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	Kinesin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kinesin is a class of motor protein dimer found in biological cells.
		A kinesin attaches to microtubules, and moves along the tubule in order to transport cellular cargo, such as vesicles.
		Kinesins typically consist of two large globular heads that allow attachment to microtubules, a central coiled region, and a region termed light-chain, which connects the kinesin to the intracellular component to be moved.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kinesin (336 words)

	Parameters of kinesin-based nanoactuators
		Kinesin is a prominent motorprotein, which is able to mimic cellular motility in vitro driving taxol-stabilized microtubules across kinesin-coated surfaces.
		Kinesin molecules translocate in 8-nm steps along the surface of microtubules which represent 25-nm thick and about 5 to 20-µm long hollow-cylindrical self-assembling proteinaceous rails, having a plus and a minus end.
		Kinesin was purified from porcine brain homogenates by a combined procedure of ion exchange chromatography, microtubule affinity-binding, and gel filtration (Kuznetsov and Gelfand, 1986).
	www.foresight.org /Conferences/MNT7/Papers/Stracke (1502 words)

	Kinesin Crystallized
		The energy is thought to drive a stepping sequence in the kinesin molecule, which, in its conventional dimeric form, has a two-headed bilateral symmetry: one "head" remains attached to the microtubule surface while the other is free to move forward.
		Kinesin, for example, is an amazing motor enzyme that "walks" in eight-nanometer steps along microscopic filaments called microtubules, dragging along various cargoes of mitochondria, chromosomes, or other cellular organelles.
		In this view, the kinesin core is a modular base onto which different types of neck domains serve as mechanical amplifiers and transmitters (transmissions and drive shafts) whose exact function depends on the kinesin variant to which the neck linker belongs.
	www-als.lbl.gov /als/science/sci_archive/51kinesin.html (929 words)

	Phosphorylation of Kinesin inVivo Correlates with Organelle Association and Neurite Outgrowth -- Lee and Hollenbeck 270 ...
		Kinesin is generally recovered as a soluble protein from cell homogenates, and it has been shown by differential detergent solubilization of plasma and organelle membranes that approximately two-thirds of the total kinesin in fibroblasts is in a soluble state while the remaining third is organelle-bound(6).
		A is the kinesin immunoadsorbed from the soluble fraction, and B is the kinesin immunoadsorbed from the organelle-associated fraction.
		We analyzed several properties of kinesin phosphorylation in live cells (its complexity, reversibility, turnover, differential distribution between soluble and organelle-associated pools, and response to up-regulation of anterograde transport) and found all to be consonant with a role in regulation; in particular, with a role in the recruitment of kinesin between the soluble and organelle-associated states.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/270/10/5600 (6310 words)

	Kinesin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Kinesin II: This heterotrimeric kinesin is concentrated in the connecting cilium and axoneme of the photoreceptor outer segment.
		Kinesin motors have been implicated in several types of motile processes, including transport of mitochondrial or vesicular cargoes along microtubules, intermicrotubule sliding, and the assembly and motility of mitotic and meiotic spindles.
		In photoreceptors, the microtuble heterotrimeric motor kinesin II is concentrated in the axoneme and connecting cilium, the inner segment, and the synapse.
	mcb.berkeley.edu /labs/burnside/kinesinII.html (316 words)

	Scientists solve puzzle of how kinesin motor molecules walk -- or limp -- across cells: 12/03
		If kinesin were to fail altogether, you wouldn't even make it to the embryo stage, because your cells wouldn't survive.
		Discovered in 1984, kinesin is now recognized as the workhorse of the cell, hauling chromosomes, neurotransmitters and other vital cargo along tiny molecular tracks called "microtubules." Many types of kinesin and kinesin-related proteins have been discovered in the past two decades in a wide range of organisms -- from yeast to humans.
		A mere three-millionths of an inch long, a typical kinesin molecule has a tail on one end that hauls the cargo and two globular heads on the other end that alternately grab the microtubule and pull the cargo forward.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/news/pr/03/kinesinproof1210.html (1216 words)

