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Topic: Kimberlite

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Limonite

	Diamonds \| American Museum of Natural History
		The complex volcanic magmas that solidify into kimberlite and lamproite are not the source of diamonds, only the elevators that bring them with other minerals and mantle rocks to Earth's surface.
		Kimberlite and lamproite are similar mixtures of rock material.
		The root zone starts in fissures, where gases are released from the rising magma and drive the eruption; they blow out the fragment-laden kimberlite to form the volcano's tuff ring and fill the pipe.
	www.amnh.org /exhibitions/diamonds/kimberlite.html (279 words)

	8th INTERNATIONAL KIMBERLITE CONFERENCE (8IKC)
		Kimberlite petrology/mineralogy – Forming a good understanding of the kimberlite petrology and mineralogy could be crucial to the treatability (namely diamond damage and liberation), but also to the pit wall and underground excavation stability, support design, mine safety (mudrush risk assessment) and mine dewatering.
		A number of separate phases of kimberlite display a magmatic textural gradation from TK to HK which is characterised by a decrease in the proportion of pelletal lapilli and country rock xenoliths and an increase in groundmass crystallinity, proportion of fresh olivine and the degree of xenolith digestion.
		Green fragmental kimberlites, which are similar to typical tuffisitic kimberlite breccias of the diatreme facies, form a large central body that widens in the upper diatreme of the second phase of Karpinskiy-1 and also two narrow columns in Karpinskiy-2 pipe.
	www.venuewest.com /8IKC/s1oral.htm (6938 words)

	Morphology of Kimberlite
		Crater facies kimberlite is difficult to distinguish from diatreme facies kimberlite.
		Kimberlite diatremes are 1-2 kilometer deep, generally carrot-shaped bodies which are circular to elliptical at surface and taper with depth.
		The zone is characterized by fragmented volcaniclastic kimberlitic material and xenoliths plucked from various levels in the Earths crust during the kimberlites journey to surface.
	www.eos.ubc.ca /research/diamonds/kopylova/intro/morphology.html (645 words)

	Kimberlite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Kimberlites are often found associated with alkaline basaltic rocks and carbonatites.
		Most kimberlite pipes were emplaced during the Cretaceous Period (135 to 65 million years ago), although one of the largest in South Africa, the Premier, dates from 1,150 million years ago.
		The kimberlite pipe at the famous Kimberley diamond mine in South Africa is the archetype, typifying their narrow surface area (approximately 40,000 sq m /450,000 sq ft) and great depth (from more than 1,000 m/3,500 ft below the present land surface to the limit of mining).
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~eps2/wisc/kimberlite.html (204 words)

	Program Speaker
		Other materials in kimberlites include exotic fragments of rock material that was plucked from the earth’s crust and mantle during the kimberlite’s rapid ascent to the surface of the earth.
		Kimberlites are usually magnetic due to their composition of magnetic minerals, such as ilmenite, olivine, diopside, and magnetite.
		The kimberlite must be drilled to have samples taken, the rock must be mapped geologically, and geochemical analysis of the kimberlite and its minerals must be performed.
	www.attawaygems.com /NMFG/program_speaker_mansker.html (1107 words)

	CVO Website - Kimberlite, Lamproite, and Diamonds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Kimberlite is an igneous rock, formed from the cooling of molten magma.
		Kimberlite is unique because it originates over 100 miles (150 kilometers) deep in the earth and travels in a matter of hours to the earth's surface where it forms small volcanic features.
		As the hot kimberlite magma rises slowly upward into regions of lower temperature and pressure in the upper mantle and overlying crust, minerals start to crystallize and the volatile gases expand and exert increasingly higher pressures on the surrounding rocks, eventually breaking some of the surrounding rock and incorporating it into the magma.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Notes/kimberlite.html (458 words)

	Mineralogical and geochemical signatures of kimberlites in glacial sediments, Kirkland Lake, Ontario - Kimberlite ...
		Several minerals, when found in glacial sediments, are useful indicators of the presence of kimberlite, and to a certain extent, in evaluation of the diamond potential of kimberlite.
		Kimberlite indicator minerals are recovered from the medium to very coarse sand-sized fraction of glacial sediments, and analyzed by electron microprobe to confirm their identification.
		The presence of Cr-diopside is not a useful kimberlite indicator on its own, because of the ubiquitous distribution of Cr-diopside grains in glacial sediments across the Kirkland Lake region and the difficulty in distinguishing between Cr-diopsides from kimberlite and those from other rocks.
	gsc.nrcan.gc.ca /diamonds/kirkland/kimberlite_e.php (678 words)

	Kimberlite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hewn kimberlite core sample from the James Bay Lowlands region of Northern Ontario, Canada.
		Kimberlite pipes are the most important source of mined diamonds today.
		Kimberlites are the most important source of primary diamonds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kimberlite (832 words)

