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Topic: King Leopold II of Belgium

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	LeopoldII
		When Leopold II learned of Maximilian's death he demanded custody of the widow; rumours had reached him of the cruel and neglectful treatment hsi sister was being subjected by the Habsburgs and he sent his wife, Queen Marie Henriette to Trieste to bring Charlotte back to Belgium.
		King Leopold forbid her younger daughter Clementine to marry and kept her by his side for maany years until his death, after which she married Prince Victor Napoleon, grandson of Napoleon Bonaparte's brother Jeronimo.
		Corti, Egon Caesar: King Leopold I of the Belgians
	www.geocities.com /maxhabsburgo/LeopoldII.html (1044 words)

	Belgium: History - K12 Academics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The Congo territory was acquired formally by Leopold at the Conference of Berlin in 1885.
		Belgium is also one of the six founding members of the 1951 established European Coal and Steel Community, and the 1957 established European Economic Community and European Atomic Energy Community.
		Belgium hosts the headquarters of NATO and a major part of the European Union's institutions and administrations, including the European Commission, the Council of the European Union and the extraordinary and committee sessions of the European Parliament, as well as parts of its administration.
	www.k12academics.com /belgium_history.htm (1179 words)

	amazing information about Belgium
		Under the reign of terror instituted by King Leopold II of Belgium (who ran the Congo Free State as his personal fief from 1885 to 1908), the population of the Congo was reduced by half -- as many as 8 million Africans (perhaps even 10 million, in Hochschild's opinion) lost their lives.
		Leopold himself comes across as a cartoon-strip megalomaniac -- a mad, greedy king obsessed since adolescence with the idea of running a colony of his own and intent throughout his career on covering his lust for money and real estate in honeyed talk of philanthropy and human rights.
		In actuality, Leopold saw the Congo as his personal domain (his power as sovereign of the colony was not shared with the Belgian government) and as a rich source of rubber, ivory and other natural resources that could fatten his coffers at home.
	www.netanyahu.org /aminabbel.html (1075 words)

	Untitled Document
		Leopold’s intention at that time was somehow to find a way for Belgium to take control of the AIA but it rapidly became obvious to him that Belgium was unfit to receive his creation.
		Leopold writing to Stanley: ‘…It is a question of creating a new State as big as possible and running it … there is no question of granting political power to Negroes … the white man will head the stations which will be populated by free and freed Negroes.
		Leopold realised that he was beaten in terms of actual ‘ownership’ of the Congo but he still had more than half a pack of cards to play in concealing the multiplicity of companies in which he had shares or owned outright.
	www.bouncing-balls.com /timeline/people/nr_leopoldmorel.htm (7797 words)

	Leopold II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		In 1876 Leopold II employed Stanley to acquire as much land in the Congo Basin as he possibly could.
		Leopold did anything to gain wealth out of these areas including the use of forced labor.
		In 1908 Belgium took the lands for itself as the Belgian Congo.
	www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us /~bsilva/projects/scramble/leopold.htm (411 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - King Leopold II and the Belgian Congo
		Leopold accomplished this improbable feat by playing on nationalist distrust artfully; the idea of a strong, indigenous state in the Congo to serve as a “buffer zone” and as a check on French territorial ambitions was attractive to both Britain and Germany.
		Leopold went to work with a will to consolidate his new realm, intensifying exploration efforts (already underway before the advent of the conference) with an investment in railway construction to link up the coast to the interior, bypassing the obstacle of Stanley Pool.
		Present since the 1860s, the slavers were firmly entrenched in the region and did not necessarily recognize Leopold’s claim to the area; and given that an avowed aim of the Berlin conference was abolition of Africa’s interior slave trade, the slavers correctly felt that their livelihood was threatened.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A2504684 (2735 words)

