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	Kingdom of Khotan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Kingdom of Khotan was an ancient kingdom on the South Silk road, that is currently located in present day People's Republic of China, in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region.
		The town of Khotan was built on an oasis on the southern edge of the Taklamakan desert.
		The kingdom became one of the major centers of Buddhism.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/kingdom_of_khotan (241 words)

	Kingdom of Khotan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kingdom of Khotan is an ancient Buddhist kingdom that was located on the branch of the Silk road that ran along the southern edge of the Taklamakan desert in the Tarim basin.
		The kingdom became one of the major centers of Buddhism, and is primarily associated with the Mahayana branch.
		1006: Khotan held by the Muslim Yūsuf Qadr Khān, a brother or cousin of the Muslim ruler of Kāshgar and Balāsāghūn.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan (1981 words)

	Khotan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Khotan or Hotan (Uyghur: خوتەن/Hotǝn; Chinese: 和田; pinyin: Hétián, formerly: Simplified Chinese: 和阗; Traditional Chinese: 和闐; pinyin: Hétián; 37°6′ N 80°1′ E) is an oasis town and a prefecture in the Taklamakan desert that was part of the southern silk road.
		The oasis of Khotan is strategically located at the junction of the southern (and most ancient) branch of the famous “Silk Route” joining China and the West with one of the main routes from India and Tibet to Central Asia and China.
		The early history and long lost language of the ancient kingdom of Khotan have been gradually pieced together by the diligent efforts of a remarkable assembly of adventurers and scholars from many countries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Khotan (852 words)

	Wikipedia: Kashgar
		The earliest authentic mention of Kashgar is during the second period of ascendancy of the Han dynasty, when the Chinese conquered the Hiungnu, Yutien (Khotan), Sulei (Kashgar), and a group of states in the Tarim basin almost up to the foot of the Tian Shan mountains.
		It was not, however, till the 10th century that Islam was established at Kashgar, under the Uighur kingdom.
		Their kingdom was destroyed by an invasion of the Kara-Kitais, another Turkish tribe pressing westwards from the Chinese frontier, who in their turn were swept away in 1219 by Jenghiz Khan.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/k/ka/kashgar.html (1656 words)

	Khotan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Khotan is an oasis town and a prefecture in the Taklamakan desert that was part of the southern silk road.
		Khotan is now famous for the discovery of caucasoid mummies, and are evidence of long term inhabitation of the area by the Tocharians.
		Tocharians - Early Indo-European culture Kingdom of Khotan Kushan Empire Han conquest - 73 A.D Uighur uprising - 1995
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/k/kh/khotan.html (276 words)

	Encyclopedia: Kingdom of Khotan
		Khotan or Hotan (Uyghur: خوتەن/Hotǝn; Chinese: 和田; pinyin:, formerly: Simplified Chinese: 和阗; Traditional Chinese: 和闐; pinyin:) is an oasis town and a prefecture in the Taklamakan desert that was part of the southern silk road.
		Heading on from Yutian (Khotan), you pass through Pishan (modern Pishan or Guma) reaching Xiye (Karghalik), Zihe (Shahidulla), and Dere." Pishan (Chinese: çš®å±±; pinyin: PÃshÄn; also known as Guma; 37Â°37â€² N 78Â°18â€² E) is an ancient to medieval Tocharian Buddhist kingdom in what is modern day Xinjiang, China.
		Tributaries of imperial China Khotan or Hotan (Uyghur: خوتەن/Hotǝn; Chinese: 和田; pinyin:, formerly: Simplified Chinese: 和阗; Traditional Chinese: 和闐; pinyin:) is an oasis town and a prefecture in the Taklamakan desert that was part of the southern silk road.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Kingdom-of-Khotan (3604 words)

	Kingdom of Khotan - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The ancient city of Khotan was the capital, now known by its modern Chinese name Hetian (pinyin; 和田;.
		According to legend, the foundation of Khotan occurred when the eldest son of the Indian Buddhist emperor Ashoka's eldest son settled there in the early 3rd century BC.
		Chapter 96A of the Hanshu or 'History of the Former Han' (which cover the period says the period from 125 BCE to 23 CE says that Yutian, or Khotan, had 3,300 households, 19,300 individuals and 2,400 people able to bear arms.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Kingdom_of_Khotan (2012 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Timeline_of_Buddhism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		1025: Srivijaya, a partly Buddhist kingdom based on Sumatra, is raided by pirates from the Chola region of southern India.
		1238: The Thai Kingdom of Sukhothai is established, with Theravada Buddhism as the state religion.
		1287: The Theravada kingdom at Pagan, Myanmar falls to the Mongols, and is overshadowed by the Shan capital at Ava.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Timeline_of_Buddhism (3241 words)

	KASHGAR - LoveToKnow Article on KASHGAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A curious street sight in Kashgar is presented by the hawkers of meat pies, pastry and sweetmeats, which they trundle about on hand-harrows just as their counterparts do in Europe; while the knife-grinders cart, and the vegetable seller with his tray or basket on his head, recall exactly similar itinerant traders further west.
		Boghra Khan, the most celebrated prince of this line, was converted to Mahommedanism late in the 10th century and the Uighur kingdom lasted until 1120 but was distracted by complicated dynastic struggles.
		His invasion gave a decided check to the progress of the Mahommedan creed, but on his death, and during the rule of the Jagatai Khans, who became converts to that faith, it began to reassert its ascendancy.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /K/KA/KASHGAR.htm (1543 words)

