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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Injo of Joseon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		King Injo was born in 1595 as a son of Jeonwongun(Prince Jeongwon), whose father was the ruling monarch King Seonjo.
		Injo fled to Gongju and Hansong was fell to the rebels.
		King Hyojong(1619~1659) was king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea from 1649-1659.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Injo-of-Joseon (2028 words)

	1506-44. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The reign of King Kwanghaegun (1571–1641) restored domestic and diplomatic peace to the peninsula.
		The Rites Controversy brought to a head the issue of Catholicism, as was the case in China and Vietnam, and King Ch ngjo (b.
		Buddhism declined as Neo-Confucianism soared to supremacy with the rise of the yangban.
	www.bartleby.com /67/856.html (998 words)

	Closing Doors
		King Injo and his troops showed no sign of weakening as they withstood a siege from the main Manchu army against the nearly impenetrable citadel at Namhan-sansong that lasted over a month.
		Injo, the King of Choson, escorted by his ministers, walked the remaining mile and a half to the enemy encampment.
		The personal surrender of King Injo, acknowledging subservience to the "pagan" tribes of the Manchu, was a devastating blow to the Choson monarchy and the yangban.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C13/E1307.htm (3302 words)

	Second Manchu expedition to Korea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Dodo rushed to Hanseong to prevent King Injo from fleeing to Ganghwa Island as Korean kings traditionally did.
		Failing to escape to the island, the king took refuge in the Namhansan fortress, which was immediately besieged by the Manchu army.
		King Hyojong, who lived as a hostage for seven years in Mukden, planned an unrealistic expedition to Qing called Bukbeol (北伐).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Second_Manchu_expedition_to_Korea (625 words)

	Rise of the Manchus
		When the king married a second queen and fathered another son, members of the Northerner faction then in power contended that it was he who should succeed Sonjo on the throne, not Crown Prince Kwanghae.
		King Kwanghae and his supporters, ever fearful of the possibility of a coup d'état, quickly seized upon any pretext to prevent an attempt to usurp the throne.
		King Injo and his court fled to Kanghwa Island, the traditional refuge of the monarchy.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C13/E1306.htm (3372 words)

	Click Into the Hermit Kingdom (73)
		Injo's unwise foreign policy led to the humiliating surrender at Samjondo (the Songpa crossing on the southern bank of the Han River) where Crown Prince Sohyon and his brother, the Prince of Pongnim (who became King Hyojong), were forced to accompany the Manchu army as hostages.
		King Injo was far from overjoyed at the return of his son after his 9-year-long captivity in China.
		To keep King Injo at bay, Ching China kept the two princes as hostage in case they felt the urge to show off their supreme power over the Choson Kingdom and rumors circulated for awhile about the power succession ordained by Ching China.
	my.dreamwiz.com /insight/click73.htm (1011 words)

	SEOUL METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT
		King Injo carved a big rock to run water through it, and he would sit here with his friends and advisors.
		There were 27 kings in the Joseon Dynasty, and they used the gazebos and pavilions not only for their entertainment but also as places to study and heighten their academic knowledge.
		The name was changed to Yuksang myo in the 20th year of King Yeongjo's reign in 1744, and to Yuksanggung in the 29th year of the reign in 1753.
	english.seoul.go.kr /today/infocus/specialreport/1215966_5093.php (1096 words)

	Royal Palaces - Changdeokgung
		The Injeongmun was first built in 1418 during King Taejong's reign, but subsequently it was destroyed and reconstructed; It was destroyed during the Japanese invasion, King Injo's Reform, and King Yeongjo's reign.
		In the center of the building, the king sat on his throne in from of the screen with the sun, the moon, and five mountains in, and then his subjects were permitted to take their seats on both sides.
		Especially the king himself was very fond of the pragmatic sciences prevailing in the academic field, and wrote many important books, In this way, he made a great contribution to the development of the science.
	www.ocp.go.kr /english/palace/pal_cdk.html (2881 words)

