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Topic: Kingdom of Kerma

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	Kerma - Black Africa's Oldest Civilization
		Storage pits for wheat and barley from the very beginning of Kerma civilisation 3000 B.C. Archaeologists in Sudan are unearthing one of the world’s oldest civilisations – an ancient kingdom which began to fourish 5,000 years ago, hundreds of miles to the south of ancient Egypt.
		Kerma ceramics are among the most elegant from the ancient world – strikingly modern-looking with simple shapes and bold geometric designs.
		Kerma was annexed and became an Egyptian colony – “The Land governed by the Pharaoh’s Son”.
	www.homestead.com /wysinger/kerma.html (1457 words)

	Kerma
		Kerma thrived from gold excavated in the eastern desert.
		Among the main structures from the Kerma culture are the two huge mud-brick structures known as deffufa, dating from the 17th century BCE.
		The Kerma culture has occasionally been defined as part of Egyptian culture, but it appears to be local and largely independent.
	i-cias.com /e.o/kerma.htm (358 words)

	Untitled Document
		East of Kerma, in what is now the desert, lies its cemetery, which at the end of its existence (about 1480 BC) had grown to be about a mile (1.6 km) long, north to south, and about half a mile (.8 km) wide at its greatest width.
		Unfortunately, all the kings' chambers had been badly looted in ancient times, but it is known that their bodies were laid on magnificent beds with stone legs and were accompanied by large stone models of ships, which were perhaps believed to carry them on the river of the afterlife.
		Previously the dead kings at Kerma had been buried in sand, but the idea of a vaulted roofed burial chamber was new here and seems to have been an Egyptian inspiration.
	www.nubianet.org /about/about_history4.html (1719 words)

	Sudan, 2000–1000 B.C. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: )
		These forts are intended primarily to protect Egyptian interests against the powerful kingdom of Kerma to the south, but also serve to subjugate the C-Group people, who seem to have alternately lived peacefully with and waged war against their Egyptian overlords.
		Although sometimes an adversary of Egypt, the kingdom of Kerma is also its major trading partner to the south, and Egyptian goods flow freely into the city of Kerma where they find their way into tombs.
		Kerma occupies the Egyptian forts at the second cataract and expands its control throughout Lower Nubia.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/03/afs/ht03afs.htm (573 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Kerma Basin (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Kerma Basin is a low lying area by the Nile in Sudan.
		This has led to a high population density that has long made the Kerma Basin one of the central portions of Nubia.
		The ancient city of Kerma was in the basin and it was the core of the Kingdom of Kerma.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Kerma_Basin.html (133 words)

	Dr. Stuart Tyson Smith
		By 1650 BC, Kerma had become a densely occupied urban center overseeing a centralized state stretching from at least the 1st Cataract to the 4th, rivaling ancient Egypt.
		A series of powerful Christian kingdoms in Nubia resisted Arab conquest and conversion to Islam for 700 years after the conquest of Egypt.
		With the assistance of the Mamluk rulers of Egypt, the Kingdom of Makuria fell to the Juhayna Arabs through a combination of conquest and intermarriage in the mid 14th century.
	www.anth.ucsb.edu /faculty/stsmith/research/nubia_history.html (552 words)

	Nubia - ArticleWorld (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The first kingdom to unify much of the region was the Kingdom of Kerma.
		The kingdom of Kush even invaded and controlled Egypt itself for a period in the 8th century BC.
		In the 16th century, northern Nubia was under Egyptian control while the south was under the control of the Kingdom of Sennar, a former sultanate in north of Sudan.
	www.articleworld.org /index.php?title=Nubia&printable=yes (591 words)

	Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies
		Kendall, Timothy (1997) Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush, 2500-1500 B.C.: The Archaeological Discovery of an Ancient Nubian Empire.
		Torok, Laszlo (1995) The Birth of an Ancient African Kingdom: Kush and Her Myth of the State in the First Millennium BC.
		Assman, Jan (1995) Egyptian Solar Religion in the New Kingdom.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/Egyptology/bibliography (1939 words)

