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Topic: King of Burundi

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	1. Burundi. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The intervention of the Burundi king, Mwami Mwambutsa IV, in the political situation led to the resignation of Prime Minister Muhirwa and to increasing royal domination of politics.
		An attempted coup by Hutu officers in Burundi led to a purge and the execution of Hutu leaders and the massacre of thousands of Hutu peasants by the Tutsi military and Tutsi mobs.
		Perhaps 5 percent of the Burundi population (50,000–100,000) died in mass ethnic violence against the Hutu by the Tutsi, hardening the Tutsi ruling class's determination to exclude the Hutu.
	www.bartleby.com /67/4412.html (397 words)

	Burundi. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Burundi is one of the poorest, smallest, and most densely populated nations in Africa.
		During World War I, Belgian forces occupied (1916) Burundi, and in 1919 it became part of the Belgian League of Nations mandate of Ruanda-Urundi (which in 1946 became a UN trust territory).
		Burundi was convulsed by ethnic violence in which thousands of Hutus and Tutsis died, and many fled the country.
	www.bartleby.com /65/bu/Burundi.html (1355 words)

	List of Kings of Burundi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the 16th century, Burundi was a kingdom characterized by a hierarchical political authority and tributary economic exchange.
		The kings continued through the colonial period, but each of the last kings was deposed in a coup d'état.
		Burundi ceased to be a monarchy when king Ntare V Ndizeye was deposed by prime minister Capt. Michel Micombero, who abolished the monarchy and declared a republic in 1966.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/King_of_Burundi (258 words)

	Burundi modele:sélective génocide in Burundi
		Burundi and Rwanda became part of German East Africa in 1899, at the zenith of colonial expansion in Africa.
		In 1923, Burundi and Rwanda became the Belgian mandated territories known as Rwanda-Urundi and were administered as a single unit.
		The next point is in the nature of a qualification to the foregoing: in some respects the Burundi situation had already been defined by the Belgian colonizer as one approximating to Rwanda, with the result that something of a caste structure had already begun to emerge during the colonial period.
	www.burundi-agnews.info /agnews_selectgenobur.htm (3829 words)

	CHARLES BRAY's Burund Journal
		As in neighboring Rwanda, Burundi has suffered from the terrible problems of a border that cuts across ethnic enmities, leaving opposing groups of people unable to come to terms with living together in peace and harmony.
		The Tutsi arrived in the 16th century and established a feudal system under their Mwami [King]; the Hutu were reduced to serfdom, tending cattle on behalf of the Tutsi.
		Burundi's three previous Hutu presidents were all overthrown by the military.
	www.greatestcities.com /users/cbray5003/Africa/Burundi (1248 words)

	Burundi (09/06)
		A joint session of the parliament elected Pierre Nkurunziza as President of Burundi on August 19, 2005 in a vote of 151 to 9 with one abstention, establishing the post-transition government.
		Burundi is heavily dependent on bilateral and multilateral aid, with external debt totaling $1.2 billion in 2003.
		Burundi is a member of various international and regional organizations, including the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the African Union, and the African Development Bank, and became a member of COMESA, the free-tariff zone of eastern and southern Africa, in 2004.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2821.htm (3110 words)

	Burundi
		Burundi is a small landlocked country in east central Africa, bordering Rwanda, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
		Because Burundi and Rwanda were populated by the same ethnic groups and spoke the same language, the United Nations thought that they should remain one nation, but the two wanted independence separately, and the United Nations acquiesced.
		Burundi had a large trade deficit in the 1980 and 1990s, but this was mostly alleviated by foreign aid from Belgium, France, and Germany.
	www.everyculture.com /Bo-Co/Burundi.html (5547 words)

