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Topic: Kimigayo

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	Asia Times Online - The trusted news source for information on Japan
		You said it is "desirable not to force" teachers and students across the nation to hoist the Hinomaru flag, and sing the Kimigayo anthem in unison at school.
		Still, not a few Japanese, especially teachers' unions, consider Hinomaru and Kimigayo to be social and cultural remnants, and unhelpful ones, of the nation's wartime militarism.
		Older generations must be reminded by this issue of Hinomaru and Kimigayo of the Maintenance of Public Order Law enacted in 1925, which strictly limited freedom of speech and strived to protect Kokutai, or the National Entity of Japan, which was commonly used to refer to the Japanese polity before and during World War II.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Japan/FK06Dh04.html (2480 words)

	JCP Gives Views on Hinomaru and Kimigayo, in Reply to Questionnaire
		The song "Kimigayo" was composed in 1880 at the request of the Naval Ministry, and because from 1900 it was mandatory for it to be sung at ceremonies in primary schools, it came to be regarded in the prewar period as the national anthem.
		This shows that the unreasonable imposition (of Hinomaru and Kimigayo) on education with no popular consensus and legal basis for their use is a bankrupt policy, and the contradictions brought about by such imposition are erupting.
		The song "Kimigayo" is, as its lyrics make clear, a song in praise of the Tenno (emperor) as the ruler of Japan, which is diametrically opposed to the Constitution's major principle that the people are sovereign.
	www.jcp.or.jp /english/e-990315-flag_song.html (1101 words)

	New Statesman - Not waving, but suing
		They are asserting their right not to stand before Japan's national Hinomaru flag and sing the "Kimigayo" national anthem during school ceremonies.
		Both flag and anthem have strong associations with Japan's militaristic and emperor-worshipping past, say teachers and unions, and they are invoking a constitutional right to freedom of thought and conscience.
		"Kimigayo" - in English "His Majesty's Reign" - is said to be the oldest national anthem in the world, its origins dating back to the 9th century.
	www.newstatesman.com /200508080012 (645 words)

	LookSmart's Furl - The avdwerf Kimigayo Archive
		At the core of the court’s decision lies this critical finding: “It is hard to deny the historical fact that from the Meiji Period through the end of World War II the Hinomaru and Kimi ga Yo were used as spiritual supports for imperialism and militarism.
		The move has brought the total number of teachers in Tokyo reprimanded over the Kimigayo and Hinomaru issue to 381 since the education board in 2003 notified teachers at public schools that they could face punishment if they refuse to give respect to the flag and the anthem during school ceremonies.
		Judge Koichi Namba said the Tokyo metropolitan government and its education board's notice to force teachers to sing Kimigayo in front of the Japanese flag infringes on freedom of thought and is against the basic education law.
	rss.furl.net /members/avdwerf/Kimigayo (1670 words)

	Torii Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The reason why “Kimigayo” had not been recognized as the national anthem seems to be caused by the Emperor system before the World War II.
		“Kimigayo” was originally treated as a song for the Emperor, and people believed it’s impudent to call Emperor’s song, “Kimigayo,” a song for the country.
		On the other hand, the conservatives say that “Kimigayo” is a song of hope for peace on the nation and to have that peace last for a long time and to cheer up the nation’s patriotism.
	www.usarj.army.mil /archives/archives/2004/oct/22/cultural/story02.htm (221 words)

	Anthem and flag battle splits Japan Symbols of empire past split Independent, The (London) - Find Articles
		"Kimigayo", one would have thought, is a worthy ode, but not one to stir the blood or bring tears to the eyes.
		In the minds of many Japanese and their Asian neighbours, the flag and the song are inseparable from images of wartime Japan, and the ultra-nationalist governments that led the country to imperial conquest in Asia during the 1930s and to catastrophic defeat in 1945.
		The dispute is particularly intense in Japanese schools where children are supposed to hoist the Hinomaru and sing "Kimigayo" at graduation ceremonies.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19990806/ai_n14246564 (878 words)

	National Flag and Anthem in English
		In my opinion, what makes the discussion fruitless is the 54-year-old dispute on Hinomaru and Kimigayo since the end of the WWII, which has continuously fought by the right and the left, most obviously between the Ministry of Education and the Teachers' Association of Japan.
		Firstly, the rightist defines the Hinomaru flag and Kimigayo song as the symbols of national unity, while the leftist understands them as the symbols of militaristic pre-war Japanese state.
		I think the Hinomaru flag and Kimigayo song is one of the suitable applicants of the national symbol.
	www.manachan.150m.com /eng_flg_ant.htm (1386 words)

