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Topic: Kingdom of Cilicia

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	Cilicia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cilicia as Roman province, 120 AD In Antiquity, Cilicia (Κιλικία) was the name of a region, now known as Çukurova, and often a political unit, on the southeastern coast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), north of Cyprus.
		Cilicia was given an eponymous founder in the mythic Cilix, but the historic founder of the dynasty that ruled Cilicia Pedias was Mopsus, identifiable in Phoenician sources as Mpš, the founder of Mopsuestia and protector of an oracle nearby.
		The Armenian population of Cilicia was affected by the Armenian Genocide.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cilicia (1366 words)

	Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (Armenian: Կիլիկիոյ Հայկական Թագաւորութիւն, not to be confused with the Armenian Kingdom of Antiquity) was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia.
		The Kingdom of Cilicia was founded by the Roupenid dynasty, an offshoot of the larger Bagratid family that at various times held the thrones of Armenia and Georgia.
		Cilicia was conquered from the Arabs by the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas around 965.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia (875 words)

	Cilicia and Pamphylia - All About Turkey
		The ancient kingdom of Cilicia in Asia Minor was the area known to the Assyrians as Khilakku in the west and Kue in the east.
		The western half, Cificia Tracheia ("rough Cilicia"), is the rugged and still largely inaccessible and undeveloped section of the Taurus stretching inland from Anamur, while to the east is the fertile Cilician plain of Cukurova, with its fields of grain and cotton and its banana and citrus groves.
		After the established order in Anatolia was destroyed in the late 7th c BC by invading Scythian and Cimmerian "barbarians" from southern Russia, a kingdom of Cilicia south of the Taurus was one of the new political power structures which soon emerged as regions sought to establish their own identity.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /kilikya.htm (987 words)

	Cilicia
		Cilicia as a whole consists of two parts: the inaccessible western area of the Taurus mountains, also known as "rough Cilicia", and the eastern plains (modern Çukurova), which are dominated by the rivers Cydnus, Sarus and Pyramis and are rich in cereals.
		The story confirms that Cilicia was at this time an independent power and did not belong to the Babylonian empire of king Nebuchadnezzar.
		After the death of Alexander in Babylon (11 June 323), Cilicia was first part of the kingdom of Antigonus Monophthalmus, who had been appointed as satrap of Phrygia.
	www.livius.org /cg-cm/cilicia/cilicia.html (1635 words)

	Armenians and Crusaders - HyeForum
		While the Crusades were being unsuccessful, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia under Hetum I gained international status and was trading to major ports in the Mediterranean and to countries in the East.
		On January 6, 1198 Levon/Leon I is crowned as King of Lesser Armenia (Cilicia) by the new Armenian catholicos with a crown from the Hohenstaufen emperor.
		King Levon of Cilicia marries Sybilla of Lusignan, the daughter of King Aimery of Cyprus and Queen Isabeau Plantagenet, and later mother of Levon's daughter and heir Isabelle (Zabel).
	www.hyeforum.com /index.php?showtopic=4653 (12838 words)

	HyeEtch - The Armenians - History - Kingdom of Cilicia
		The little kingdom took shape on a territory not far from historical Armenia, to the south west, in Cilicia, which had housed Armenian colonies since the very early days.
		The formation of an autonomous Armenian state in Cilicia was the outcome of the revolt against this vassalage, in an attempt to recover lost dignity.
		The last stage of the kingdom of Cilicia began in 1342 with the advent of a new dynasty, that of the Lusignan Princes of Cyprus, who were of French origin and came to the Armenian throne through matrimonial ties when the last of the Het'umians, Levon IV, died heirless.
	www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au /armenians/cilicia_p1.html (1128 words)