	APPEAL FOR PEACE IN RWANDA AND IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		When the Belgian came in Rwanda, they found King YUHI MUSINGA whom they took in exile in Congo because he was a best friend of German and replaced him by his son, MUTARA III, who died mysteriously when he was receiving an injection by a Belgian Doctor.
		As recommended by the resolutions of United Nations, during the first election before independence, King KIGELI V went to Rwanda to assist the first elections, but as he knew that the Belgians didn’t want him to come back, and all militaries on all borders of Rwanda were given order of arresting him if he comes.
		The King arrived after mid-night and in the morning because of many people who were rushing to go see him the Belgian came to know that he is already in Kigali; they arrested him and took him by military helicopter to Bujumbura, where he was taken under house-arrest.
	www.king-kigeli.com /misc/lost.htm (633 words)

	UNHCR - Burundi: Descent Into Chaos or a Manageable Crisis?
		The action of the Rwandese King Mutara III Rudahigwa dedicating his country to Christ the King in 1946 was something which would have appeared bizarre to the Burundi court at the time, in spite of the national importance of the Catholic church.
		Burundi political society suffers from a fundamental institutional anomaly or, as Professor Reyntjens calls it, 'a creeping coup'[140] Basically, the problem lies with the refusal of certain sectors of the Tutsi to accept that a Hutu could be elected President of the Republic.
		Jean-Paul Harroy, Burundi (1955-1962), (Brussels: Hayez, 1987) and Rwanda (1955-1962), (Brussels: Hayez, 1984).
	www.unhcr.org /cgi-bin/texis/vtx/publ/opendoc.htm?tbl=RSDCOI&id=3ae6a6c00&page=publ (15096 words)

	Minorities At Risk (MAR) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Although the process of democratization in Burundi is far from complete, one measure of its effectiveness may be the fact that after the dual assassination of presidents Habyarimana and Ntaryamira in April 1994, Rwanda rapidly descended into genocide while Burundi remained relatively stable, although by no means free of Hutu-Tutsi violence.
		Burundi can be characterized as an authoritarian state in which genocide (1972, 1988) has been a chosen instrument of Tutsi elites in their struggle to maintain dominance.
		For example, a recent attempt by elements of the Burundi military to stage a coup were decisively rebuffed by a majority of the troops, who may have feared a spiral of violence in its wake.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/burhutu.htm (6578 words)

	burundi - ppu infrormation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Tutsi population of Urundi was increased in 1959 by refugees from ethnic violence in Ruanda.
		Burundi, with a population well over two-thirds Hutu, was given the status of independent monarchy under Tutsi rule.
		In 1966 the currently reigning king was deposed by his Tutsi prime minister Michel Micombero, who declared the state a republic, again with anti-Hutu bias.
	www.ppu.org.uk /war/countries/africa/burundi.html (1511 words)

	CNN.com - Rodney King reluctant symbol of police brutality - March 2, 2001
		LOS ANGELES, California -- Rodney King became a reluctant symbol of police brutality a decade ago when amateur photographer George Holliday provided evidence that was hard to ignore.
		At the time of the beating, King was a one-time Dodgers Stadium usher who had been convicted of robbery and was on probation.
		The King beating was followed by criticism of how police handled the 1992 riots and later the O.J. Simpson murder case.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/LAW/03/02/beating.anniversity.king.02 (1504 words)

	Political flags of Burundi
		It was founded in 1959 as the Union pour le Progrès National by Prince Louis Rwagasore, the son of the King of Burundi.
		Since FRODEBU is the main opponent to UPRONA, it is not surprising that it uses the white and green colours of the national flag, whereas UPRONA uses the white and red colours of the national flag.
		The flag of the PALIPEHUTU is red with in its center a green circle in which is inscribed the emblem of the party in fl colour.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/bi}.html (595 words)

	Historical flags of Burundi
		Burundi drum as national symbol on meaning of the drum in early Burundi flags and current flag related usage of drums
		From 1962, when Burundi achieved independence from Belgium, until 1966 the country flew a similar flag, but in the centre was a drum, called the Karyenda, a traditional emblem of the Mwami (king).
		A royal standart from the Burundi king (1962-1966) was published by Mc Meekin in Vexillinfo 109, that was the national flag with the arms in the central circle as in the attached image.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/bi_hist.html (728 words)