	Kinesin associated protein 3
		Kinesin II holoenzyme was purified from sea urchin embryos as a heterotrimer of two dissimilar motor subunits and a third non-motor accessory subunit called 'kinesin-associated protein'(KAP; Cole, 1993).
		Kinesin II is the motor for the anterograde IFT, and studies with different types of ciliated cells from Chlamydomonas to humans have shown that it is essential for ciliogenesis as well as for flagellar growth and maintenance.
		Similarly, mutations in the osm-3 locus of Caenorhabditis elegans cause defective chemotaxis behavior, and the distal segments of the dendritic cilia of the chemosensory neurons are absent (Shakir, 1993; Starich, 1995; Tabish, 1995).
	www.sdbonline.org /fly/cytoskel/kap1.htm (1498 words)

	Disruption of Kinesin II Function Using a Dominant Negative-Acting Transgene in Xenopus laevis Rods Results in ...
		A degenerating rod with dense vesicular accumulations (arrow) in the inner segment was seen in the kinesin II transgenic retina and not in the rods of a transgenic tadpole expressing EGFP alone (B).
		In addition, the rod outer segments in the kinesin II transgenic retina were highly disorganized, whereas the rods of the EGFP tadpole contained an extensive number of ordered disks in their outer segments.
		The nucleus of the rod (N) in the double kinesin II transgenic retina was condensed compared with the cone nuclei in the outer nuclear layer and with the underlying nuclei in the inner nuclear layer.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/44/8/3614 (5153 words)

	Pfam 18.0 : Kinesin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Kinesin MEDLINE:8542443, MEDLINE:2142876, MEDLINE: is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport.
		Kinesin is an oligomeric complex composed of two heavy chains and two light chains.
		The kinesin motor domain is located in the N-terminal part of most of the above proteins, with the exception of KAR3, klpA, and ncd where it is located in the C-terminal section.
	pfam.wustl.edu /cgi-bin/getdesc?name=Kinesin (477 words)

	PDB Molecule of the Month: Kinesin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Kinesins are used to drag large objects, like lysozomes or endoplasmic reticulum, outwards away from the nucleus and towards the surface.
		Kinesins drag materials down the enormous length of nerve axons--this function is how kinesins were discovered.
		Kinesins are also used to slide microtubules next to one another, for instance, during the process of creating two separate systems of microtubules to separate chromosomes when the cell divides.
	www.rcsb.org /pdb/molecules/pdb64_1.html (462 words)

	University of Michigan - Michigan Today
		Kinesin is the miniscule longshoreman of the cell, toting parcels of cargo on its shoulders as it steps along a scaffolding called a microtubule.
		Not only is it tiny, kinesin's motor is about 50 percent efficient, which is about twice as good as a gasoline engine.
		Hunt explains that these are pieces of microtubule being shuttled around by a forest of excited kinesins mounted to a piece of glass.
	www.umich.edu /news/MT/04/Fall04/story.html?molecular (1619 words)

	[No title]
		Similar surfaces are protected on kinesin and on ncd, in agreement with earlier work which showed competitive binding of ncd and kinesin heads to microtubules (Lockhart et al., 1995), and with recent fitting studies (Hirose, 1999) which suggest the bound heads of kinesin and ncd are congruent.
		For kinesin however, attempts to fit kinesin in the same orientation as ncd predicted unacceptable steric clashes for dimeric kinesin, indicating that something was wrong, as noted by Mandelkow and colleagues ((Hoenger et al., 1998) (Thormahlen et al., 1998).
		Importantly, both the kinesin and nkin data would be consistent with a single model in which progressive acceleration of leading head microtubule binding occurs as ATP is processed on the trailing head.
	mc11.mcri.ac.uk /rs.html (3879 words)