	Bruce Bueno de Mesquita on the logic of political survival and the two faces of King Leopold II of Belgium \| ...
		King Leopold II of Belgium is a particularly revealing example.
		In Africa, King Leopold was a classic African despot, plundering his territory shamelessly for personal gain, murdering millions, and suitably rewarding the unsavory and relatively small gang of thugs and thieves who ran this ghastly system.
		Leopold II, pursuer of ultimate and permanent power whenever and wherever he could find it, was able to let rip in Africa, but not in Belgium.
	www.samizdata.net /blog/archives/2006/08/bruce_bueno_de.html (1813 words)

	King Léopold II of Belgium killer file
		As the influence of the Europeans steadily moves inland, the Congo River basin is raised in the imagination of the West, with the exploits of 19th Century explorers such as David Livingstone receiving wide publicity.
		He is the eldest son of Léopold I, first king of the Belgians.
		His dark and graphic satire 'King Léopold's Soliloquy: A Defence of His Congo Rule' is published in pamphlet form by the American Congo Reform Association in September 1905.
	www.moreorless.au.com /killers/leopold.html (4506 words)

	BRIA(16:2) King Leopold, Heart of Darkness, Belgium, Congo, Rockefeller, Standard Oil, Monopoly, United States v. ...
		Leopold and the concessions gave bonuses to their agents for paying native workers little for the ivory and rubber.
		Leopold's agents held the wives and children of these men as hostages until they returned with their quota of rubber.
		King Leopold's Congo Free State was an economic, environmental, cultural, and human disaster for the Congo people.
	www.crf-usa.org /bria/bria16_2.html (5715 words)

	Mass crimes against humanity and genocidein the Congo Free State
		King Léopold II (1835 - 1909) occupied the Belgium throne from 1865 until his death in 1909.
		Opponents of King Léopold's rule concluded that the administration itself was to be considered responsible for the spreading of this dreadful epidemic.
		In Belgium: Léopold II is perceived by many Belgians as the "King-Builder" ("le Roi-Bâtisseur" in French, "Koning-Bouwer" in Dutch) because he commissioned a great number of buildings and urban projects in Antwerp, Brussels, Ostend and elsewhere in Belgium.
	www.religioustolerance.org /genocong.htm (2482 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		[dq]It's a taste we have got to make her learn.[/dq] The duke's father, King Leopold I, had at one time considered acquiring a colony, but was discouraged after his investment at St. Thomas de Guatemala ended with the imprisonment, bankruptcy, and death of the settlers and main promoter.
		In 1964, Leopold's youngest sister, Charlotte, and her husband Archduke Maximilian are installed by Napoleon III of France as the country's figurehead Emperor and Empress.
		Leopold explains that his plans are [dq]in no way motivated by selfish designs.[/dq] He speaks only of science, philanthropy, and ending the slave trade.
	www.cooperativeresearch.org /exportxml.jsp?timeline=congo (1564 words)

	King Léopold II and Belgium’s Massacre of Millions of Africans » Emerging Minds African American Culture ...
		Outside of Belgium, however, he is chiefly remembered as one of the world’s most notorious terrorist who destroyed what was known as the Congo Free State.
		Ultimately, Léopold II and the country of Belgium were responsible for the death of up to an estimated 30 million Africans and extinguishing an entire generation of Congolese.
		Under Léopold II's administration, the Congo Free State was subject to a terror regime, including atrocities such as mass killings and maimings which were used to subjugate the indigenous tribes of the Congo region and to procure slave labor.
	www.emergingminds.org /magazine/content/item/3632 (2350 words)

	Belgium's imperialist rape of Africa: A review of King Leopold's Ghost
		Adam Hochschild's study of King Leopold II of Belgium's creation of the Congo Free State goes to the essence of the economic and political systems established in colonial Africa.
		Leopold developed a military dictatorship over a country 76 times the size of Belgium, with only a small number of white officials.
		From the early 1900s until after Leopold's death in 1909, Morel used information smuggled out of the Congo by missionaries and Leopold's employees to mount a campaign that won the support of prominent politicians and churchmen, both in Britain and the United States.
	www.wsws.org /articles/1999/sep1999/king-s06.shtml (2322 words)