	BURUNDI
		The Kingdom of Burundi was founded during the middle of the seventeenth century by Ntare Rushatsi, who assumed the style of Mwami ca.
		The Mwami was recognised as Sultan of greater Burundi in 1905.
		The king was overthrown in a military coup d'etat and the monarchy abolished in 1966.
	www.4dw.net /royalark/Burundi/burundi.htm (513 words)

	The Royal Order of the Intare (Lion) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In 1931 Belgium forces King Musinga to abdicate his throne He is then exiled to Kamembe (current province of Cyangugu), near the Rwanda-Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) border.
		King Rudahigwa is succeeded by his half brother, who becomes King Kigeli V Ndahindurwa.
		King Kigeli V ascended the 1,000 year-old Rwandan Throne in 1959
	www.king-kigeli.com /misc/emering.htm (821 words)

	An MBendi Profile: An MBendi Country Profile for Burundi including economic and travel overviews and directories of ...
		Burundi is a landlocked independent state which lies to the south of Rwanda and forms part of the Central African Region.
		Burundi’s economy is estimated to have contracted by 25% since 1998.
		The Burundi oil industry is one of the key elements in the economy; accounting for around 15% of its imports.
	www.mbendi.co.za /land/af/bu/p0005.htm (1278 words)

	A short history of Burundi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The area to the north west of Burundi is inhabited by Bahutu since the tenth century BC.
		In 1966 King Mwambutsa is deposed by his son prince Ntare IV, who himself is deposed the same year by a military coup lead by Michel Micombero.
		Micombero abolishes the monarchy and declares the Republic of Burundi, although a de facto military regime dominated by Batutsi emerges.
	www.electionworld.org /history/burundi.htm (464 words)

	General Information on Burundi
		King Ntare was deposed by Micombero on Nov. 29, 1966, and Burundi was declared a republic with Micombero as president.
		In 1972 an attempt to restore the monarchy was unsuccessful, and in the fighting that followed King Ntare was killed, and as many as 150,000 Hutu, who were blamed by the government for the uprising, were slaughtered by the Tutsi and the Tutsi-dominated army.
		Burundi was a one-party state from 1966 until 1992, when voters overwhelmingly approved a multiparty constitution under which new elections were to be held in 1993.
	www.gateway-africa.com /countries/burundi.html (531 words)

	BURUNDI HISTORY
		Or un Muganwa, au Burundi, a une paternité Hutu.
		King Gisabo’s son Mutaga Mbikije is coronated as king at the age of 15.
		Burundi is proclaimed a republic and a single party state with Uprona as the only authorised party.
	homepage.mac.com /trondsc/Burundi/History/1.Dates.html (2051 words)

	Burundi - Atlapedia Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It is bound by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south, Lake Tanganyika to the southwest and Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire) to the west.
		Burundi is a high rolling country that is part of the Great African Plateau while it forms the divide between the Nile and the Zaire River Basins and has three natural regions.
		On Jan. 4, 1992 the Presidents of Burundi, Rwanda and Zaire agreed to reactivate permanent security commissions while on Mar. 9, 1992 a referendum on a draft constitution resulted in overwhelming support for changes that included multiparty politics.
	www.atlapedia.com /online/countries/burundi.htm (1201 words)

	Power of Nepal's King May Not Be So Absolute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		King Gyanendra, right, suspended Nepal's elected government in 2002 and assumed direct rule last year, a move he said was crucial to defeat a Maoist insurgency.
		So tenuous is the king's position that some Nepalese journalists and analysts have begun to speculate about the odds of a military coup, or perhaps a hurried departure by the royal family in the dead of night, spelling the end of the troubled Hindu dynasty that has presided over this impoverished Himalayan kingdom since 1768.
		The king, he asserted, is open to discussions with political parties as a way out of the current crisis.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/07/AR2006020701183.html (895 words)

