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Topic: Kin altruism

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	Kin selection - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kin selection refers to changes in gene frequency across generations that are driven at least in part by interactions between related individuals, and this forms much of the conceptual basis of the theory of social evolution.
		Firstly, if individuals have the capacity to recognise kin (kin recognition) and to adjust their behaviour on the basis of kinship (kin discrimination), then the average relatedness of the recipients of altruism could be high enough for this to be favoured.
		Hamilton's discussion of greenbeard altruism serves as an illustration that relatedness is a matter of genetical similarity and that this similarity is not necessarily caused by genealogical closeness (kinship).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kin_selection (767 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Either it is an example of "kin selected altruism" such as occurs between blood relatives - a worker bee risking her life to help her sister, for example, or a human father giving protection to his child.
		Or it is an example of "reciprocal altruism" such as occurs between non-relatives who have entered into a pact to exchange favours - one male monkey supporting another unrelated male in a fight over a female, for example, or one bat who has food to spare offering it to another unrelated individual who is hungry.
		Kin altruism, even if primarily motivated by disinterested concern for the welfare of a relative, is often being selected partly because of the way it redounds to the altruist's own personal advantage.
	cogprints.org /843/00/Altruism.htm (2943 words)

	Altruism - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Altruism is not quite as spectacular at the organism level, but it nevertheless happens in abundance.
		The occurrence of altruism is a seeming paradox for Charles Darwin's mechanism of natural selection, because its natural consequence is a sort of universal selfishness.
		In total, 92.3% of estates were given to genetic kin, with 46% going to those sharing 50% of their genes (children, full siblings), 8% to those sharing 25% (nephews, nieces, grandchildren), and less than 1% to those sharing 12.5% or less (cousins and others).
	wiki.cotch.net /wiki.phtml?title=Altruism (1365 words)

	The Evolution of Altruism
		Although the problem of altruism was largely ignored by early evolutionary theory, over the past several decades it has risen to become a central issue in the debate over the level at which natural selection operates - whether that be the level of the gene, individual, kin group, or even an entire population.
		The basic premise of kin selection is as follows: An individual can maximize the representation of his genes in succeeding generations by either increasing his own personal genetic fitness or by increasing the fitness of his relatives, as relatives are likely to share a great number of his genes.
		Although these approximate forms of kin recognition are likely to be the prime forces in kin selection, it should not be ignored that studies have shown that in certain cases closer relatives are sometimes treated preferentially over non-relatives, independent of other environmental factors such as proximity.
	endeavor.med.nyu.edu /~strone01/altruism.html (3896 words)

	Biological Altruism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Kin selection theory is often presented as a triumph of the ‘gene's-eye view of evolution’, which sees organic evolution as the result of competition among genes for increased representation in the gene-pool, and individual organisms as mere ‘vehicles’ that genes have constructed to aid their propagation (Dawkins (1976), (1982)).
		Indeed kin selection theory, in particular, is generally regarded as one of the triumphs of 20th century evolutionary biology.
		To say that kin selection interprets altruistic behaviour as a strategy designed by ‘selfish’ genes to aid their propagation is not wrong; but it is just another way of saying that a Darwinian explanation for the evolution of altruism has been found.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/altruism-biological (5873 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Since kin are closely related to each other \endash often members of an immediate or secondary family group \endash scientists would expect to see increased altruistic behavior amongst familial members of the same species, or \endash for that matter \endash peculiar inter-species altruism.
		One might conclude that kin altruism is, in fact, a sub-category under the larger heading of reciprocal altruism, the differentiae being the parti cular social landscape in which altruism is exchanged amongst individuals.
		In kin altruism, we should recognize the social landscape as being predominantly inter-species where the actor\rquote s selflessness is reciprocated through the increased survival of his kin and, therefore, his own genes.
	gladstone.uoregon.edu /~jbernal/classes/sociology/midterm.rtf (1876 words)

