circular orbit at a velocity of 220 km/second at a distance of 8.5 kiloparsecs from the center of the Galaxy (note that these numbers are slightly different from those in your book).
		It is observed to be at a distance of 50 kiloparsecs and moving at a speed of 150 kilometers/second.
	www-astro.phast.umass.edu /~nsk/a100/homework/hw8.html (317 words)

	Rob's Lesson Plan 1 for the Galactic Plane Surveys
		From his globular cluster measurements, Shapley estimated the distance from the Sun to the Galactic center to be on the order of 13 kiloparsecs; thus placing the Sun much further from the center than Kapteyn's model.
		Shapley's estimate of the radius of the Galaxy to be about 50 kiloparsecs; about 5 times greater than Kapteyn's model.
		Hubble's calculations led to a distance measure for M31 at about 300 kiloparsecs; well outside previous estimates of the diameter of the Galaxy.
	www.gb.nrao.edu /~glangsto/lessons/lessonHISTORY.html (1750 words)

	Distance to the Galactic Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		By calculating the center of the distribution of the globular clusters surrounding the Milky Way, he determined the Galactic center was in Sagittarius, and the Solar System was 13 kiloparsecs from the Galactic center (Reid 1993; Gino 2003).
		It is based on the estimated distance between the Sun and the calculated center of the globular clusters surrounding the Milky Way and on distance estimates to RR Lyrae stars close to the Galactic center.
		The distance estimates cited by Reid and those derived by McNamara and others are indirect measurements, because they mainly rely on the estimated intrinsic brightness of Cepheid and RR Lyrae variable stars (Reid 1993).
	www.3towers.com /Essays2.htm (1749 words)

	[45.07] The orientation of jets in AGN's: from parsecs to kiloparsecs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		[45.07] The orientation of jets in AGN's: from parsecs to kiloparsecs
		We use these observations to determine the relative orientation of the jets from parsec to kiloparsec scales, the frequency of curvature in the jets, and the orientation of the parsec scale jets relative to their host galaxies and dust disks major axes.
		We will discuss the implications of these results on the structure of the accretion disks and the way gas is fed to the nucleus.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v34n2/aas200/587.htm (164 words)

	Galaxy Anatomy
		The simplest model that may be investigated experimentally or simulationally is that of two adjacent currents (for technology applications as many as several hundreds of pinches are used).
		The simplest geometry for galaxy formation, two adjacent Birkeland currents of width 35 kiloparsecs separated 80 kiloparsecs across.
		Economy in simulation, gained from observing laboratory experiments, suggests that the active region, where large electric fields build up, is about 10 kiloparsecs in length.
	public.lanl.gov /alp/plasma/anatomy.html (908 words)

	At Home In Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Evolution of a galaxy at 20 megayears (radio galaxy), 100 megayears (quasar), 120 megayears (Peculiar or Seyfert Galaxy) and 500 megayears (early spiral).
		Note that while the energy to produce a galaxy is delivered via a current-conducting plasma filament that may stretch for hundreds or thousands of gigaparsecs, the actual size of the two pinch regions forming the galaxy are each 35 kiloparsecs in diameter, 10 kiloparsecs thick, spaced 80 kiloparsecs apart.
		That is, the initial plasma shapes undergoing an interaction are disks.
	public.lanl.gov /alp/plasma/AtHomeIn.html (309 words)

	distance and time
		The parsec is a yet longer unit of distance, that distance from which the semi-major axis of Earth's orbit subtends an angle of one arcsecond (in the sky our Moon is about 1800 arcseconds or one-half degree).
		The parsec is accorded the usual metric prefixes, such as kiloparsecs (1,000 PC) and megaparsecs (1,000,000 PC), much more convenient terms when we get out to galactic distances.
		The distance across our Milky Way galaxy, containing maybe 140 billion stars, is more like 100,000 light years (or 30 kiloparsecs), and the very closest next galaxy to our Milky Way is the Andromeda galaxy (Messier 31), some 2.2 million light years (about 660 kiloparsecs) away.
	www.eharm.net /night_sky_guide/distance_and_time/distance_and_time.html (1542 words)