	PRESS RELEASE Stornoway Diamond Corporation: Aviat Update; New Kimberlite Intersected (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A new kimberlite was intersected in three drill holes approximately 200 metres east of the previously known AV7 kimberlite outcrop.
		The new kimberlite consists of light brown olivine macrocrystic hypabyssal breccia kimberlite with a serpentine-phlogopite-carbonate groundmass, with intervals of olivine macrocrystic hypabyssal kimberlite.
		All kimberlite intersections have been logged and sampled and will be submitted for microdiamonds analyses by caustic fusion, with results expected by the end of July or early August.
	www.marketwire.com /mw/release_html_b1?release_id=140002 (1192 words)

	Ashton Mining of Canada Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As the kimberlite magma approaches the earth's surface, an explosive reaction takes place between groundwater, the molten kimberlite, and dissolved gases in the kimberlite.
		Due to explosive release of pressure near the surface, a kimberlite crater is developed which is filled by shallow crater-facies deposits.
		Kimberlite volcanoes have breached the crust throughout geological history with the youngest event recognized in Canada as about 50 million years before present.
	www.ashton.ca /exploration_kimberlite.html (127 words)

	Kimberlite
		Kimberlite is a mica peridotite[?] which occurs at Kimberly, South Africa[?], the source of rich deposits of diamonds.
		These diamonds were originally found in decomposed kimberlite which was colored yellow by limonite, and so was called "yellow ground." Deeper workings encountered less altered rock, undecomposed kimberlite, which miners call "blue ground."
		Kimberlite occurs in "kimberlite pipes," vertical columns of rock that rise from deep magma resevoirs.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ki/Kimberlite.html (66 words)

	Tanzanian Royalty Exploration Corporation - Kimberlite Program - Fri Dec 22, 2006
		Almost 75% of the known kimberlites discovered in Tanzania to date, are a direct result of magnetic surveys with the remainder of pipes without a magnetic expression having been discovered by using loam sampling methods.
		As part of the company's kimberlite condemnation protocol for Area 1 it was suggested that a stream sediment sampling program be initiated for indicator minerals to effectively rule out any doubt as to whether a pipe without a magnetic expression may be present.
		Kimberlitic grains were subsequently probed by means of an electron microprobe and were confirmed to be kimberlitic and most likely to be associated with diamonds, as indicated on the map.
	www.tanrange.com /s/Tanzania.asp (1942 words)

	Alberta Kimberlites, Indicator Minerals and Diamonds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Kimberlite is a rock type first categorized over a 100 years ago based on descriptions of the diamond-bearing pipes of Kimberley, South Africa.
		Kimberlite is characterized as a hybrid, volatile-rich, potassic, ultrabasic igneous rock.
		Kimberlitic rocks are the most important primary source of diamonds and the main rock type in which significant, economically viable diamond deposits capable of sustained profitable mining have been found so far.
	www.ags.gov.ab.ca /activities/Kimberlites/kimberlites_general.shtml (818 words)

	kimberlites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Kimberlites originate deep within the earth’s mantle and are brought to the surface in violent, gas-charged eruptions.
		Considering the combination of the small size of the kimberlite pipes, and the fact that nearly all of the Lake Superior region is covered with glacial deposits, it is not surprising that the potential source of the diamonds remained unknown for many years.
		Although some of the kimberlites contain small quantities of microdiamonds, none of them appear to have commercial quantities of diamonds.
	www.geo.msu.edu /geo333/kimberlites.html (738 words)

	www.mineweb.net \| co_releases SouthernEra Diamonds recovers 0.17 carat Stone Monument diamond property, Northwest ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The kimberlite is coarse-grained pyroclastic kimberlite with abundant accretionary lapilli, coarse chrome diopside and pyrope garnet xenocrysts.
		All kimberlites are diamond bearing, and five kimberlite pipes (Sonja, Nic, DD17, RIP and DD17-11) have demonstrated significant diamond populations with coarse diamonds, and are located centrally on the property in close proximity to each other.
		Kimberlite pipe DD42 and two kimberlite dykes DD2002 and DD42 East are located in the north portion of the property and kimberlite pipe DD39 is located in the south east portion.
	www.mineweb.net /co_releases/237621.htm (858 words)

	8th INTERNATIONAL KIMBERLITE CONFERENCE (8IKC)
		Major kimberlite clusters occur along the western margin of CB with the Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field (WKF) in south and the Narayanpet Kimberlite Field (NKF) in north.
		Pyrope garnet in all of the kimberlites is generally calcic and associated with a lherzolitic or wehrlitic paragenesis.
		The distinction of ilmenites derived from kimberlitic versus non-kimberlitic rocks is important in the context of diamond exploration in regions in which these minerals are present in relatively low abundance, but where they are the dominant type of kimberlitic indicator mineral recovered.
	www.venuewest.com /8IKC/s8oral.htm (3042 words)