	Regions Central Asia - IIAS Newsletter Online
		'Injo panjong' or 'King Injo's Restoring Things to Righteousness', staged on March 13, 1623, during the Chosun Dynasty (1392-1910) was mentioned officially three times by the army officers who had a genuine connection with coup plans in which Park Chung Hee was involved.
		First, both King Injo, or as he was then Prince Nungyanggun, and Park Chung Hee assumed the responsibility of coup leader right from the early stage of the conspiracies.
		As a rule, in a legitimate panjong the would-be king is not allowed to take part in the coup personally but can only be invited to be the new king by the subjects who have risen against the incumbent king in the direct wake of the successful coup.
	www.iias.nl /iiasn/21/regions/21EA7.html (1348 words)

	Regions Central Asia - IIAS Newsletter Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		'Injo panjong' or 'King Injo's Restoring Things to Righteousness', staged on March 13, 1623, during the Chosun Dynasty (1392-1910) was mentioned officially three times by the army officers who had a genuine connection with coup plans in which Park Chung Hee was involved.
		First, both King Injo, or as he was then Prince Nungyanggun, and Park Chung Hee assumed the responsibility of coup leader right from the early stage of the conspiracies.
		As a rule, in a legitimate panjong the would-be king is not allowed to take part in the coup personally but can only be invited to be the new king by the subjects who have risen against the incumbent king in the direct wake of the successful coup.
	iias.leidenuniv.nl /iiasn/21/regions/21EA7.html (1348 words)

	Korean History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		King Gwanghaegun, mindful of Chinese aid during Joseon's struggle against the Japanese, promptly sent an army of 10,000.
		Upon King Injo's (r.1623-1649) refusal to acknowledge a suzerain-vassal relationship in 1636, the Manchu ruler, enthroned as the Qing Emperor of China, invaded Joseon.
		The personal surrender of King Injo was a double blow to the monarchy and to the yangban, as the nation had to acknowledge its subservience to the "pagan" tribes of the Manchu.
	korea.assembly.go.kr /history_html/history_07/jos_L_01.jsp (819 words)

	Global Heritage Fund - Site Profile
		The hall was destroyed in 1592 and rebuilt by King Kwanghaegun in 1609.
		The private living quarters of the king and his family, Taejojon Hall was erected in 1405 and destroyed during the Japanese invasion of 1592.
		It was built in 1405 during the reign of King T'aejong, destroyed by the Japanese in 1592, and rebuilt by King Injo in 1647.
	www.globalheritagefund.org /sites/apac/chang.html (1543 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Baekje was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in the 1st millennium CE (along with Goguryeo and Silla), and fell to Silla in 660.
		The first king had the temple name Taejo, which means "great progenitor", and was applied to the first kings of both Goryeo and Joseon, as they were also the founders of the Wang and Yi Dynasties respectively.
		Two kings – Yeonsangun and Gwanghaegun – were so disgraced in the eyes of later official historians that they were deprived of their temple names after their reigns ended.
	mindwallet.com /wiki/Rulers_of_Korea (1467 words)

	Koreana : Palaces of Korea III - Vol. 21, NO. 3 May - June 2003
		Built in 1484 during the reign of King Seongjong, this royal residence was burnt in 1592 during the Japanese invasion.
		Rebuilt in 1616, the eighth year of the reign of King Gwanghaegun, it was again burnt down in 1624, the second year of the reign of King Injo (r.
		King Injo stayed here after the fall of Namhansanseong Fortress during the second invasion by the Manchu Dynasty of China in 1636.
	www.kisc.org /kti/may_jun_03/society/koreana.htm (1901 words)

	First Manchu expedition to Korea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Korea the Westerners faction deposed the realist king Gwanghaegun and installed King Injo in 1623.
		The first Manchu expedition was triggered by Yi Gwal's rebellion against King Injo in 1624.
		When the Manchus advanced southward to Hwangju, King Injo fled from Hanseong (Seoul) to Ganghwa Island in astonishment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Manchu_expedition_to_Korea (380 words)