	Altruism and Shared Genes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Perhaps the inclusive fitness theory is neither a theory of what causes kin altruism, as I took it to be in section III; not yet a denial of kin altruism, as I tried to show in secion IV that it is. Perhaps it is sometimes one and sometimes the other.
		Any discussion of altruism with an inclusive fitness theorist is, in fact, exactly like dealing with a pair of air balloons connected by a tube, one balloon being the belief that kin altruism is an illusion, the other being the belief that kin altruism is caused by shared genes.
		If they were to adhere consistently to the denial of the reality of kin altruism, that would indeed solve the problem of altruism with supreme eclat, but would be considered by everyone of common sense to be a reductio ad absurdum of their theory, rather than a scientific discovery.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/842037/posts (4073 words)

	[No title]
		ALTRUISM AND KIN SELECTION One example of cooperative behavior which cannot be explained by natural selection theory is the phenomenon of altruism - self sacrificing behavior whereby an individual incurs a fitness cost in assisting others which appears to be greater than the benefit received.
		Kin selection is a modification of natural selection theory which replaces the individual with the gene as the unit of selection and replaces Darwinian fitness with inclusive fitness.
		As such, the central principle of sociobiology has been restated to include the concept of kin selection: animals appear to behave as if they are attempting to maximize their inclusive fitness.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/biology/whealy/notes_text/zp.text (393 words)

	[No title]
		ALTRUISM: KIN SELECTION AND GROUP SELECTION Behavior which cannot be explained by natural selection theory is self-sacrificing behavior whereby an individual incurs a fitness cost in assisting others which appears to be greater than the benefit received.
		Altruism directed towards non-relatives: true altruism If an individual assists a genetic competitor and receives no fitness benefit, then this behavior, called true altruism, cannot be explained either by natural selection or kin selection.
		If true altruism exists at all, it must be explained by group selection, i.e., populations of altruists outlive and reproduce (through migration) populations of selfish individuals.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/biology/whealy/notes_text/tl.text (1062 words)

	Please go to: http://www-personal.umich.edu/~kruger/
		In addition to the prediction based on kin selection that differences in willingness of individuals to help others will be a function of their relatedness, the theory of reciprocal altruism predicts that altruistic behaviors will also be a function of beliefs about the recipient's likelihood of reciprocating (Trivers, 1971).
		Reciprocal altruism and kin selection are the only mechanisms for the evolutionary maintenance of altruistic or beneficent traits whose theoretical bases have received widespread acceptance (Rothstein & Pierotti, 1988).
		Reciprocal altruism must involve aid that is returned to an original donor as a result of a behavior that has a net cost to an original recipient.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~kruger/ep5.html (831 words)

	Eusociality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Eusociality with biologically sterile individuals represents the most extreme form of kin altruism.
		There are two causes of eusociality: kin-selected altruism and high inbreeding.
		Eusociality may be easier species like ants to evolve, due to their haplodiploidy, which increases the significance of kin selection.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eusocial (812 words)

	Psyco 302, Sample Midterm Questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		There's a lot of room for different answers to this question, but for the proximate level you might behave altruistically toward kin because you happen to be around kin more (especially in the EEA when humans probably lived in relatively small social groups where there were numerous cross-family kinship connections).
		Altruism is an example of selfish genes because such acts are typically directed toward family members, who share genes, so even if the individual suffers his/her genes may be passed on via a relative.
		There should also be some explanation that competitive altruism generally results in a person increasing their social status, etc. For the show-off hypothesis this is the idea that a person engages in risky activities or acquires hard-to-get resources.
	web.psych.ualberta.ca /~msnyder/p302/assig/midsam.html (949 words)

	By Robert Wright and Randy Cohen
		The only kind of altruism that will get a gene up the first few rungs of the ladder toward general acceptance is the discriminating kind.
		Even if all the basic genes for kin altruism permeated the population (reached "fixation") 1 million or 2 million years ago, some of them might occasionally be displaced by some mutant gene.
		So of the (say) 50 genes directly governing kin altruism, maybe one is different from yours in a significant number of people out there.
	www.slate.com /id/2018/sidebar/42495 (706 words)

