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Topic: Kingdom of Benin

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Benin City

Oba of Benin

History of Benin

Republic of Benin

Benin Bronzes

Punitive Expedition

Benin

Bight of Benin

Politics of Benin

Harry Rawson

Geography of Benin

Kingdom of dahomey

Onitsha

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Oyo

	Kingdom of Benin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kingdom of Benin was a widespread empire that flourished from the 14th to the 19th century.
		Ruled by the Oba of Benin, the kingdom is most famous for its treasured artifacts in bronze, iron and ivory, including bronze wall plaques and the life-sized bronze heads of kings of Benin.
		Benin grew increasingly rich during the 16th and 17th centuries on the slave trade with Europe, slaves from enemy states of the interior were sold, and carried to the Americas in Dutch and Portuguese ships.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin (603 words)

	Benin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Republic of Benin is a country in Western Africa, formerly known as Dahomey or Dahomania.
		The kingdom was prosperous and established slave trading relations with the Europeans (mostly Portuguese and Dutch) who first arrived in the late 15th century.
		It is believed that Vodun (or "Voodoo", as it is commonly known) originated in Benin and was introduced to Brazil, the Caribbean Islands, and parts of North America by slaves taken from this particular area of the Slave Coast.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Benin (2125 words)

	BENIN - LoveToKnow Article on BENIN
		In its restricted sense Benin is the country formerly ruled by the king of Benin city.
		Benin city was the seat of a theocracy of priests, in whose hands the oba or king, nominally supreme, appears to have often been a puppet.
		At that time the decline in power of the kingdom of Benin was obvious, and the city was in a decaying condition.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BE/BENIN.htm (2305 words)

	African States
		Benin is one of the states of southern Nigeria which claim to have obtained kingship from the Yoruba city of Ife.
		However, Benin prevented the depletion of its own population by prohibiting the export of males slaves during the 16th and 17th centuries, although it did import slaves purchased by Europeans elsewhere in West Africa, and resold some of them to the region which is now Ghana (see section on Asante below).
		The 19th century is often described by historians as a period of steady decline culminating in the conquest of Benin by the British in 1897.
	www.uiowa.edu /~africart/toc/history/giblinstate.html (5221 words)

	MrDonn.org - KINGDOM OF BENIN Ancient Africa, Lessons, Activities, Middle Ages
		The Kingdom of Benin was one of the Forest Kingdoms of ancient and medieval Africa.
		The Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay, each in their turn, were influenced by the Muslim merchants who brought with them the techniques of writing, formal education, currency and credit, and civil bureaucracy.
		Benin could go to war, and was forced to on occasion, but their warriors were fierce and capable; their leaders were wise; their people worked together as a team; and thus their normal state was a peaceful one.
	africa.mrdonn.org /benin.html (1432 words)

	::::::: Kurá Hulanda Museum ::: West African Benin ::: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The kingdom of Benin is located in the tropical rain forest of southern Nigeria, on a sandy coastal plain west of the Niger river and north of the swamps and creeks of the Niger Delta.
		The capital Benin City (in the 13th century no more than clusters of settlements, each surrounded by an earthen wall) had by then fused together and was the administrative center of the kingdom, home of te Oba (the king).
		The kingdom of Benin was usually at war with its neighbouring tribes and many captives were taken; so the Oba could trade slaves freely with the Portugese and later the Dutch.
	www.kurahulanda.com /virtual_guide/west_african_benin.html (1146 words)

	benin
		For a long time the Benin bronze sculptures were the only historical evidence dating back several centuries into the West African past, and both the level of technical accomplishment attained in bronze casting, as well as the monumental vigor of the figures represented, were the object of great admiration.
		Benin bronzes are better known than the artworks from Ife or Owo due to their presence in Western museums since 1890s.
		In the thirteenth century, the city of Benin was an agglomeration of farms enclosed by walls and a ditch.
	www.zyama.com /benin/pics..htm (764 words)