	Seoul Metropolitan Government - "A Clean, Attractive & Global City, Seoul!"
		King Taejong, the third ruler of the Joseon Dynasty, built it originally as a secondary palace in 1405.
		The palace was partially destroyed in the course of the deposing of tyrant King Gwanghaegun by the successor King Injo in 1623.
		After holding his last state council held in Changdeokgung on October 29, 1910, King Sunjong was forced by the Japanese and by pro-Japanese court functionaries including Yi Wan-yong to affix the Royal Seal on the document that annexed Joseon to Japan.
	english.seoul.go.kr /today/about/about_02top_0101.htm (692 words)

	Korean Journal of Medical History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		From 1633 (Year 11 in King Injo's reign) to May 5, 1649 (Year 27 King in Injo's reign), right before his death, King Injo(인조) was treated with burnt needles by Yi Hyeongik(이형익), an acupuncturist when the king had health problems.
		Some people thought homeopathic magic caused King Injo's disease.　 The actual reasons for King Injo's disease were the participation in the excessive rites of Queen Mother Inmok's funeral and the constant oppression from the Ching Dynasty after disgraceful defeat in the war.
		As burnt needles were often used for the king's disease, remarkable development of acupuncture and moxibustion during the King Injos era was a characteristic in the history of medical science in the Joseon Dynasty.
	medhist.kams.or.kr /abstract.php?body=2004198a (411 words)

	5. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Sonjongjon was a small audience chamber of Ch'angdokkung(Palace) in which the kings received civil and military officers.
		It was built in 1405 during the reign of King T'aejong(r.
		Destroyed during the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, it was rebuilt in 1647 during the reign of King Injo(r.
	www.craft21.com /craft21eg/songongjon.html (77 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		King Injo fled to Namhansanseong fortress, then capitulated to the invaders on a bank of the Hangang river.
		This personal surrender of King Injo was a double blow to the monarchy and yangban, as the nation had to acknowledge subservience to the "pagan" tribes of the Manchu.
		King Yeongjo upgraded the status of the offspring of commoners, opening another possibility for upward social mobility.
	correct.korea.net /event/pds/khistory2_2.htm (5895 words)

	Korea, 1600–1800 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art
		It serves as the official residence for thirteen kings of the Chosôn dynasty.
		The Chosôn court is forced to recognize Manchu suzerainty, and Injo's two eldest sons are taken as hostages.
		Despite a proscription of the religion in 1785 and a death sentence to a yangban in 1791 for neglecting his ancestral duties, Catholicism is tacitly tolerated during King Chôngjo's reign (1776–1800).
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/09/eak/ht09eak.htm (1436 words)

	Buy Rulers of Korea Books online - selected, recommended and reviewed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Baekje was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in the first millennium of the Common Era (along with Goguryeo and Silla), and fell to Silla in AD 660.
		Goguryeo was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in the first millennium of the Common Era (along with Baekje and Silla), and fell to Silla in AD 668.
		Each king had a posthumous name—which was different from his temple name—that included either the title Wang ("King") or Daewang ("King X the Great").
	www.buybookonline.net /r/ru/rulers_of_korea.html (995 words)

	South Korea - The Choson Dynasty and the Japanese Colonial Period
		King Sonjo requested military assistance from Beijing and, as the Chinese and Korean armies gradually pushed the Japanese south, the Korean navy frustrated Japanese efforts to initiate new attacks on the Korean Peninsula.
		King Kojong had neither the money nor the will to establish a large army, and he continued to rely primarily on the Chinese for military protection.
		The Tonghak Rebellion in Cholla Province in 1894 provided Japan with an excuse to dispatch troops to Korea, and Japanese forces were sent in July with the dual mission of eliminating Chinese influence on the Korean Peninsula and laying the foundation for the eventual colonization of the country.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-12366.html (625 words)

	Regions Central Asia - IIAS Newsletter Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Kings and literati, who were chiefly fundamentalist Neo-Confucians, tried to steer the kingdom by the principles of Neo-Confucian political philosophy.
		At that time, King Injo and his court tried to reconstruct the kingdom in the aftermath of about seven years of international war (1592-1598) in North East Asia between, on one side, Choso(breve)n and Ming China, and, on the other side, Japan which blitzkrieged Choso(breve)n.
		In consequence, all the leadership, not to mention the king, and the people were supposed to observe the three years' Neo-Confucian system of funeral rites when their parents passed away.
	iias.leidenuniv.nl /iiasn/22/regions/22EA2.html (1362 words)