	Kin Selection provides the most intuitive explanation of Altruism amongst Animals
		Kin Selection, the first proposed explanation for the existance of altruism, explains how altruism may arise between close relatives.
		Although most obvious in the case of direct offspring, kin selection can operate between any animals that are relatives in proportion to their coefficient of relatedness (the proportion of genes that two individuals share by common descent).
		Rothstein has argued that in most species kin selection is rarely completely separable from reciprocal altruism because of the tendency of relatives to live together and interact with one another.
	www.altruists.org /about/altruism/evolution/kin_selection?R=1 (262 words)

	Reciprocal sharing and the evolution of altruism
		Genetical models of the evolution of reciprocal altruism (as distinct from cooperation, mutualism, or nepotism) have difficulty explaining the initial establishment of an altruist gene in a selfish deme.
		Authors discussing human altruism have tended to adopt terms from common usage without clearly defining them; words such as "altruism", "helping", "cooperation", and "sharing" all have slightly different connotations and it is important to distinguish among them.
		For example, although Trivers explicitly excluded cooperation (cooperative hunting) in his treatment of reciprocal altruism, Axelrod and Hamilton titled a recent paper "The evolution of cooperation", and consider cooperation, altruism and restraint during competition to be related phenomena, explicable by either kin selection or reciprocation theory (Axelrod and Hamilton 1981).
	weber.ucsd.edu /~jmoore/publications/Recip.html (6151 words)

	Bio 352 Lecture 17
		Altruism must be facultative initially, and given only to reproductively superior relatives.
		Low levels of altruism must develop first (low costs) and the altruist must first spread his genes to his family; an extreme altruist will be selected against in the first generation.
		Altruism is necessarily expected between members of an identical clone.
	www.lclark.edu /~clifton/behav/outlines/bio352lect17.htm (936 words)

	Biology430.Lectures18
		As a result, kin selection predicts the evolution of altruism directed at close relatives - in a sense, this is selfishly-motivated altruism.
		Using these values, we could predict that if an individual's altruism were directed at two offspring or full siblings, then complete loss of the bearer's direct fitness would be exactly offset by the fitness preserved in those relatives.
		In some cases, kin-selected altruism helps account for the evolution of helping behavior at the nest or other forms of cooperative breeding, as well as more complex social systems in some insects and one species of mammal.
	bioweb.wku.edu /courses/Biol430/430lects18.htm (779 words)

	Classifying altruistic relationships and the theoretical problem of mutual altruism in mating relationships and ...
		People in close friendships and romantic/mating relationships appear to engage in mutually altruistic behavior out of genuine concern for each other’s welfare, an observation that is difficult to explain in terms of either of the two traditional evolutionary theories of altruism (viz., kin selection and reciprocity/social exchange).
		Tooby and Cosmides (1996) suggest that the "deep engagement" evident in friendships (as well as, I argue, in mating relationships) might represent a third distinct category, in which altruism is adaptive to the extent that one’s own welfare is somehow yoked to that of another.
		I suggest that all three of these classification systems provide useful insights into the nature of altruism, depending on whether the level of analysis concerns ultimate adaptive function, proximal functions or mechanisms, or vehicles of inclusive fitness.
	lakirk.people.wm.edu /hbes2001.html (271 words)

	Discussion: Kin Selection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Kin selection covers any form of selection through relatives - mostly in raising young, but if the vampire bats, or the buffalo driving off the lions, were related, this would be kin slection.
		The evidence from non-related helpers, though, is that the helper gains more - in the case of non-related helpers the helper is actually paying a cost at present in the expectation of future benefit from inheriting territory or mate.
		This reflects the general rule that gene-directed altruism is directly proportional to relatedness.
	www.warwick.ac.uk /~edraa/11kinsel.htm (5950 words)