	Universal Principle
		It might be hard to believe that the National Flag (often called “Hinomaru” because it symbolizes the rising sun) and the National Anthem (whose title “Kimigayo” and words glorify the reign of Tenno and implicate justify the continuation of pre-World War II regime) have placed many conscientious teachers into a very difficult situation.
		She asked for reasons why the 1999 Act, which does not provide for compulsory observance at official ceremonies and leave the choice to the individuals concerned, was constructed to allow coercive measures according to the principal’s reading.
		When the principal asked C to play the piano last October, she pointed out that singing the “Kimigayo” is part of the guideline from the Ministry of Education and Scientific Technology, is has not indicated that the singing has to be accompanied by piano, and asked for the ground to order piano accompaniment.
	www.jclu.org /katsudou/universal_principle/articles/336kimigayo.html (2128 words)

	asahi.com : English : Column
		The other "Kimigayo" was composed around the same time and became popular as a song to praise the emperor.
		According to the government, the lyrics of "Kimigayo" express the wish for lasting peace and prosperity of Japan, whose symbol is the emperor.
		Whatever the reason, the designation of "Kimigayo" as the national anthem was also tantamount to a declaration to continue the emperor system into the future.
	www.asahi.com /english/column/TKY200407110271.html (1105 words)

	The Hinomaru and "Kimigayo" in Contemporary Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Today the Hinomaru and "Kimigayo" are displayed and performed during ceremonies on national holidays, during other public observances on auspicious occasions, and in ceremonies to welcome state guests from abroad.
		Acknowledging that the wide usage of the Hinomaru and "Kimigayo" has taken hold as customary law, the government, on the eve of the 21st century, deemed it appropriate to give them a clear basis in written law.
		A bill to codify the Hinomaru and "Kimigayo" as the national flag and anthem was submitted to the Diet in June 1999.
	web-jpn.org /factsheet/flag/hinomaru.html (400 words)

	Conscience and a Music Teacher's Refusal to Play the National Anthem
		The singing of Japan's national anthem Kimigayo, an ode to the emperor, and the flying of the Hinomaru flag, both evocative of Japan's colonial era, have become flashpoints of conflict in recent years as the Japanese government presses to reincorporate these controversial emblems in a variety of public events.
		For the next three years, Sato adamantly refused to bow to pressure from her principal to play the piano accompaniment to "Kimigayo." For this reason, she was on occasion criticized by name by some in the media and by individuals who took the state as supreme and ridiculed her stance of conscience.
		This year it was not a "peace ribbon" which a group of townspeople made to express their opposition to the compulsory recognition of the Hinomaru and "Kimigayo," but simply Sato's own "peace ribbon." After the ceremony, many of the graduates gathered in the schoolyard from about noon and questioned the principal.
	japanfocus.org /products/topdf/2167 (3781 words)

	LookSmart's Furl - The avdwerf Kimigayo Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Judge Koichi Namba said the Tokyo metropolitan government and its education board's notice to force teachers to sing Kimigayo in front of the Japanese flag infringes on freedom of thought and is against the basic education law.
		The three threatened them with punishment if they refused to follow the order, which was a threat and abuse of their power, the teachers had said.
		Those who attended the re-education seminars said teachers were forced to sit close together in the centre of a large hall surrounded by guards and officials who noted their behaviour on forms.
	www.furl.net /members/avdwerf/Kimigayo (1636 words)

	ZNet \|Japan \| Conscience and a Music Teacher's Refusal to Play the National Anthem
		There was no Hinomaru and no "Kimigayo." The daughter of a Christian pastor, born and raised in the church, Sato had undergone baptism during middle school; whenever "Kimigayo" was played at the entrance or graduation ceremonies for the elementary or middle schools of her two children, they always took their seats.
		For the next three years, Sato adamantly refused to bow to pressure from her principal to play the piano accompaniment to "Kimigayo." For this reason, she was on occasion criticized by name by some in the media and by individuals who took the state as supreme and ridiculed her stance of conscience.
		Preserving the freedoms of thought, conscience, and religion of the children who did not wish to sing it and who did not wish to stand up when it was played was, she believed, the duty of a public school teacher.
	www.zmag.org /content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=4905 (3869 words)

	People's Daily Online -- Japan's teachers win lawsuit over national anthem orders
		A Japanese court ruled Thursday that a government order forcing teachers to sing national anthem at school events infringed upon freedom of thought, and is against the basic education law.
		Kimigayo, which carries lines originally wishing for the eternal reign of the emperor, is often seen as associated with Japan's wartime militarism.
		Kimigayo was officially designated as Japan's national anthem and Hinomaru as national flag, under a law enacted in 1999, but they remain controversial due to their association with the country's imperial system and militaristic past.
	english.people.com.cn /200609/21/eng20060921_305047.html (307 words)