	Kinesin-powered MicroChemoMechanical Systems (MCMS)
		Kinesin motor proteins and the microtubule cytoskeleton function as an intracellular railroad system-a railroad with nanometer-scale engines running on nanometer-scale tracks.
		As a first step toward this objective we have coupled kinesin to 10 x 10 x 5 µm silicon microchips that were patterned photolithographically and etched from silicon membranes.
		The microchips were observed by light microscopy to move on microtubules aligned and immobilized on the surface of a microscope flowchamber.
	www.foresight.org /Conferences/MNT7/Abstracts/Stewart (412 words)

	Clonal Tests of Conventional Kinesin Function during Cell Proliferation and Differentiation -- Brendza et al. 11 (4): ...
		Hirokawa, N. Kinesin and dynein superfamily proteins and the mechanism of organelle transport.
		Houliston, E., and Elinson, R.P. Evidence for the involvement of microtubules, ER, and kinesin in the cortical rotation of fertilized frog eggs.
		Saxton, W.M., Porter, M.E., Cohn, S.A., Scholey, J.M., Raff, E.C., and McIntosh, J.R. Drosophila kinesin: characterization of microtubule motility and ATPase.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/11/4/1329 (8185 words)

	Kinesin-Related Genes from Diplomonad, Sponge, Amphioxus, and Cyclostomes: Divergence Pattern of Kinesin Family and ...
		From a comparison of the kinesin motor domain sequences of fragment length (171 amino acids), the tree was inferred by the WNJ method.
		The clusters corresponding to kinesin subfamilies are shaded.
		In period I, basic kinesin genes corresponding to subfamilies with different structures and functions were created by gene duplications and domain shufflings.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/19/9/1524 (4701 words)

	Trafficking of signaling modules by kinesin motors -- Schnapp 116 (11): 2125 -- Journal of Cell Science
		Kinesin tails and transmembrane receptors are connected to the linkers by modular protein-protein interactions.
		In the case of kinesin I, the protein-binding module (TPRs) is in the kinesin tail, and the motif is in the linker; whereas for KIF17, the module (PDZ) is in the linker and the motif in the kinesin.
		In the absence of cargo, kinesin I is in a folded conformation wherein the C-terminus of KHC interacts with the motor domain to prevent binding to the microtubule.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/116/11/2125 (6683 words)

	A Developmentally Regulated Kinesin-related Motor Protein from Dictyostelium discoideum -- de Hostos et al. 9 (8): 2093 ...
		Case, R.B., Pierce, D.W., Hom-Booher, N., Hart, C.L., and Vale, R.D. The directional preference of kinesin motors is specified by an element outside of the motor catalytic domain.
		Lippincott-Schwartz, J., and Cole, N.B. Roles for microtubules and kinesin in membrane traffic between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex.
		Moore, J.D., and Endow, S.A. Kinesin proteins: a phylum of motors for microtubule-based motility.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/9/8/2093 (7020 words)

	IFT20 Links Kinesin II with a Mammalian Intraflagellar Transport Complex That Is Conserved in Motile Flagella and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Kinesin II is co-immunoprecipitated with the IFT complex at physiological ionic strength.
		Kinesin II is released from the IFT complex in the presence of ATP or ATP
		kinesin II and the IFT complex is not understood.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/278/36/34211 (5678 words)

	Heterotrimeric Kinesin-II Is Required for the Assembly of Motile 9+2 Ciliary Axonemes on Sea Urchin Embryos -- Morris ...
		Purification and assay of kinesin from sea urchin eggs and early embryos.
		Identification of kinesin in sea urchin eggs and evidence for its localization in the mitotic spindle.
		Roles of kinesin and kinesin-like proteins in sea urchin embryonic cell division: evaluation using antibody microinjection.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/138/5/1009 (8175 words)

	Kinesin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Kinesin is the founding member of a superfamily of microtubule-based ATPase motors that perform force-generating tasks such as organelle transport and chromosome segregation.
		Recent electron microscopy experiments have shown that the orientation of the kinesin motor domain bound to a microtubule is nucleotide-dependent.
		To model pH- and nucleotide-dependent changes in the kinesin structure, we carried out conformational searches by simulated annealing, using inter-atomic distance constraints derived from mutagenesis data and from structural comparisons with the kinesin-like motor ncd, G proteins, and the actin-based motor myosin.
	www.ks.uiuc.edu /Research/cell_motility/kinesin (486 words)