	HyeEtch - Religion & Church - Holy See of Cilicia p2
		In 1375 the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was destroyed.
		The deteriorating situation in Cilicia on one hand, and the growing cultural and ecclesiastical awakening in Armenia on the other, led the Bishops of Armenia to elect a Catholicos in Etchmiadzin.
		The Catholicosate of Cilicia continues with growing impetus and interest its ecumenical relations with the Anglican Church and the other Churches of the Protestant tradition as well as with various ecumenical organizations.
	www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au /religion/h_see_p5.html (1359 words)

	bible.org: ISBE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		CILICIA - si-lish'-i-a (he Kilikia): An important province at the Southeast angle of Asia Minor, corresponding nearly with the modern Turkish vilayet of Adana; enfolded between the Taurus mountains and the Mediterranean Sea, with the Amanus range on the East and Pamphylia on the West; chief rivers, the Pyramus, Sarus, Cydnus and Calycadnus.
		Cilicia was by degrees incorporated in the Roman administration, and Cicero, the orator, was governor (51-50 BC).
		Armenians migrating from the North founded kingdom in Cilicia under Roupen which was terminated by the overthrow of King Levon, or Leo, by the conquering Turks in 1393.
	www.bible.org /isbe.asp?id=2110 (601 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		a part of Coat of Arms of Cilicia Armenian State, is depicted on the commemorative coin from the series "Armenian Statehood".
		Cilicia Armenian State was established in 11 century due to struggle for liberty against Byzantine and Seljuk invaders.
		The founder of the Great Reign was Ruben A and the founder of the Kingdom was Levon A Metsagorts (a man of great actions).
	www.cba.am /currency/ecilicia.html (104 words)

	Help.com - adana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Tepebag Tumulus was built in the Neolithic Age; it is considered the oldest city of the Cilicia region, in which archeologists found a stone wall and a city center.
		According to the inscription of Kava, which was written by the Hittites and found in Hattusas (BogazKoy), Kitvanza Kingdom was the first kingdom that ruled Adana, which was under the protection of the Hittites in 1335 BC.
		During the era of Pompey, the city was used as a prison for the pirates of Cilicia.
	help.com /wiki/Adana (1570 words)

	Armenian Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Seljuq conquest of the last Armenian kingdom in the 11th century marked the beginning of an exodus of the Armenians from historical Armenia resulting in the advent of an Armenian Diaspora.
		As a result of this migration, an Armenian kingdom was established on the shores of the Mediterranean, in Cilicia.
		This kingdom, often an ally to the West during the period of the Crusades, absorbed Frankish culture.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/armenian/culture.html (589 words)

	Armenian History, chapter 6: Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia
		During the ruling of Leon II, when Cilicia enjoyed the period of a prosperous development, the Third Crusade was proclaimed in Europe.
		Although Frederic I was tragically drowned in the Calycadnus River in Cilicia, Leon II continued to support the Crusaders.
		The Cilician Armenian Kingdom was reinforced after Leon II gained the long-term conflict over the Latin princes of the neighboring Antioch Principality.
	www.armenianhistory.info /cilician.htm (1024 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Armenia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The region and former kingdom of Asia Minor that was Greater Armenia lay east of the Euphrates River; Little, or Lesser, Armenia was west of the river.
		According to tradition, the kingdom was founded in the region of Lake Van by Haig, or Haik, a descendant of Noah.
		In 1080 they established in Cilicia the kingdom of Little Armenia, which lasted until its conquest by the Mamluks in 1375.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/a/armenia.asp (1808 words)

	Armenia Heads
		The Kingdom was established with the Mongol invasion of mid-eleventh century Armenia, when a number of Armenians, led by Prince Reuben, were pushed westwards.
		After Constantine IV of Armenia, the first Latin king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was killed in an uprising in 1344 after two years in office, she was regent.
		She was daughter of Jeanne of Anjou, Princess of Tarent and Oshin Korikos (or Corycos), who was regent of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from 1320-1329 during king Leo V's minority.
	www.guide2womenleaders.com /Armenia_Heads.htm (648 words)

	Cilicia
		As the Seleucid kingdom broke apart in the 80's and 70's BC in the wake of Mithridates' wars, the pirates grew more brazen.
		Cilicia remained in this basic provincial structure until the territorial reforms of Diocletia, but the region as a whole remained relatively unchanged for the next few hundred years.
		Cilicia essentially remained a part of the Roman, then Byzantine (Romanion) Empire until the 14th century.
	www.unrv.com /provinces/cilicia.php (803 words)