	AMNH Congo Expedition Readings
		King Leopold's Ghost describes the Congo in the period just prior to the American Museum Expedition.
		In 1885, King Leopold II of Belgium took control of the vast Congo Basin and began a process of pacification and exploitation.
		By the time Leopold ceded the Congo to Belgium in 1908, he had amassed a huge personal fortune at the cost of millions of Congolese lives.
	diglib1.amnh.org /articles/klg (105 words)

	US-Congo (1959-1997) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The young Duke of Brabant is crowned King Leopold II of Belgium.
		King Leopold II of Belgium hosts the Geographical Conference on West Africa at the Royal Palace in Brussels to discuss his plan to establish a Belgian colony in Central Africa.
		King Leopold II of Belgium writes in a letter to his ambassador in London, “I do not want to miss a good chance of getting us a slice of this magnificent African cake.” [Pakenham, 1992, pp.
	www.cooperativeresearch.org /timeline.jsp?timeline=congo (2196 words)

	[No title]
		Belgium continues to increase its counter-terrorism capabilities by adding domestic legislative, judicial, intelligence, and law enforcement tools that increase its ability to prevent or respond to terrorism.
		Belgium operates within UN and EU frameworks concerning the freezing of terrorist assets, but has yet to develop a domestic legal framework to act independently.
		In 1885, King Leopold II of Belgium gained a vast area in central Africa as his personal possession.
	www.lycos.com /info/belgium--miscellaneous.html (474 words)

	AfricaSpeaks.com - Belgium's imperialist rape of Africa
		Contrast this with remarks Leopold made to his London minister on the explorer Henry Morton Stanley, hired by the IAA to explore the interior of the Congo: "I'm sure if I quite openly charged Stanley with the task of taking possession in my name of some part of Africa, the English will stop me...
		By means of bribes and lobbying, Leopold gained recognition for the Congo in 1884 by the United States, followed by a similar deal with France.
		Leopold attempted to destroy the evidence: for eight days in 1908 furnaces in Leopold's Brussels headquarters were at full blast, as Congo State archives were tuned to ash.
	www.africaspeaks.com /articles/2004/3107.html (2315 words)

	Leopold II of Belgium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Leopold II of the Belgians (April 9, 1835 – December 17, 1909) succeeded his father, Leopold I of Belgium, to the Belgian throne in 1865 and remained king until his death.
		Outside of Belgium, he is chiefly remembered as the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State, a private project undertaken by the King to extract rubber and ivory, which relied on forced labour.
		In his novel Tarzan of the Apes, Edgar Rice Burroughs mentions King Leopold and the Congo Free State, referring to Leopold as "that arch hypocrite" whose "atrocities" outmatched the cruelty of the worst cannibal tribes of Africa [3].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium (1510 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| King Leopold's legacy of DR Congo violence
		Of the Europeans who scrambled for control of Africa at the end of the 19th century, Belgium's King Leopold II left arguably the largest and most horrid legacy of all.
		Instead, as the makers of BBC Four documentary White King, Red Rubber, Black Death powerfully argue, the king unleashed new horrors on the African continent.
		He has an actor play the bearded, heavily-set Leopold, fidgeting nervously as damning testimonies are read out, compiled by the foreign correspondents of the day, the missionaries.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/3516965.stm (742 words)

	Guardian \| Belgium exhumes its colonial demons
		More than a century after King Leopold II of Belgium claimed Congo as his personal colony, an unprecedented investigation into Belgium's murky colonial past and long-ignored allegations of genocide is to be held.
		When it was published in Belgium in 1999 it outraged the country's historians but failed to bring about a genuine period of reflection.
		An imposing palace near Brussels built by Leopold with money he made in Congo to showcase a place he never visited, it is crammed with millions of objects brought back in dubious circumstances.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4460659-103681,00.html (843 words)