	Bryson Burke Diamond Corporation: Diamond Exploration and Mining in Canada
		Kimberlite magma rises from depth with different pulses building what are termed 'embryonic pipes' (Mitchell, 1986) on top of each other.
		They believe that in some cases kimberlite magmas may come in contact with aquifers, in which case the resultant kimberlite pipe morphology will be significantly different from pipes found elsewhere, particularly in South Africa.
		Either the kimberlite magma is focused along structural faults which act as focuses for waters, or, the resultant brecciation due to volatile exsolution from the rising kimberlite may act as a focus for water.
	brysonburke.com /magma_kimberlite_emplacement.html (1260 words)

	Discover the Amazing Story of Canadian diamonds, P.3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Although kimberlite is known as a primary source of diamonds in many places around the world, no primary source had been located in Canada until Canadian geologist Charles (Chuck) Fipke and his prospecting partner Stewart Blusson found diamondiferous kimberlite pipes near Lac de Gras, in the Northwest Territories.
		Kimberlite pipes are hard to find because their tops are usually concealed under lakes or other rock.
		This research attempted to identify the particular kind of garnet that is found in diamondiferous kimberlite, and by 1990 he knew he had found some of this garnet.
	www.nature.ca /discover/treasures/min/tr3/dia3_e.cfm (482 words)

	Kimberlite trends in NW Canada Journal of the Geological Society - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Kimberlite deposits attract much interest as the host rock for diamonds, but their eruption mechanisms and deep root structure remain poorly perceived.
		The oldest of the kimberlite groups began erupting at 75 Ma and its members are generally dispersed within the central Lac de Gras field (Figs 1 and 2).
		Kimberlites erupted from 75 to 58 Ma have very low to low microdiamond content; volcanoclastic kimberlites erupted from 56 to 45 Ma are moderate to very highly diamondiferous (Lockhart et al.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3721/is_200509/ai_n15352626 (773 words)

	PRESS RELEASE Vaaldiam Resources Ltd.: Two New Kimberlite Pipes Discovered at Pimenta Bueno (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The new kimberlites, provisionally named Tumeleiro 9 and Tumeleiro 10 based on geophysical characteristics, were discovered during drill-testing of two magnetic anomalies situated to the east, and southeast respectively of the diamond bearing Cosmos kimberlite cluster, which was the focus of delineation drilling and mini-bulk sampling earlier this year.
		The drill hole intersected kimberlite at a down-hole depth of 72 metres (approximately 62 metres vertical depth), sampling 88 metres of kimberlite before intersecting what is interpreted to be the southern boundary of the pipe.
		The drill hole interested kimberlite at a vertical depth of approximately 68 metres, and sampled approximately 99 metres of kimberlite before the hole was terminated in kimberlite at a depth of approximately 167 metres.
	www.marketwire.com /mw/release_html_b1?release_id=163245 (853 words)

	Mission Critical Linux - Kimberlite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Kimberlite is targeted at commercial deployments and was initially developed by a team of developers who have been working on commercial cluster offerings for over 8 years.
		Since Kimberlite is principally composed of user level daemons, it is distribution agnostic and runs on a great diversity of commodity hardware.
		Since Kimberlite is a high availability infrastructure, there are lots of ways you can contribute.
	oss.missioncriticallinux.com /projects/kimberlite (308 words)

	Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Kimberlites and Related Rocks from Finland
		Magnesium-rich ilmenite (picroilmenite), a typical mineral found in kimberlites and representing one of the most important diamond indicator minerals, is abundant in pipes 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14 and 23.
		Sr isotopic compositions of the Finnish kimberlites in this study range from 0.7033 to 0.7055 calculated for ages of 434 Ma (Pipe 1), 593 Ma (Pipes 2 and3) and 450 Ma for the remainder (Table 6).
		A basic tenet of kimberlite petrology is that kimberlites are very complex and represent mixes of various batches of magma and their phenocrysts along with abundant mantle xenocrysts (Mitchell, 1986).
	www.gsf.fi /explor/webdocs/kimberlite/finnish_kimberlites.htm (5420 words)

	www.mineweb.net \| junior_mining Petra Diamonds - exceptional progress in kimberlite discoveries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The results to date give rise to estimates of a surface area of approximately 1,500 hectares of kimberlite at Alto Cuilo; in addition there are a further 249 magnetic anomalies identified to date.
		Kimberlites have to be diamondiferous, of course, if they are going to be productive, and analysis of the core has delivered some “highly encouraging” diamond indicator mineral results along with a favourable mantle geotherm that is conducive for diamond formation.
		Shaft sinking will be accelerated during this coming year, allowing access to different kimberlite dyke faces, which will in turn lead to improved determination of grade and tonnage, and thence to an increase in diamond production.
	www.mineweb.net /junior_mining/237061.htm (889 words)

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