	Armenian Architecture
		The Urartian kingdom fell victim to the Scythian and Median invasions.
		The fragmentation of the royal feudal houses produced three Arcruni kingdoms in the south, and two Bagratuni kingdoms (Kars and Lori-Joraget) in the north; the Siwni Princes in the east declared themselves kings, and the heirs of the Armenian Bagratuni princes of Albania and Arcax' also used royal titles.
		A Mongol ally in the Mediterranean basin was not tolerable to the Mamluks of Egypt.
	www.raa-usa.org /ArmenianArchit.htm (6991 words)

	Armenia and Armenians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		This last Armenian kingdom fell in 1375; and the last Armenian king, Leo [Levon] V (VI), died in exile (1393) in France and is buried in the abbey church of Saint Denis, next to the tombs of the French kings to whom he was related.
		Latin influence was strong in Cilicia during the thirteenth century, due particularly to the great military expeditions of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (1228) and of King [St.] Louis IX (1248) and the desire of the Armenian princes to acquire political and military support.
		While the head of the Armenian Church lived in Cilicia (1294-1441), ecclesiastical policies were closely tied to the well being of the Armenian kingdom, which meant seeking a political and religious accommodation with Rome and Byzantium.
	www.hr-action.org /armenia/armenians.html (5576 words)

	History 112A Lecture Notes
		The Armenian Principality and Kingdom of Cilicia, 1080-1375
		Geography of Cilicia: Taurus, Anti-Taurus, Amanus, Alexandretta, Ayas, Hromkla, Lampron, Tarsus, Sis, Anazarba, Antioch, Edessa
		Saladin (Salah-ed-Din) and the conquest of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1187
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /history/hovannisian/classes/112a/98F/outlines.html (2218 words)

	Cilicia (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia) :: Bible Tools
		Alexander was one of the most renowned leaders of such expeditions, and at Issus he met and shattered the power of the Persian empire.
		Some of the earliest labors of the great apostle were near his home, in Syria and Cilicia (Galatians 1:21; Acts 15:23, Acts 15:11).
		A remnant of this kingdom survives in the separate Armenian catholicate of Sis, which has jurisdiction over few bishoprics, and Armenians are among the most virile of the present inhabitants of the province.
	bibletools.org /index.cfm/fuseaction/Def.show/RTD/ISBE/ID/2110 (736 words)

	Ilkhanate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Taking over from Baiju in 1255 or 1256, he had been charged with subduing the Muslim kingdoms to the west "as far as the borders of Egypt." His expedition, however, was halted in Palestine by a stinging defeat at the Battle of Ain Jalut at the hands of the Mamluks of Egypt.
		Hulagu's descendents ruled Persia for the next eighty years, beginning as shamanists, then Buddhists and ultimately converting to Islam under Ghazan.
		However, the Il-khans remained opposed to the Mamluks, (who had defeated both Mongol invaders and crusaders); but were never able to gain significant ground against them, eventually being forced to give up their plans to conquer Syria, and their stranglehold over their vassals the Sultanate of Rum and the Armenian kingdom in Cilicia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ilkhanate (557 words)

	The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. I: Aachen - Basilians (iii.i.armenia)
		From 378 to 385 the kingdom was governed by the clerically inclined Manuel the Mamikonian.
		Basil of Cæsarea anathematized the Armenian kingdom and refused to consecrate a new catholicos.
		His successor as patriarch of Cilicia with residence at Constantinople was Stephen Azarian, surnamed Stephanus Petrus X., to whom the pope sent an encyclical in 1888, in which the preservation of the Armenian language and liturgy for religious purposes is guaranteed to the Armenians, and everything is confirmed which Benedict XIV.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/encyc01.iii.i.armenia.html (7415 words)