	KERMA — BLACK AFRICA'S OLDEST CIVILISATION
		Archaeologists in Sudan are unearthing one of the world’s oldest civilisations – an ancient kingdom which began to [fb02] ourish 5,000 years ago, hundreds of miles to the south of ancient Egypt.
		Nearby Kerma archaeologists have discovered one of the two oldest cemeteries ever found in Africa – dating back to 7500BC – and the oldest evidence of cattle domestication ever found in Sudan or, indeed, in the Egyptian Nile Valley.
		For, in around 1900BC, when Kerma was already a major kingdom, the Egyptian Pharaoh Senusret II (literally “Man of the Goddess of Thebes”) officially established the southern border of Egypt “in order to prevent” any people from Kerma “crossing the frontier, by water or by land unless for trading or other approved purposes”.
	impressions-ba.com /features.php?id_feature=10352 (1436 words)

	Sudanarchaeology
		Increasingly, the results of archaeological work in the Kerma heartlands is beginning to make it possible to tell the story from the other side.....
		The increasing political weakness of the Nubian kings saw a gradual erosion of their power during the 14th and 15th centuries and the slow disintegration of their kingdoms.
		The era of the Christian Nubian kingdoms is traditionally seen as over by about 1500, with a new power (the Funj Sultanate) emerging along the Blue Nile, centred on Sennar, with areas further north gradually becoming more Arabised.
	www.spicey.demon.co.uk /Nubianpage/SUDANARC.htm (1171 words)

	Current Control List
		Nobades Kingdom, Turn 012 Region/City Status ------------------ ------ Alwa hm Kerma f Beja oc Mergissa f Blemmye a Cblemmye un Kasu f Napata p Kordofan fa Dongola f Makuria f Meroe f Nobatia un Amara oc Nubia f Qustul f Thebais pt Thebes un.
		Kingdom of Sindhu, Turn 012 Region/City Status ------------------ ------ Baluchistan ea Berbera un Opane un Edrosia hm Pattala f Juba un Nikon ea Makuran un Musama f Maru nt Ras Hafun ea Scebeli fa Sarapion f Sind f Khrypore.
		Kingdom of Yemen, Turn 012 Region/City Status ------------------ ------ Aden f Aden f Asir fa Hadramaut ea Qana a Madina fa Mecca un Sheba hm Zafar f Socotra a Yemen f Sa'Na f.
	www.xmission.com /~bob/lote13/CurrCtrl (1862 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The town at Kerma was the center or one of the centers of a Kingdom that was involved in trade with regions to the north.
		The Kerma kings were buried on beds in chambers in the middle of these tumuli.
		The Kerma town was a religious as well as a political center for the Kerma kingdom.
	library.thinkquest.org /22845/bronze_age/kerma.html (369 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, AL
		From the C-Group culture, the first kingdom to unify much of the region arose, the Kingdom of Kerma, named for its presumed capital at Kerma, one of the earliest urban centers in tropical Africa.
		By 1750 BC, the kings of Kerma were powerful enough to organize the labor for monumental walls and structures of mud brick, and had rich tombs with possessions for the afterlife and large human sacrifices.
		Around AD 350 the area was invaded by the Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum and the kingdom collapsed.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Nubia (1573 words)

	\|\|The Cradle of Nubian Civilisation\|\|
		Century BC a new and powerful Kushite Kingdom emerged in the region of Napata, downstream of the 4th.
		All of Africa's luxury goods were imported into Kerma and from there passed, through a series of Middlemen, to the islands of the eastern Mediterranean Sea and beyond.
		When Egypt was under Kushite rule and At Karanak(Egypt) he erected four colonnades at the entrances to the pricipal New Kingdom temples, of which that in the first court of the Temple of Amun.
	www.thenubian.net /kingdom.php (686 words)

	Kingdom of Kerma (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Kingdom of Kerma was a state in Nubia from around 2000 BCE to about 1520 BCE.
		It was based in the city of Kerma in Upper Nubia and emerged as a major centre during the Middle Kingdom period in Egypt.
		George Reisner believed that Kerma was originally the base of an Egyptian governor and that these Egyptian rulers evolved into the independent monarchs of Kerma.
	kingdom-of-kerma.iqnaut.net (206 words)

