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	King Tubby - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		King Tubby (born Osbourne Ruddock, January 28, 1941 – February 6, 1989) was a Jamaican electronics and sound engineer, known primarily for his influence on the development of dub in the 1960s and 1970s.
		King Tubby's production work in the 1970s would see him become one of the best-known celebrities in Jamaica, and would generate interest in his production techniques from musicians across the world.
		King Tubby was shot and killed on February 6, 1989 by unknown persons outside his home in Duhaney Park, upon returning from a session at his Waterhouse studio.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/King_Tubby (793 words)

	More info about King Jammy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Jammy, the undisputed king of computerized, digital reggae music for the 80s, was interested in little else but the sound system business from a very early age.
		Jammy was continually expanding his own studio and sound system and in the late 70s he began to release his own productions, including the debut Black Uhuru album, coming into contact with many rising dancehall artists such as Half Pint, Junior Reid and Echo Minott.
		Jammy's constant involvement with the grassroots side of the business gave him a keen sense of what was currently happening in reggae, and also allowed him to anticipate new trends.
	www.waterhouserock.com /subpage5.html (692 words)

	King Jammy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lloyd James, (born in Kingston, Jamaica), better known as Prince Jammy or King Jammy, began his career as a protege of Dub legend King Tubby.
		In the 1980s, he became one of the most influential producers of dancehall music.
		King Tubby and Aggrovators - Shalom Dub [1975]
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prince_Jammy (988 words)

	BlueBeat.com - Artist: Prince Jammy
		Jammy's new position meant that he was able to get his hands on some of the finest roots reggae of the era, mixing classic rhythms by the likes of Vivian "Yabby You" Jackson and Bunny "Striker" Lee, the results typically appearing as the version sides of various 45s.
		The versions Jammy concocted simultaneously proved that he was well versed in the techniques acquired from Tubby and that he had developed a distinct mixing voice of his own.
		Jammy then continued his dub explorations, mixing the bulk of the Black Uhuru tracks for his excellent Jammy's in Lion Dub Style set.
	www.bluebeat.com /artists/2299 (790 words)

	Ward 21 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		They were fortunate to gain their musical experience from one of Jamaica's most influential and groundbreaking producers King Jammy at his legendary studio situated on St Lucia Avenue, Waterhouse which is also where Ward 21 grew up.
		The King could see the potential in Suku's imaginative musical skills around the King Jammy High Power set and it wasn't long before he was working at the studio as a recording engineer.
		He played on the King Jammy Hi Power set with his bandmates and it was Suku who bought his attention to King.
	www.waterhouserock.com /gpage.html4.html (712 words)

	King Jammys - Beth Lesser
		However, Beth Lesser's King Jammy's, recently reissued after first publication in 1989, is no ordinary biography but an eye witness account of those decisive years that reads as fresh now as it did at the time.
		Jammy's musical experiments with a cheap Casio keyboard were to grow into a full scale digital revolution and Lesser was there to experience this, convey the excitement through text and photos, and remind today's reader why, over 15 years later, digital music still controls the commanding heights.
		King Jammy's is in essence a journal, with a diary's unpretentious immediacy and detail.
	www.reggaezine.co.uk /bethlesser.html (620 words)

	King Jammy$
		Jammy's influence on the reggae and the dancehall scene cannot be overstated.
		By keeping in close contact with the grassroots, Jammy anticipated the emergence of new trends and the list of hits that came out of his camp during the 80s is staggering.
		All four members met as engineers in Jammy's studio and with Jammy's support, the group have transformed themselves into one of the heaviest acts on the urban scene.
	www.bashmentvibes.com /pro_kingjam.htm (810 words)

	King Tubby’s Dynasty
		Osbourne ‘King Tubby’ Ruddock, the engineer, the instrumentalist, the electrician, the teacher, the Master, the ‘Scientist’ is considered to be the last "confirmed ruler of the sound world".
		King Tubby was not like a normal king that generally uses his power to monopolize those who present a threat to his reign.
		Jammy was an old friend and fellow sound system operator of Tubby’s that began much like Scientist did, first working in the studio, and later producing albums of his own.
	debate.uvm.edu /dreadlibrary/seddon.html (4529 words)