	Muye Dobo Tongji
		King Injo (1623-1649) surrendered to the Manchus and his two sons, including the Crown Prince Sohyun, had to accompany the Manchu army as hostages.
		King Hyojong (1649-1659) planned to launch a northern expedition and strengthened Korea’s military defenses by intensifying training and repairing fortresses atop the mountains around the capital.
		In the Hansu, it is recorded, "The king watched the fist fighting (su bak) and archery contests." In the note it is recorded that su bak is a martial art contest of wrestling.
	www.turtlepress.com /info_muye_dobo_tongji.asp (2399 words)

	All words on Rulers of Korea
		All kings of Gaya had the Korean title Wang, which means "king." This list represents the Kim Dynasty of Geumgwan Gaya.
		Baekje was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in the 1st millennium AD (along with Goguryeo and Silla), and fell to Silla in 660.
		King Gojong of the Joseon Dynasty became the first emperor (''Hwangje'' in Korean).
	www.allwords.org /ru/rulers-of-korea.html (1494 words)

	National Heritage - Seungjeongwon Ilgi
		The king's appointments including gyeongyeon, or discussions with scholars on the Confucian and other Chinese classics, meetings with court functionaries, administrative acts, and affairs in the queen's inner palace were listed in the preface to a monthly diary.
		The details of the main text are written in the order of the daily tasks of the Seungjeongwon, daily regards to the king and his queen, the king's gyeongyeon, the Seungjeongwon's personnel affairs, reports from different ministries, and the king's commands.
		The keeping of diaries began in the founding year of the Joseon Dynasty, but those of the kings before King Injo were burned to ashes during the Japanese invasions of Korea and by palace fires.
	www.ocp.go.kr /english/treasure/men_seung.html (699 words)

	GetviCom
		When Lord Gwanghaegun was overthrown by King Injo in 1623, the new king held his coronation at this palace as well.
		In July of 1907, after he was forced by the Japanese to abdicate in favour of his son, King Sunjong, the palace was given its present name of Deoksugung, or "The Palace of Virtuous Long Life", in honor of the retired king.
		King Gojong continued to live here after the new king had moved the seat of government to Changdeokgung palace.
	www.getvi.com /eng/search/summary.asp?seqno=1251 (353 words)

	Home > Culture > Cultural Properties > Deuksugung Palace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Prince Gwanghae, who followed his father king Sunjo was enthroned at this temporary palace in 1608 and renamed the temporary palace in 1611 Gyungoon Palace, using it as a royal palace for seven years.
		Moving the king’s palace to Changdukgung in 1615, the palace was used only for the queen’s mother Inmok who was stepmother of the king Sunjo, the preceding king.
		The emperor Gojong in 1907 abdicated the crown to the king Soonjong, and the royal palace was moved to Changdukgung.
	tour.junggu.seoul.kr /english/culture/culture_view.php?idx=12 (334 words)

	Rulers of Korea - Wikpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The next 23 kings (until Wonjong) are also referred to by their temple names, which had the title jong in them.
		Beginning with Chungnyeol (the 25th king), all the remaining kings of Goryeo had the title Wang—the standard Sino-Korean word for "King"—as part of their temple names.
		King Chungnyeol (1274-1308) (Chungnyeol was the first king of Goryeo to have the title Wang, which means "King")
	www.bostoncoop.net /~tpryor/wiki/index.php?title=Rulers_of_Korea (1522 words)

	Korean History - Late Choson Period
		King Injo fled to Namhansansong fortress, then capitulated to the invaders on a bank of the Han-gang river.
		King Yongjo also regularized the financial system of state revenues and expenses by adopting an accounting system.
		King Yongjo upgraded the status of the offspring of commoners, opening another possibility for upward social mobility.
	www.asianinfo.org /asianinfo/korea/history/late_choson_period.htm (6044 words)

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