	Torii Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Kimigayo began to be sung in the 1990’s when the Ministry of Education recommended it to be sung in primary schools as a ceremonial song for national holidays.
		Soon after Kimigayo was popularized, the anthem was customized to be sung at various events and ceremonies.
		Although Kimigayo had been recognized and sung as the national anthem for more than 100 years, it was not officially decreed as a national anthem until last year when the law adopting Kimigayo as the Japanese national anthem went into effect.
	www.usarj.army.mil /archives/archives/2000/dec/08/cultural/story02.htm (187 words)

	JPRI Working Paper No. 79
		Another problem with the bill was that, although it designated the Hinomaru and Kimigayo as the national flag and anthem, it had no provisions to make their actual observance-- raising the Hinomaru and singing Kimigayo-- obligatory.
		Also, 68.1 percent supported the idea of legislation that declared the Hinomaru and Kimigayo to be the national flag and anthem of Japan (43.0 percent expressed definite support and 25.1 percent moderate support), whereas 25.7 percent were against (11.5 percent definitely opposed and 14.2 percent moderately opposed).
		In addition, given the stronger objections to Kimigayo than to the Hinomaru among the party's members as well as the general public, the party decided to submit an amendment to the government-sponsored bill designating the Hinomaru as the national flag but omitting Kimigayo.
	www.jpri.org /publications/workingpapers/wp79.html (4916 words)

	Japan - nationalanthems.info
		While in use since the early 1880s as a national anthem on a de facto basis, and the words to the anthem are from the tenth century or earlier, making "Kimigayo" the oldest national anthem in that sense, the government only officially adopted the anthem in 1999.
		The government presented its interpretation of the meaning of the anthem "Kimigayo" in the Diet during the deliberation of a bill to codify the country's national flag and anthem.
		There has been some opposition lately to the "Kimigayo" both within Japan and in other east Asian countries, for its association with militarism, and for the virtual worship of the emporer in the lyrics.
	david.national-anthems.net /jp.htm (450 words)

	The Big Persimmon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		And when she did an Ina Bauer, a variation of a spread-eagle that puts her in a full backbend while her toes point in opposite directions, the crowd gasped in delight,” but personally, I thought her skating was rather unemotional and cold.
		But more interesting for me than the figure skating itself were the thoughts in my head when they played the Japanese national anthem, Kimigayo with the metalists on the ice.
		Other Asian countries, especially Korea and China have complained about this anthem (and the Japanese flag “hinomaru) saying that it is a symbol of Japanese imperial aggression, and the Japanese government has gone back and forth in its decisions to require the singing of the Kimigayo in public schools.
	little-wings.com /wordpress/tag/Kimigayo (596 words)

	english page
		It is our duty to call on the world at large as well as the Japanese people to give their careful consideration to the various and serious consequences the present issue (an instance of "politics of symbols") will bring about.
		It is precisely because of these instances of their symbolic use that "Hinomaru" and "Kimigayo" have been the target of critical debates in the controversies over the Emperor system, particularly its continuities or discontinuities between pre- and post-war political establishments.
		To a better understanding of the importance of national identity what is necessary is the deepening of historical knowledge in international relations and the discussion over the values and basics of civil society in which peoples of different cultures, ethnicities and languages can live together.
	www.inscript.co.jp /objection/english.htm (785 words)

	2ND LD: Making Hinomaru, Kimigayo compulsory undesirable, emperor says Asian Political News - Find Articles
		The emperor made the unusual remarks on the flag and anthem, which are considered controversial because of their association with Japan's militarist past, in conversation with guests at an imperial garden party.
		The emperor made the remark in response to Kunio Yonenaga, a member of the Tokyo metropolitan board of education, who said, ''It is my job to make schools in Japan display the national flag and sing the national anthem.'' Yonenaga, 61, a master shogi player, was among the invitees to the annual autumn party.
		The Hinomaru and ''Kimigayo'' (''His Majesty's Reign'') were designated Japan's national flag and anthem by law in 1999, but it was not mandated that flags be displayed or the anthem sung, or that penalties be imposed on those who refuse to do so.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2004_Nov_1/ai_n6284368 (579 words)

	City Hall to appeal 'Kimigayo' ruling
		Justice Minister Seiken Sugiura said Friday that it was "unbelievable" a lawsuit could be filed over the raising of the national flag and the singing of the anthem.
		While saying it was his "personal view as a lawmaker," the justice minister told a news conference that "Kimigayo" and the Hinomaru have been accepted as Japan's national anthem and flag since the 1868 Meiji Restoration.
		Referring to the part of the ruling that said, "The Hinomaru flag and 'Kimigayo' anthem were the spiritual backbone that supported imperialism and militarism until the end of World War II," the minister said the flag and anthem have nothing to do with events that led to the war.
	www.crnjapan.com /articles/2006/en/20060923-kimigayoruling.html (513 words)

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