	Benin Bronze and History @ University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
		The palace in Benin was the height of a complex feudal society characterized by widespread competition for power, prestige and wealth.
		The divinity of the Benin monarchy is linked to Osanobua, the Creator God, and Olokun, his eldest son, who is associated intimately with the human world and with aspects of wealth, fertility and beauty.
		Although the kingdom of Benin ended in 1897, the Oba continues to commission art to inspire public loyalty and pride, as well as preserve historical memory during the changes of 20th century Nigeria.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /new/exhibits/galleries/benin.html (1005 words)

	Benin
		Located almost wholly with within what is now Nigeria, the Benin Kingdom at its zenith stretched from Lagos in the west, along the coast of Nigeria to the River Niger in the east and area that equates to about a fifth of Nigeria's current geographic area.
		The Benin Kingdom dynasty is believed to have been founded in the 13th century and has a direct lineage from the founders to the current Oba (King) of Benin - Solomon Erediauwa II, who still holds considerable political, albeit unofficial, influence in the Edo and Delta states of Modern Nigeria.
		In early stages of the Kingdom's emergence the power rested with the council of chiefs, the Uzama, with the Oba at its head, however by the reign of Oba Ewedo in the late 13th century the balance of power had begun to move firmly into the hands of the Oba.
	www.ijebu.org /benin (902 words)

	THE CORRECT HISTORY OF EDO
		Even in places outside direct Benin influence, such as in the Niger Delta area, the reputation of the Oba of Benin was such that leadership disputes were brought to him for arbitration and the winners took back home, Benin regalia to form part of their leadership traditions.
		From accounts of members of the British army that invaded Benin City in 1897, we learn that the floors, lintels, and rafters of the council chambers and the king's residence in the palace were lined with sheets of repoussé, decorated brass covered with royal geometric designs and figures of men and leopards.
		Benin artifacts are among the most exquisite and coveted in world's history and the kingdom of Benin remains famous for its sophistication in social engineering and organization.
	www.cwo.com /~lucumi/osahon.htm (5048 words)

	The British and the Benin Bronzes - by Darshana Soni
		Justification for the violent overthrow of this independent kingdom was to avenge the deaths of seven Britons who had been ambushed who had been ambushed on a path to Benin a few weeks earlier.
		It is not surprising that the generals whose task it was to defend Benin saw this expedition, that had refused to heed repeated request to turn back and wait for an official invitation, as a threat.
		In the true sense of justice and selfdetermination, the Benin artefacts belong to the culture from where they were deprived from - they symbolise a historical and social significance which the aesthetic and monetary value they hold in exile would never compensate.
	www.arm.arc.co.uk /CRBBinfo4.html (919 words)

	The British and the Benin Bronzes
		As Ovonrarmwen foresaw, the attack on Phillips sealed the fate of the Benin kingdom.
		The Benin art treasures were treated as little more than curios when they were first brought to this country but as the wonderful quality of the ivory carving and bronze casting became appreciated it was reflected in ever increasing prices in the art auction rooms of the world.
		The Benin artworks belong to a living culture and have a deep historical and social value which goes far beyond the aesthetic and monetary value they hold in exile.
	www.arm.arc.co.uk /britishBenin.html (1768 words)

	Benin, city, Nigeria. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Benin was the capital of the kingdom of Benin, which was probably founded in the 13th cent.
		The kingdom was ruled by the Oba and a sophisticated bureaucracy.
		The kingdom of Benin declined after 1700, but revived in the 19th cent.
	www.bartleby.com /65/be/BeninNig.html (232 words)

	Benin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This bronze head of a king is from the kingdom of Benin, which was on the West Coast of Africa (it's not the same as the country of Benin today - it was located in an area that is now part of Nigeria).
		Benin had a huge fortified city, surrounded by a wall that was almost ten feet high.
		Heads like this one were made to portray only kings and their mothers, who were also very influential in the kingdom of Benin.
	www.albrightknox.org /ArtStart/sBenin.html (322 words)

	North Carolina Museum of Art
		The art of the Kingdom of Benin (in modern Nigeria) was made to glorify the Oba (divine king) and to enhance the elaborate ritual of his court.
		This hip pendant displays the conventions used for leopards in Benin art-overlapping fangs, whiskers at each side of the face, large eyes whose upper lids overlap the lower lids at the inner corners, and leaf-shaped ears.
		In Benin culture the leopard was the quintessential symbol of royal authority and its use was a prerogative of the Oba.
	ncartmuseum.org /collections/highlights/african/nigeria_lrg.shtml (398 words)