	00_art_history
		Within the royal city of Kerma, constructions that seem to be palaces were discovered, however; lack of archeological study in the area makes it difficult to speak of them.
		With the emergence of the kingdom of Kerma around 1600 BC, small rooms and huts, both built of unbaked mud brick, were discovered short distances away from the royal city Kerma, that were often roofed with hay or palm wood [ (Shenie and Bradley 1980) and (K. Grzymski and A.
		As the case was with the Kerma houses, the houses at Meroe were located outside the Royal City wall, and were densely packed together.
	www.ancientsudan.org /02_arch_04_palaces_&_housing.htm (426 words)

	Stones confirm golden past of ancient African kingdom - 19 June 2007 - New Scientist
		The discovery of a gold "factory" and burial sites along the Nile in Sudan reveals that the ancient African kingdom of Kush was more vast and powerful than realised, and traded heavily in gold.
		Much of what is currently known about the kingdom of Kush, which covered parts of what is now northern Sudan, comes from Ancient Egyptian texts.
		For many years, researchers had thought that the kingdom of Kush extended some 600 kilometres from the last stretch of the Nile in Egypt to the point at which the river starts to turn in northern Sudan.
	www.newscientist.com /article/dn12090-stones-confirm-golden-past-of-ancient-african-kingdom.html (486 words)

	Lower Nubia - Definition, explanation
		During the Middle Kingdom the area was occupied by Egypt, when the Egyptians withdrew during the First Intermediate Period Lower Nubia seems to have become part of the Upper Nubian Kingdom of Kerma.
		The New Kingdom occupied all of Nubia and Lower Nubia was especially closely integrated into Egypt, but with the Second Intermediate Period it became the centre of the independent state of Kush based at Napata at some point.
		Perhaps around 591 BCE the capital of Kush was transferred south to Meroe and Lower Nubia became dominated by the Island of Meroe.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/l/lo/lower_nubia.php (337 words)

	Civilizations in Africa: Kush
		Because of this, Egyptian civilization diffused southward and a new African kingdom was built up in the floodplain around the Nile's third cataract: the Kush.
		Their capital city was Kerma and it served as the major trading center for goods travelling north from the southern regions of Africa.
		When Napata was conquered in 591, the Kushites moved their capital to Meroe right in the heart of the Kushite kingdom.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/CIVAFRCA/KUSH.HTM (640 words)

	KERMA — BLACK AFRICA'S OLDEST CIVILISATION
		Archaeologists in Sudan are unearthing one of the world’s oldest civilisations – an ancient kingdom which began to [fb02] ourish 5,000 years ago, hundreds of miles to the south of ancient Egypt.
		Nearby Kerma archaeologists have discovered one of the two oldest cemeteries ever found in Africa – dating back to 7500BC – and the oldest evidence of cattle domestication ever found in Sudan or, indeed, in the Egyptian Nile Valley.
		For, in around 1900BC, when Kerma was already a major kingdom, the Egyptian Pharaoh Senusret II (literally “Man of the Goddess of Thebes”) officially established the southern border of Egypt “in order to prevent” any people from Kerma “crossing the frontier, by water or by land unless for trading or other approved purposes”.
	www.impressions-ba.com /features.php?id_feature=10352 (1436 words)

	NTU Info Centre: Kingdom of Kerma (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It was based in the city of Kerma in Upper Nubia and emerged as a major centre during the Middle Kingdom period in Egypt The town is marked by large and expensive tombs.
		George Reisner believed that Kerma was originally the base of an Egyptian governor, who was based at the fort, and these Egyptian rulers evolved into the independent monarchs of Kerma.
		Under Tuthmosis I Egypt invaded south annexing all of Nubia and ending the Kingdom of Kerma.
	www.nowtryus.net /article:Kingdom_of_Kerma (195 words)