	DANCEHALL REGGAE MUSIC AT RUDEGAL.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In this new Millennium the flame at the world-famous King Jammy's, St. Lucia Avenue, studio is burning with even more intensity, fuelled by a hand-picked collective of musically-madd youths - all united by an insane approach to Dancehall.
		As well as the recording studio success, King Jammy's Hi-Power was also a dominant force in the sound system arena at that time, and Suku;s talents thrived as he became a member of the crew.
		Word reached King Jammy that Mark was the hot selector on the block and Jammy promptly secured him for his own sound system.
	www.rudegal.com /ward21bio.htm (1288 words)

	Various Dub: A Journey In Bass Culture CD
		King Tubby & The Aggravators / A Rude Dubwise
		King Tubby either voiced an artist of the producer’s choice on the producer’s track, or mixed an instrumental version, known as dub, by stripping the track down to its component parts, changing the eq, adding sound effects, echo and reverb etc., to achieve something else altogether.
		Prince Jammy later won a reputation that saw him crowned “King” for his dancehall records, but his foundation was as a roots sound man and a dub mixer for King Tubby, who viewed him as something of an apprentice.
	www.unionsquaremusic.co.uk /titlev4.php?ALBUM_ID=606&LABEL_ID=3 (2880 words)

	Reggae CD Store ... Articles / Dancehall Explosion with Mr. Vegas & Ward 21.
		By this time he was under the watchful eyes of King Jammy and one day he called him and said he should start working in the Dub Room, and was hired as a Dub Cutting Engineer.
		He was introduced to King Jammy by "Suku" as a Sound System Operator, after playing the sound for a few weeks he was invited into the Recording Studio as an apprentice engineer by the man himself King Jammy.
		King Jammy's Studio is located on the same road where he lived.
	www.reggaecd.com /concert/ward21/ward21.htm (1411 words)

	King Tubby
		Jammy, born 26th October 1947 in Montego Bay, had originally introduced Bunny Lee and Tubby when he ran his sound system in Waterhouse in the late sixities with deejay Lizzy.
		By 1985, Jammy had become the dominant Jamaican producer, responsible himself for bringing a whole new generation of musicians and mixers into the music.
		After leaving the studio in Waterhouse, King Tubby was murdered by a lone gunman outside his home at 85 Sherlock Crescent in nearby Duhaney park, and Jamaican music lost one of its most influential talents.
	www.furious.com /perfect/kingtubby2.html (926 words)

	King Tubby - Pioneer of Dub
		King Tubby (born Osbourne Ruddock, January 28, 1941 - February 6, 1989) is a Jamaican musician, known primarily for his influence on the development of dub in the 1960s.
		Dancehall producer King Jammy's and his rival Scientist served their sonic apprenticeship with Tubby.
		Prince Jammy, otherwise named Lloyd James, would eventually go on to become one of the most successful producers during the dancehall era that Jamaica was soon to enter.
	www.jahsonic.com /KingTubby.html (1786 words)

	GLP - artist roster - biography
		In this new Millennium the flame at the world famous King Jammy's St Lucia Avenue studio is burning with even more intensity, fuelled by a hand-picked collective of musically mad youths - all united by an insane approach to dancehall.
		Suku's first experimental beats were awash with a unique flavour that captured the attention of King Jammy whose rhythmical experience told him to nurture Suku's talents further.
		Ward 21's elder grew up on the Avenue that is home to the King Jammy's studio and visited it almost everyday of his life.
	www.glp.at /cont/artistroaster/biographie.asp?ID=113 (904 words)

	King Tubby, MP3 Music Download at eMusic
		King Tubby was born under the more humble name of Osbourne Ruddock in Kingston, Jamaica, on January 28, 1941.
		There, King Tubby began deconstructing and reconstructing music in the same way he had sound systems, but these early efforts were really remixes, an already old skill in Jamaica.
		King Tubby was also happy to provide mixes for Glen Brown, the man who first gave him his due.
	www.emusic.com /artist/10564/10564247.html (1782 words)