	ONUB: United Nations Operation in Burundi - Press Releases
		Burundi has shown that its electoral system is mature and vibrant
		The Secretary-General of the United Nations congratulates the people of Burundi for a major step taken on the path to democracy and the rule of law.
		In Burundi, close to 1,000 out of every 100,000 women died from childbirth complications in 2004
	www.un.org /depts/dpko/missions/onub/press2005.htm (736 words)

	THE POLITICS OF GREED: and the path beyond - NI 188 - Country profile: Burundi
		Just before Independence in 1962, Prince Rwagasore, the eldest son of Burundi's tribal king, and leader of the main political party, was assassinated.
		The major change Burundi has seen since last September is the relaxation of restrictions on the Catholic Church.
		Burundi remains a sad secretive place, where memories have left a legacy of mistrust and fear - manifest again in the recent eruption of violence and bloodshed.
	www.newint.org /issue188/profile.htm (565 words)

	Minorities At Risk (MAR)
		Although the Tutsis in Burundi currently are in control of the government and military, they may be at future risk once Buyoya’s transition government runs its term and elections are held in 2003.
		Because majoritarian democracy in Burundi will mean the end of all Tutsi control, both sides will focus on some form of power-sharing if democracy is to take root.
		Burundi’s economic health depends heavily on the coffee crop, which accounts for 80% of foreign exchange earnings.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/burtuts.htm (6599 words)

	Burundi
		Burundi - one of the ancient kingdoms of Central Africa, to the east of Lake Tanganyika - is now a republic of 6,373,002 inhabitants (according to a 2002 estimate) with an approximate surface area of 27,834 km
		Burundi is inhabited by three population groups: the Tutsi, the Hutu and the Twa.
		The drummed rhythms of Burundi differ from those of Rwanda in terms of their rhythms and their more spectacular staging than that of the drums of Rwanda, with a more melodic and generally rigid technique.
	music.africamuseum.be /instruments/english/burundi/burundi.html (2281 words)

	Kulanu: Burundi timeline
		Burundi timeline: A BBC chronology of key events
		1965 - King Mwambutsa refuses to appoint a Hutu prime minister even though Hutus win a majority in parliamentary elections; attempted coup by Hutu police led by Michel Micombero brutally suppressed.
		2001 20 March - Six political parties representing Burundi's Tutsi minority accuse President Buyoya of planning to declare a state of emergency in an attempt to delay the peace process.
	www.kulanu.org /africa/burunditimeline.html (699 words)

	Kulanu: All of Us
		The Catholic hierarchy noted that the rituals of the festival were in accordance with the Old Testament rites of Sukkoth, and in 1917 the festival was banned by the Belgians.
		In 1993, the Tutsi of Burundi were slaughtered by the Hutu in the hundreds of thousands, and over a million were killed in Rwanda.
		Joseph returned to Burundi to attend his brother’s funeral, but because of the danger did not take his wife -- who has not seen her parents for 15 years -- or his children - who have never seen their grandparents or their homeland.
	kulanu.org /tutsi/jews-africa.html (2665 words)

	Star: Supermodel vying to become Burundi president
		With her new party Abahuza (Rally) officially recognised last month by the Burundi interior ministry, the 53-year-old princess wants to "reconcile Burundians with themselves" by electing her as president, restoring the monarchy and at the same time the ethnic harmony which has been lost.
		A niece of the last king of Burundi, and a member of the "ganwa" (royal clan), she says she belongs to a group with no blood on its hands and is in a unique position to offer a political "third way".
		Shaken by the violence which marked the years immediately after independence in 1962 and her father's assassination in 1964 in a palace plot, she left Burundi as soon as she had completed her studies at the National School of Administration.
	www.thestar.co.za /index.php?fSectionId=132&fArticleId=2265570 (283 words)

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