	Shelling Out -- The Origins of Money
		To demonstrate these were cases of reciprocal altruism, Wilkinson combined the populations of bats from two different groups.
		Inheritance and other forms of kin altruism were the only widely practiced forms of what we moderns would call gift proper, namely a gift that imposed no obligation on the recipient.
		Since humans evolved in small, largely self-sufficient, and mutually antagonistic tribes, the use of collectibles to reduce the need for favor-tracking, and to make possible the other human institutions of wealth transfer we have explored, was far more important than the scale problems of barter for most of the timespan of our species.
	szabo.best.vwh.net /shell.html (12873 words)

	Adv. Complex Syst 2(2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the frame of the theory of natural selection, altruism can only exist under specific conditions like kin selection or reciprocal cooperation.
		We show that reciprocal cooperation, which is generally invoked to explain non-kin altruism, requires very restrictive conditions to be evolutionary stable.
		Some of these conditions are not met in many cases of altruism observed in nature.
	www.tbi.univie.ac.at /ACS/Abstracts/ACS_V2_I2_4.html (149 words)

	Altruism and Kin Selection
		Altruism, selfishness, coefficient of relatedness, and kin selection
		Altruism is defined as giving up personal reproductive success to increase the reproductive success of some other individual
		Selfishness is the opposite where individuals maximize their own RS and the rest of the species be damned
	artemis.austincollege.edu /acad/bio/sgoldsmith/skg_ebe/altruism.htm (240 words)

	:: kim :: related - ( kin altruism cassowary fictive giraffe hackin hagfish ...
		(of a person) related (we are kin; he is kin to me) (see also AKIN).
		near of kin closely related by blood, or in character.
		kin altruism cassowary fictive giraffe hackin hagfish hominy coppola lalees programy next scams kumbia
	www.spell-dictionary.com /db/kim (56 words)

	[No title]
		Moreover, we show that this non-kin based altruism is a basis for the evolution of groups of heterogeneous (specialised) individuals who, although not kin related, cooperate and work to benefit the group as a whole.
		Specifically, we note that the model we present is constructed such that individuals cannot help kin directly and hence the cooperative behaviour cannot be the result of kin selection.
		The model can be interpreted culturally, under the assumption that individuals copy the behaviours of successful individuals, or genetically, where the fittest individuals have a higher reproductive success.
	cfpm.org /pub/papers/hales-cpmrep88.doc (832 words)

	TOPIC 9 - KIN SELECTION & ALTRUISM
		FOR THE ALLELE THAT DIRECTS THE BEHAVIOUR TOWARD KIN THE INCLUSIVE FITNESS OF THE ALLELE IS B+P'b WHERE P' IS THE PROBABILITY THAT THE BEHAVIOUR IS DIRECTED TOWARD AN INDIVIDUAL THAT ALSO HAS THE ALLELE (P'>P).
		KIN RECOGNITION GIVEN THAT THE CONDITION B/C > 1/R MUST BE MET IF AN ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOUR (DIRECTLY DETRIMENTAL TO DONOR) IS TO BE FAVOURED BY SELECTION, IT IS CLEAR THAT THE LARGER R IS, THE MORE LIKELY IT IS THAT THIS CONDITION WILL BE SATISFIED.
		THEREFORE, IF ALTRUISM IS TO EVOLVE, IT IS EXPECTED THAT KIN RECOGNITION WOULD EVOLVE AS WELL.
	www.ucs.mun.ca /~dunbrack/4701kinselection.html (747 words)

	Kin Selection and Altruism - lectures 5-6. Anthropology 230 Spring 95 - Feb 2.
		However, kin are much less likely to be killed when expectations, based on frequency of interaction, are taken into account, and also when blood kinship is distinguished from affinal kinship.
		Virtually all aspects of social life in prestate societies are governed by kinship rules, and even much of social life in state societies is dictated by kinship.
		Our best understanding of these two facts is that humans preferentially associate with kin for the same reasons that other organisms do, but the importance of reciprocity in human societies often leads to the extension of social kinship to individuals with whom we share reciprocal aid.
	www.unm.edu /~hkaplan/LECT8-9.htm (891 words)

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