	Kinesin Delivers: Identifying Receptors for Motor Proteins -- Hollenbeck 152 (5): 25 -- The Journal of Cell Biology
		Kinesin-I is a heterotetramer formed by a coiled-coil interaction between two heavy chains (HCs) and the binding of a LC to the COOH-terminal region of each HC.
		For illustrative purposes, the kinesin molecule is drawn here approximately three times larger than true scale relative to the microtubule and vesicle.
		But, as soon as this neuron-like cell line has established neurites, JIP-1 is localized to their tips via kinesin-I. The cell denoted by an arrowhead at left is just beginning to produce neurites, whereas the two cells near the center of the field have longer neurites and bright JIP-1 staining at the distal ends.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/152/5/F25 (1788 words)

	Single Fungal Kinesin Motor Molecules Move Processively along Microtubules -- Lakämper et al. 84 (3): 1833 -- ...
		Evidence that the stalk of Drosophila kinesin heavy chain is an alpha-helical coiled coil.
		Kinesin's processivity results from mechanical and chemical coordination between the ATP hydrolysis cycles of the two motor domains.
		Characterization of the biophysical and motility properties of kinesin from the fungus Neurospora crassa.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/84/3/1833 (6565 words)

	Cargo of Kinesin Identified as JIP Scaffolding Proteins and Associated Signaling Molecules -- Verhey et al. 152 (5): ...
		Coprecipitation of kinesin and JIP-1 with the upstream
		Kinesin and JIP-1 are associated with the upstream kinase DLK and the transmembrane receptor ApoER2.
		Liao, G., and Gundersen, G.G. Kinesin is a candidate for cross-bridging microtubules and intermediate filaments.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/152/5/959 (7795 words)

	Kinesin light chain-independent function of the Kinesin heavy chain in cytoplasmic streaming and posterior localisation ...
		Kinesin superfamily to be identified, and is responsible for
		The Kinesin heavy chain and the Dynein heavy chain localise to the posterior pole of the oocyte.
		mRNA to the vesicle or organelle that is transported by kinesin.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/129/23/5473 (8927 words)

	Kinesin-II Is Preferentially Targeted to Assembling Cilia and Is Required for Ciliogenesis and Normal Cytokinesis in ...
		Morris, R.L., and Scholey, J.M. Heterotrimeric kinesin-II is required for the assembly of motile 9 + 2 ciliary axonemes on sea urchin embryos.
		Muresan, V., Abramson, T., Lyass, A., Winter, D., Porro, E., Hong, F., Chamberlin, N.L., and Schnapp, B.J. KIF3C is a novel neuronal kinesin that interacts with KIF3A and associates with membrane vesicles.
		Yang, J.T., Layman, R.A., and Goldstein, L.S.B. A three-domain structure of kinesin heavy chain revealed by DNA sequence and microtubule binding assays.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/10/10/3081 (8257 words)

	Kinesin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Recent electron microscopy experiments have, however, shown that the orientation of the kinesin motor domain bound to a microtubule is nucleotide-dependent [Hirose et al., Nature 376 (1995)].
		We plan to model the ATP-bound proteins and to identify conformational differences relative to the ADP-bound states which can be attributed to a force-producing power stroke.
		To date, neither the structures of ADP-bound kinesin at higher pH nor that of any ATP-bound kinesin have been solved.
	www.ks.uiuc.edu /Research/cell_motility/kinesin_old (438 words)

	Cargo of Kinesin Identified as JIP Scaffolding Proteins and Associated Signaling Molecules -- Verhey et al. 152 (5): ...
		p120 catenin associates with kinesin and facilitates the transport of cadherin-catenin complexes to intercellular junctions
		GBP binds kinesin light chain and translocates during cortical rotation in Xenopus eggs
		Kinesin II and regulated intraflagellar transport of Chlamydomonas aurora protein kinase
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/abstract/152/5/959 (2590 words)

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