	Detail Page
		Kerma, which traced its origins to people possibly related to the Nubian C-Group, was marked from the first by a highly organized chiefdom or monarchy.
		Eventually, Kerma's traditional art and religion also began to succumb to this Egyptianization.
		During this period, Kerma (or Kush, as it had begun to be known), assumed control of the territories left behind by the retreating Egyptians.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=AFR0299 (361 words)

	III. C-Group, Egypt, and Kush
		During the rule of the Egyptian Old Kingdom, the A-Group was exploited for the luxuries of their land more and more as they developed as a culture.
		A factor in the success of the Nubian culture and the Kingdom of Kush would be friendlier relations with the kingdom to the north.
		The Kingdom of Kush "reached its culmination in the period from 300 B.C. to about the fourth century A.D. (Taylor 1991: 46) During this time the city of Meroe became the center of the kingdoms government and industry.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/wilson/ant304/projects/projects97/laurenzop/nubia3.htm (1562 words)

	Egyptian Dreams :: View topic - Rough outline of Nubian History
		The kingdom of Kerma is apparently at its height at ca 1750 BC.
		The Kerma culture is what the Egyptians refer to as Kush.
		A kingdom developed after the last rulers of the 20th dynasty lost control of Nubian territories.
	forum.egyptiandreams.co.uk /viewtopic.php?t=1720&start=0&postdays=0&postorder=asc&highlight= (323 words)

	Kerma : search word
		Kerma was a city in Ancient Nubia and the capital of the Kingdom of Kerma.
		In physics kerma is the sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles liberated by uncharged ionizing radiation in a sample of matter, divided by the mass of the sample.
		In September young linnets discoverable in the neighboring orchards will not account for the the field matures a million more seeds than it needs, it is.
	www.searchword.org /ke/kerma.html (409 words)

	Iranica.com - EQT®AÚ¿
		Let the moqtáa@¿s know that the kingdom (molk) and the subjects (ra¿^yat) in truth belong to the sultan.
		This was district situated on the frontier of the kingdom of Kerma@n and subject to frequent attack from the direction of Fa@rs.
		By some means not very intelligible he makes himself the temporary owner of the land to the complete exclusion of the real proprietor." Almost everyone holding a position at court, from the prime minister downwards, was, he states, a toyu@lda@r.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v8f5/v8f541.html (10253 words)

	kerma
		Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush 2500-1500 B.C. The National Museum of African Art, The Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., USA.
		A catalogue was published in 1997: Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush 2500-1500 B.C.: The Archaeological Discovery of an Ancient Nubian Empire, by T. Kendall (National Museum of African Art, 1997, ISBN: 0-9656001-0-6, softbound, 126 pp.
		This very handsome catalogue recounts the history of excavations at Kerma with special emphasis upon Bonnet's work at Kerma and Kendall's work at Gebel Barkal.
	www.iae.lmu.de /iae/kerma.html (123 words)

	C-Group dilantin C-Group
		At this same time in Upper Nubia the Kingdom of Kerma was emerging.
		The exact relation between the C-Group and Kerma are uncertain, but early Kerma shows definite similarities to the C-Group culture.
		Under the Middle Kingdom much of the C-Group lands in Lower Nubia were conquered by Egypt, after the Egyptians left Kerma expanded north controlling the region.
	www.find-ask.com /Encyclopedia/C-Group/C-Group.html (595 words)

	KUSH: Black Africa's Civilization Before Egypt
		The tombs of group C reveal a people practising rich burial rites; the deceased was often laid on a bed, accompanied by animal sacrifices and human or animal representations.
		With the reunification of Egypt and the return to military expansion under the XVIIth dynasty, the Kingdom of Kerma was purely and simply to disappear.
		They nonetheless hung on to their pharaonic titles, worshipped the god Amon, used the Egyptian language and hieroglyphics in their temples and on their monuments, and were buried according to Egyptian rites in small tapered pyramids, surrounded by Egyptian-style funerary regalia.
	www.culturekiosque.com /art/exhibiti/rhesouda.htm (1391 words)

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