	Montreal Mirror - Music : King Jammy's
		Soon after seeing the King Jammy’s reissue to completion, which, incidentally, was eventually edited by Micah Locilento, MacLeod left ECW in preparation for a move to Jamaica.
		BL: King Jammy was a product of King Tubby, probably the most important name that was able to influence the whole of reggae music.
		Jammy was able to take all of the things he had learned with Tubby and build a sound that dominated throughout the ’80s.
	www.montrealmirror.com /ARCHIVES/2003/011603/books_cover.html (1383 words)

	village voice > music > King at the Controls, King Jammy's Essential Hits From Reggae's Digital Revolution: 1985—1989 ...
		For more than two decades, packs of profiling, rhyming hopefuls have stood 24-7 in King Jammy's sun-baked Kingston yard, each one praying to be called into an adjoining recording studio and emerge as the next Shabba Ranks.
		Jammy has never been Jamaica's sole route for reggae talent, but he did produce Wayne Smith's "Sleng Teng," the 1985 tune that launched digitalized reggae (a/k/a dancehall) and spawned countless other computer-driven hits, many riding the same catchy instrumental (also dubbed "Sleng Teng") Smith had discovered while fiddling with a battery-powered Casio keyboard.
		After failing repeatedly to "get it back," as Smith recounts in the DVD accompanying this first of an ambitious Jammy re-release series, he finally pushed the right button and ran to the King, who filled out the Casio's spare, tinny track from his studio mixing board.
	www.villagevoice.com /music/0632,oumano,74135,22.html (258 words)

	King Jammy Meets Dry & Heavy
		King Jammy (formerly Prince Jammy) pioneered digital dub in the '70s with King Tubby, Linton Kwesi Johnson, and Augustus Pablo.
		With (literally) hundreds of releases to his credit, Jammy (Lloyd James) is to an echo chamber what Evil Knievel is to a motorbike, as evidenced by his '87 "Rockers Award" for best producer.
		In '98 the troupe released One Punch on Beat Records in Japan, which was subsequently licensed to Musidisc in France and Green Tea in the U.K. Then in '00, they released their third (and by far most successful) album, Full Contact, which was picked up stateside by Portland, Oregon's progressive BSI Records.
	www.epitonic.com /artists/kingjammymeetsdryheavy.html (324 words)

	Various Dancehall Roots CD
		With a 20-year history in reggae music, Jammy's emergence as the boss producer of the mid-80s was a result of his ears being attuned to all the major developments in Jamaican music and filtering those through the then-new digital electronic sounds.
		By the time Jammy had opened his own studio at 38 St Lucia Road, Kingston 11, in the same ghetto where he had made his name at Tubby's studio, he was already a formidable figure in the music business.
		At the heart of it was the genial figure of Jammy himself, sharp little moustache, gentle smile and casually open body language belying the toughness required to graduate from reggae's school of hard knocks.
	www.unionsquaremusic.co.uk /titlev4.php?ALBUM_ID=521&LABEL_ID=7 (3263 words)

	Manhunt.com: Digital Reggae Creator King Jammy's New Release on VP Records out June 18th by Press Release, Gospel and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The tracks were chosen by Jammy and NYC-Jamaica main man, Johnny Wonder who, since the 80’s as a part of Jammy’s studio crew, was instrumental in bringing the hottest sounds emanating out of Jamaica to the NYC club scene, helping to break many an artist here.
		The companion DVD is set in King Jammy’s own Watertown community and gives a glimpse of the environment the music emerged from and the man behind the boards.
		King At The Controls King Jammy Essential Hits {from reggae’s} Digital Revolution 1985-1989 will be followed by King Jammy’s Selector’s Choice on October 10th.
	www.manhunt.com /news/stories/2006/5/1147917939_DigitalReggaeCreatorKingJammysNewReleaseonVPRecordsoutJune1.html (555 words)

	King Jammy: The Revenge of the Super Power All Stars Volume 3 - PopMatters Music Review
		King Jammy and Black Scorpio went head to head and Jammy, already a producer of note, decided to add a Cassio digital keyboard to his battery of effects.
		It was reggae's equivalent to Planet Rock and the music was forever changed.The rest of the eighties belonged to King Jammy.
		There is also a useful sample of which older stars adapted and survived and who the new stars were who prospered with King Jammy's rise.
	www.popmatters.com /music/reviews/j/jammyking-revengeofthesuperpower.shtml (1008 words)