	Titanides Gallery Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Benin Leopard's Head — Origin: Nigeria Date: 17 th -18 th Century AD Dimensions: Brass 7.50" (19 cm) Long Collection: African Style: Benin The art of Benin is the product of an urban royal court, and is meant to symbolize and to extol the power, mystique, grandeur, continuity, and endurance of the ruling dynasty.
		The Kingdom of Benin was ruled by the Oba, a divine leader at the head of the political system.
		Benin Leopard's Head — Origin: Nigeria Date: 17 th - 18 th Century AD Dimensions: Brass 7.50" (19 cm) Long Collection: African Style: Benin The art of Benin is the product of an urban royal court, and is meant to symbolize and to extol the power, mystique, grandeur, continuity, and endurance of the ruling dynasty.
	www.trocadero.com /stores/TitanidesGallery/catalog40.html (898 words)

	Aegis Pendant [Nigeria; Benin, Udo (?)] (1979.206.301) \| Object Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		As the Benin kingdom expanded its territory, it disseminated its courtly traditions among the ethnically diverse peoples who were incorporated into its political structure.
		Appearing at a chiefly court far removed from the kingdom of Benin's center, however, the motif may have been adopted as a straightforward symbol of chiefly power demonstrating connections to royal authority.
		The style of dress is evidently based on costumes from the Benin court, as the chief is depicted wearing an elaborate wrapper, high collar, and headdress reminiscent of those depicted in royal sculpture from the capital.
	www.metmuseum.org /TOAH/ho/09/sfg/hod_1979.206.301.htm (271 words)

	History of THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The modern republic of Benin, given that name only in 1975, is the successor to one of west Africa's most interesting and long-lasting kingdoms, that of Dahomey.
		The French have been the first in the region, with a fort established at Ouidah in the 17th century, and it is they who launch a military campaign into the interior in the 1890s.
		Benin continues to prove during the 1990s that democracy has arrived as a workable system, even in quite difficult circumstances.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad17 (710 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Kingdom of Benin
		The Kingdom of Benin was located on the west bank of the lower Niger river, giving name to the Bight of Benin.
		In the late 15th century the Portuguese arrived on the coast and engaged in trade with the kingdom.
		Kingdom of Benin, from Arts and Life of Africa at UIowa, and from Diffusion and other Problems in the History of African States by Prof.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/westafrica/beninkgd.html (277 words)

	Benin Bibliography
		[X] Becroft, C. "On Benin and the Upper Course of the river Quorra, or Niger, and Account of a Visit to the Capital of Benin in the Delta of the Kwárá or Niger, in the year 1838." Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 11: 184-192.
		The art of Benin; a catalogue of an exhibition of the A.W.F. Fuller and Chicago Natural History Museum collections of antiquities from Benin, Nigeria.
		[N] Eboreime, J. "Coronation as drama: the installation of a Benin monarch as a study in the continuity of kingship: the transformation of tradition and the manufacture of ethnic identity." Cambridge anthropology 10(2): 41-53.
	webits3.appstate.edu /Eli/Africa/benin_bibliography.htm (4940 words)

	IDST 2310 The Fine and Applied Arts in Civilization
		According to Benin tradition, bronze heads to honor and commemorate the ancestors of the Oba were first created in the late fourteenth century and placed on altars dedicated to each past Oba.
		Although Portuguese manillas (brass and copper rings) were used as a form of currency in Benin from the late fifteenth to the mid-twentieth century, the strong presence of Portuguese currency did not allow the Portuguese to dictate the terms of trade.
		Because the kingdom was strongly centralized, the Portuguese were forced to trade exclusively with the Oba, whose own status and wealth were increased at the expense of the westerners from the sea.
	www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu /~dvess/ids/fap/benin.htm (4166 words)