	King Leopold's Ghost - Adam Hochschild
		King Leopold's Ghost tells the story of King Leopold II of Belgium and his (mis)rule of a colony that he essentially owned, known variously as the Congo, the Belgian Congo, and Zaire.
		King Leopold II, who never set foot in his fiefdom, managed (with the help of many willing underlings) to ruin a country.
		Even Hochschild acknowledges that he knew little about Leopold's misrule (and the campaign against it), and near the end of the book he describes a Belgian diplomat who was also unfamiliar with these events.
	www.complete-review.com /reviews/hochscha/kingleo.htm (902 words)

	Commentary: Exemplifying the Horror of European Colonization: Leopold's Congo
		The Congo Free State was the private land, not a colony, of King Leopold II of Belgium to do with whatever he wanted.
		Where exploitation of a colony's natural resources or portering was carried out by forced labor (in effect slavery of a modern kind), as it was in all the European and Asian colonies, then the forced labor system built in its own death toll from beatings, punishment, coercion, terror, and forced deprivation.
		I am far from an expert on fin-de-siecle and early-20th century European politics, but it seems to me that both Belgium and France could have claimed, at the time that they and/or their chartered companies were perpetrating massive atrocities, to be as democratic as any states then in existence.
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/COMM.7.1.03.HTM (1567 words)

	Films from Africa and the African diaspora - ArtMattan Productions - africanfilm.com
		The Belgian government has denounced this documentary as a "tendentious diatribe" for depicting King Leopold II as the moral forebear of Adolf Hitler, responsible for the death of 10 million people in his rapacious exploitation of the Congo.
		Those who fell behind in their labor quotas were tortured, mutilated and murdered; the wives of the laborers were frequently held prisoner and subject to rape and torture, and entire villages that rebelled against the enslavement were burned to the ground.
		Leopold II is praised today for bringing "civilization" to Congo (ignoring the fact that the Congolese civilization goes back several centuries).
	www.africanfilm.com /Congo.htm (688 words)

	King Leopold's Ghost - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		King Leopold's Ghost (1998 ISBN 0-330-49233-0) is a non-fiction book by Adam Hochschild that explores the exploitation of the Congo Free State by Léopold II of Belgium.
		Also in 2005, the American and British publishers of King Leopold’s Ghost reissued the book with a new “Afterword”by Hochschild, in which he talks about the reactions to the book, the death toll, and events in the Congo since its publication.
		The Belgian historian Jean Stengers, whose works are cited in the sources of King Leopold's Ghost, claimed in a newspaper article that Hochschild's moral judgements are "not justified in respect at the time and place" and that his conclusions about the scale of the mass murder are based on incomplete statistics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/King_Leopold's_Ghost (1249 words)

	Long Autograph Letter Signed ("Arthur Conan Doyle") to an unnamed recipient, evidently an American newspaper editor, ...
		King Leopold II of Belgium was the driving force behind the exploration of the Congo in the 1870's, with Henry Morton Stanley as his main agent.
		The ruthless expoitation and mistreatment of the native population by Leopold's troops and white merchants, already the subject of protests by missionaries, was finally completely exposed in Roger Casement's report of 1904.
		Britain and America put pressure on Belgium to remove Leopold's personal rule and annex the territory, which became part of Belgium at the end of 1908.
	www.maggs.com /title/AU4309.asp (613 words)

	Thoughts on a trip to Antwerp, and legacies of the villainy of King Leopold II \| Samizdata.net
		The Belgian Congo (initially the personal property of King Leopold II of Belgium, who had ironically managed to get control of it in the first place by presenting himself as a great humanitarian) was perhaps the most brutal colonial enterprise of them all.
		Essentially, at the end of the 19th century the colony was turned into a slave labour rubber plantation by King Leopold and his men.
		King Leopold's rule of the Congo seems to be about as perfect a refutation of this delusional piffle as one could wish for.
	www.samizdata.net /blog/archives/005221.html (2160 words)

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