	Wakefield Press – King Jammy’s
		A window into the life and work of King Jammy, this book looks at one of Jamaica’s legendary sound system owners and record producers – the man credited with saving reggae music by injecting it with new life through the development of digital rhythms.
		While the dominant roots sound that had come to define reggae during the 1970s had been primarily associated with ganja and Rastafari, the fresh sound that was coming out of Jammy’s studio was upbeat, aggressive, and thoroughly modern in its use of electronic drums and keyboards.
		This book takes a detailed look at the musical history of the legendary King Jammy, and intertwines his unique story with a portrait of the times in which he lived and worked.
	www.wakefieldpress.com.au /books/kingjammys.html (160 words)

	King Jammys By Beth Lesser - Jamaicans.com Articles & Columns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A window into the life and work of a champion producer and soundsystem boss, King Jammy’s offers an intimate look at one of the most important figures in the history of “urban” music—the man credited with saving reggae by injecting it with new life through the development of “digital” rhythms.
		The 1980s was the age of dancehall and Lloyd “Jammy” James was King.
		In this reissue of the classic book first published in 1989 by Finland’s Blackstar Press, Beth Lesser takes a detailed look at the musical history of one man, the legendary King Jammy, and intertwines his unique story with a portrait of the times in which he lived and worked.
	www.jamaicans.com /articles/0603_kingjammys.htm (358 words)

	King Jammy : A Man and His Music, Vol. 3: Hits Style - Listen, Review and Buy at ARTISTdirect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The third volume devoted to the productions of King Jammy brings us to the recent past.
		Jammy's continuing deployment of the synthesizer had become so dominant that by the mid-'70s, horns were almost absent from reggae sessions.
		That didn't mean that the vocals lost their soulfulness, however; such singers as Johnnie Osbourne, Delroy Wilson, and John Holt, as well as groups like Black Uhuru and Dennis Brown, included the same zeal and fiery demeanor within the new backing as they had during the old days.
	www.artistdirect.com /nad/store/artist/album/0,,938644,00.html (222 words)

	MP3 Albums by Prince Jammy [DUBROOM.com E-music Portal]
		When Prince Jammy takes his place behind the Controls and there are Dennis Brown riddims in the multitrack, you have the ingredients for some very heavy heavy dubwise.
		Prince Jammy at the Controls meets Sly and Robbie with Horace Andy at the Microphone Stand in this great collection of vocals and dubs that will move you for many years to come.
		King Tubby, Prince Jammy and others show their mixing skills in this great album full of hard Roots Rockers Reggae in DUB Style.
	www.dubroom.org /mp3/emusic-artists_princejammy.htm (535 words)

	He's Got Riddims: Jammy's Evergreen Grooves
		Now comes a CD/DVD anthology, "King at the Controls" (VP Records), which sums up King Jammy's enormous influence on dancehall reggae, with 20 tracks from a relatively short period in the mid-'80s.
		King Jammy's massive catalogue includes classic struggle-themed songs and wonderful performances from Cocoa Tea, Dennis Brown and Nitty Gritty.
		Jammy's sound was revolutionary, and it kept fans dancing into the '90s.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/21/AR2006072100300.html (672 words)

	MUSICMATCH Guide: King Tubby
		By the end of the '70s, however, King Tubby had turned his attention to teaching and training a new generation of engineers and producers, including Prince Jammy (who would only take the crown once his mentor died, becoming at that point King Jammy), the equally innovative Scientist, and Prince Philip Smart, among others.
		That same year, First, Second and Third Generations of Dub brought together the teacher, alumnus Prince Jammy, and the young graduate, Scientist, for an album that aptly illustrated the development of all three.
		Scientist and King Tubby united for two more albums released in 1996 by the U.K. label Burning Sounds, King Tubby's Meets Scientist in a World of Dub and King Tubby's Meets Scientist at Dub Station.
	www.mmguide.musicmatch.com /artist/artist.cgi?ARTISTID=348845&TMPL=LONG (2048 words)

	king jammy / various, king jammy in roots
		KING JAMMY / VARIOUS - King Jammy in Roots
		Better known for his work after changing reggae forever with the ‘Sleng Teng’ ridim, Jammy’s role from the ska era onwards, as sound system operator, selector, engineer at Tubbys and then producer is formative.
		Rhythms built for the most part at Harry J’s and Channel one, voiced and mixed at King Tubby’s and Auraluxx maintain their stance for warm valve based reproductions, fully faithful to the innovations and true invention of this fine music.
	www.boomkat.com /item.cfm?id=16269 (397 words)

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