	[No title]
		Armenian Cilicia from antiquity to the twentieth century was featured, with the participation of scholars from Armenia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, and the United States.
		It was organized by Professor Richard Hovannisian, Holder of the AEF Chair in Modern Armenian History, with the co-sponsorship of the Western Prelacy of the Armenian Apostolic Church of America/Richard and Tina Carolan Overseas Programs, International Studies and, Division of Social Sciences and the Center for Modern and Contemporary Studies.
		Cilicia and the Catholicosate from the Fall of the Armenian Kingdom to 1915
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /history/centers/armenian/event1020-2100.html (261 words)

	Diaspora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Of historic significance was the mass immigration of the Armenians into Cilicia, which had began even before the first division of Armenia.
		The migration from Armenia to Cilicia increased markedly in the 10th and 11th centuries, when the Seljuk invasion displaced numerous large-scale manor chiefs, heads of princely families with their retinue, and military leaders with their soldiers.
		However, the Armenian population was forced to leave Cilicia permanently after the French government had withdrawn its forces from Cilicia in late 1921 and turned the region to the control of the Kemalist government of Turkey.
	www.armeniaemb.org /DiscoverArmenia/Diaspora/HistoryofDiaspora.htm (5615 words)

	The Armenians
		The kingdom of Armenia is acknowledged as the first state to establish Christianity as its official religion.
		The medieval Armenian kingdom of Cilicia (1080-1375) under the Rubenids (a junior branch of the Bagratids) was located among the Taurus and Amanus mountains and along the Mediterranean coast to Alexandretta.
		Latin influence was strong in Cilicia during the thirteenth century, due particularly to the great military expeditions of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (1194-1250) in 1228 and of King Louis IX (1214-1270) in 1248 and the desire of the Armenian princes to acquire political and military support.
	www.umd.umich.edu /dept/armenian/papazian/armenians.html (6952 words)

	Anatolia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		1200 BCE to 546 BCE is characterized by four primary groups; the Kingdom of Phrygia (central), the Kingdom of Lydia (western), the People of the Sea (southern and southwest), and Urartu (east).
		The Ottoman state began as a Ghazi Kingdom based in old Bithynia, on the fringes of the Mongol dominated regions of central Anatolia.
		There are really two Cilicias; the east is a broad plain, quite fertile, while in the west the ramparts of the Taurus Mountains run right down to the sea, with the interior being quite rugged and underpopulated.
	www.hostkingdom.net /turkey.html (2597 words)

	Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: The Armenian Catholic Church
		An alliance between the Crusaders and the Armenian king contributed to the establishment of a union between the two churches in Cilicia in 1198.
		This union, which was not accepted by Armenians outside Cilicia, ended with the conquest of the Armenian kingdom by the Tatars in 1375.
		In 1742 Pope Benedict XIV confirmed a former Armenian Apostolic bishop, Abraham Ardzivan (1679-1749) as Patriarch of Cilicia of the Armenians, based in Lebanon, and with religious authority over the Armenian Catholics in the southern provinces of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.katolsk.no /utenriks/kronologi/orient_armenian.htm (1392 words)

	Ormanian, The Church of Armenia, Ch. XV
		The kingdom of Cilicia had finally disappeared (1375); Sis, together with king Levon VI, had fallen into the bands of the Egyptians; only a few Armenian chiefs, on the Amanus and in the passes of the Taurus, still held out.
		They set little value on purity of doctrine, and were ready to submit to any compromise whereby profit might he gained.
		The Roman Catholic propaganda was successfully carried on in Cilicia, owing to the zeal of the Latin mission aries of the Franciscan Order.
	www.angelfire.com /ny/kamurj/Ormanian15.html (1132 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Not Even a Mention? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia fell in 1375 with Levon VI as their last king.
		After the Byzantines reconquered Cilicia from the Arabs sometime in the mid-tenth century, they removed the Muslims from the fortresses and brought in Christians, especially Armenians from Lesser Armenia to repopulate the area.
		The Rubenids claimed they were related to the Bagratunis (the ruling kingdom in Greater Armenia which fell to the invasions that prompted many Armenians to move to Cilicia).
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=880&PN=1 (1353 words)

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