	HubbleSite - NewsCenter - Hubble Discovers Black Holes in Unexpected Places (09/17/2002) - Fast Facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		M15's distance to Earth is about 32,600 light-years (10 kiloparsecs).
		Its distance to the galactic center of the Milky Way is about 34,000 light-years (10.4 kiloparsecs).
		Its distance to the galactic center of M31 is about 120,000 light-years (36.8 kiloparsecs).
	hubblesite.org /newscenter/archive/releases/2002/18/fastfacts (220 words)

	PLNEBULAE Help (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A flag for the second quoted statistical distance to the planetary nebula that is set to "
		A flag for the third quoted statistical distance to the planetary nebula that is set to "
		A flag for the fourth quoted statistical distance to the planetary nebula that is set to "
	ledas-www.star.le.ac.uk /arnieV4/dbhelp/help_plnebulae.html (3563 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		At the end of the 19th century it was unclear the size of the Universe, mostly due to the lack of any kind of method to determine distance beyond a few hundred parsecs.
		Basing his model on the asymmetric distribution of globular clusters, Shapley estimated that the diameter of our Galaxy was 100 kiloparsecs, 10 times larger that Kapteyn's value.
		In his view, this large meta-Galaxy was the universe and the spiral nebulae were simply one relatively minor population of mostly gaseous objects contained within it.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/ast223/lectures/lec01.html (3080 words)

	Astron. Astrophys. 326, 465-476 (1997)
		In principle, the model could be still improved by assuming e.g.
		1 kpc in the disk plane, but stretched vertically up to several kiloparsecs.
		Effects like the arc-like distribution of the low-frequency polarized intensity and the specific asymmetries of high-frequency Faraday rotation are found to be typical signatures of axisymmetric large-scale helical fields, possessing radial and vertical components twisted over scales of several kiloparsecs.
	aa.springer.de /papers/7326002/2300465/sc4.htm (949 words)

	<nearby.galaxies>
		Because we can measure the distances to objects such as globular star clusters to figure out the distance to the Galactic center at 8.5 kiloparsecs, and by using radio astronomical measurements of distant hydrogen clouds, we can detect such objects outside the 'solar circle' at distances of 10 klioparsecs or more.
		The 100,000 light year number is an aproximation, but 10 kiloparsecs plus the sun-center distance of 8.5 kiloparsecs gives you a maximum Galactic distance to some of these hydrogen clouds of nearly 20 kiloparsecs or 70,000 light years.
		Double this and you get nearly 150,000 light years for the approximate diameter of the Milky Way.
	library.thinkquest.org /C007410/ie4/galaxies/ng.shtml (1207 words)

	Scientists figure out our place in Milky Way - Space.com - MSNBC.com
		This diagram shows the position of the sun in relation to the various spiral arms of our Milky Way galaxy, as seen from above the galactic "north pole." Each hatch mark along the side of the diagram represents 5 kiloparsecs, or 16,300 light-years.
		In doing so, they determined that W3OH is 1.95 ± 0.04 kiloparsecs away.
		Although the VLBA has extremely high resolution, the source objects need to be very bright and compact.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/10385928 (634 words)

	Problems
		Given that the Sun moves in a circular orbit of radius 8.5 kiloparsecs around the center of the Milky Way and that its orbital speed is 220 kilometers per second, work out how long it takes the Sun to complete one orbit of the galaxy.
		Gas is observed to be orbiting in a circle at 200 km/s about a dark central mass.
		Use the method discussed in the box on pg 461 to find the mass of the Milky Way implied by these values.
	www.mhhe.com /physsci/astronomy/arny/student/olc/chap15exercises.html (211 words)

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