	Yoruba and Benin Kingdom
		Oba of Benin comment on the Edo’s checking the secrecy of Oranmiyan led to his abdication of the thrown for his son is not convincing enough taking into consideration the attitude of Oranmiyan who was believed to be ruthless, one would have thought he would have handled the issue in different method.
		We have read and heard stories that in one of the ritual ceremonies where nobody was allowed to be outside, an unidentified foreign woman of no means of tracing her background was captured and was to be used as sacrifice for the gods.
		He later appointed his representatives in each of the kingdoms of Yoruba to monitor the returns, thus the creation of Oyo Empire that lead to the end of the kingdom Oduduwa created which was not properly coordinated.
	www.gamji.com /article4000/NEWS4738.htm (3029 words)

	Benin bronze hip masks and Benin Oba commemorative heads - RAND AFRICAN ART
		Current leaders of the kingdom of Benin trace their origins to a ruling dynasty that began in the fourteenth century.
		The leaders of the kingdom of Benin in present-day Nigeria trace their origins to a ruling dynasty that began in the
		Like them she is responsible lor administering a portion of the kingdom for the Oba.
	www.randafricanart.com /Benin_Oba_commemorative_heads.html (1973 words)

	Benin Kingdom People (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Benin Kingdom situated in southcentral Nigeria dates to approximately 900 A.D. The first, or Ogiso, dynasty lasted until 1170, at which time Yoruba rule was imposed from the city of Ife.
		Terracotta heads in collections have been dated to the late 15th or 16th century and were used by the Ogiso rulers on altars to their paternal ancestors.
		Benin art became well known to the West in 1897, after the British Punitive Expedition sacked the city of Benin and brought thousands of objects back to Europe as war booty.
	www.uiowa.edu /~africart/toc/people/Benin_Kingdom.html (171 words)

	Nigeria, Benin Kingdom - AMAM
		It follows stylistic conventions established in Benin bronzes by at least the sixteenth century, when standing figures of horn-blowers or military officers were depicted on figurative plaques wearing similar pendants.
		A Benin leopard pendant which appeared in a recent auction was attributed by William Fagg to the sixteenth century.
		1) summarizes the literature on the dating of Benin art, and states that while the Oberlin face is similar to pendants depicted in seventeenth-century reliefs, the weight of the brass and the style of the flanges appear to be eighteenth century.
	www.oberlin.edu /allenart/collection/nigerian-leopard.html (2297 words)

	EDSITEment - Lesson Plan
		Anyone who lived in the West African kingdom of Benin during its existence from the 12th or 13th century until its conquest by the British in 1897 was left in no doubt about one thing: the power of the king of Benin.
		Craftspeople from Benin created these works of art to speak to the people about the powers of their divine king.
		Note to students that, despite its name, the kingdom of Benin was located in southern Nigeria, not in the neighboring country of Benin.
	edsitement.neh.gov /view_lesson_plan.asp?id=412 (1529 words)

	Collections: African Art: Benin Kingdom, warrior plaque (with image) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The ceremonial sword, the anklets and bracelets, and the collar of coral beads, leopard teeth and brass bell reveal the high rank of this warrior in the Benin Kingdom, the great African state that existed for about 1,000 years, until the late 19th century, and extended over what is now southern Nigeria.
		Brass plaques such as this one, which were crafted through the use of the "lost wax" process, were attached to walls in the palace complex in Benin City.
		Typical of Benin court art, the surface of this object is completely covered, leaf patterns and circular designs filling the background.
	www.ima-art.org /cEdo.html (154 words)

	Benin - Books, Maps and Atlases
		National parks, game viewing, markets, pristine tropical beaches, and surfing are just some of the highlights of Benin that are readily available with aid of this guide, which caters to cultural and historical visitors, those tracing their roots in Benin's slave trade, overland adventurers, and wildlife enthusiasts.
		The stunning artwork of the Benin kingdom (Nigeria) displayed by expert photography is the main attraction in this revised edition, although Ben-Amos' carefully researched text complements the visual delights.
		The author spent two years in Benin with the Peace Corps, and her realistic colored pencil illustrations with watercolor wash show a variety of individual people in the vital marketplace, which is filled with pottery, fabrics, baskets, and produce.
	www.africaguide.com /country/benin/books.htm (939 words)

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