	Kingdom of Khotan -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The ancient city of (Click link for more info and facts about Khotan) Khotan was the capital, now known by its modern Chinese name Hetian ((Click link for more info and facts about pinyin) pinyin; 和田;.
		According to legend, the foundation of Khotan occurred when the eldest son of the Indian Buddhist emperor (Click link for more info and facts about Ashoka) Ashoka's eldest son settled there in the early 3rd century BC.
		From then on, these two kingdoms were the only major ones on the Southern Route in the whole region to the east of the Congling ((Click link for more info and facts about Pamirs) Pamirs).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/K/Ki/Kingdom_of_Khotan.htm (2399 words)

	Athena Review 3,1: Original Sources: The Buried Silk Road Cities of Khotan
		Khotan’s success, which was interdependent upon the strength of the Chinese Empire, the success of the Silk Road, and the proliferation of Buddhism, suffered great losses when all three began to decline.
		In Buddhist Khotan temples, depictions of a local rat-headed divinity were discovered that, as initially described by Hsüan-tsang, represented the story of how rats helped Khotan’s king repel a Hun invasion by destroying their horse harnesses.
		Yet the Khotan sites show how positive cultural exchange between diverse cultures is itself part of the shared background of the Silk Road region, and may serve as a kind of beacon of hope in the midst of today’s grave misunderstandings and conflicts in the mountains and deserts of Central Asia.
	www.athenapub.com /9khotan1.htm (5467 words)

	Buddhist art - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The capital of the kingdom of Champa was annexed by Vietnam in 1471, and it totally collapsed in the 1720s.
		Between the 1st and 8th centuries, several kingdoms competed for influence in the region (particularly the Cambodian Funan then the Burmese Mon kingdoms) contributing various artistic characteristics, mainly derived from the Indian Gupta style.
		Cambodia was the center of the Funan kingdom, which expanded into Burma and as far south as Malaysia between the 3rd and 6th centuries CE.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Buddhist_art (4147 words)

	Section 4 – The Kingdom of Yutian 于寘 (modern Khotan or Hetian) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		“Khotan (Khotana in Kharoṣṭhī script, Hvatäna in Brāhmī and Hvamna or Hvam in the later Khotanese texts) was known throughout its 1,200 years as a kingdom (Hvatäna-kshīra).” Zhang (1996), p.
		The fertile loess soils of the Khotan oasis ensured that its agricultural foundation would support a major settlement, and when Aurel Stein and other explorers visited it at the turn of the [20th] century, they observed that the region was underpopulated given its agricultural potential (the population at that time was estimated roughly at c.
		Khotan was also the centre of silk production in the Tarim Basin and Stein suggested that it might have been the actual Serindia of the ancient geographers (rather than China) whence the West learned of the product itself.
	depts.washington.edu /uwch/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes4.html (1229 words)

	Jade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		From about the earliest Chinese dynasties until present, the jade deposits in most use were from the region of Khotan in the Western Chinese province of Xinjiang.
		There, white and greenish nephrite jade is found in small quarries and as pebbles and boulders in the rivers flowing from the Kuen-Lun mountain range northward into the Takla-Makan desert area.
		From the Kingdom of Khotan, on the southern leg of the Silk Road, yearly tribute payments consisting of the most precious white jade were made to the and there transformed into objets d'art by skilled artisans as jade was considered more valuable than gold or silver.
	www.newlenox.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Jade (613 words)

	i m a g i n g r i t u a l
		Khotan had long held status as a center of Buddhist learning, attracting Chinese pilgrims, many of whom would opt to study with Indian teachers there rather than journey on to India.
		As described in Sengyou’s catalog (T.2145, 55:67c9-68a1), it was to Khotan that a group of Chinese monks traveled from Gansu in 445 and there participated in the great “five-yearly (Quinquennial) assembly” (pañcavarika [parisad]) for confession of sins, recitation of the vinaya and dharma, and the distribution of charity.
		In 920 the ruling family of the Hexi corridor, specifically Cao Yijin (d.936), constructed an extremely elaborate cave dedicated for the karmic merit of the King of Khotan whose Queen was the daughter of Cao Yijin.
	www4.ncsu.edu /~dnschmid/imaging_prop.htm (1084 words)

	Art Fund : THE GOLDEN ROAD TO SAMARKAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		She was sent to marry the King of Khotan, who told her that his country did not know how to produce silk and so, if she wanted to continue to wear her fine silk clothes, she would have to bring him the technology.
		Ancient Chinese records suggested that that this little kingdom, situated on the important route leading from China to the Oxus Valley and hence to India as well as to the West, had played a prominent part in developing the impulses received from India and transmitting them eastwards.
		Khotan fulfilled its promise and yielded hundreds of finds, from tiny terracotta monkeys fashioned by Khotanese artisans during the 3rd century, to documents on wood, leather and paper telling of life in this oasis kingdom under Tibetan rule in the 8th and 9th centuries.
	www.artfund.org /main_site/artfundmags_archive.asp?ID=427 (1374 words)

	Kingdom of Khotan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Kingdom of Khotan was an ancient kingdom on the South Silkroad, that is currently located in present day People's Republic of China, in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region.
		The ancient city of Khotan was the capital and is now known by its modern nameHoton.
		Khoton produced and exported jade, pottery, and silk rugs.With their mulberry groves they became a major producer of silk.
	www.therfcc.org /kingdom-of-khotan-142344.html (183 words)

	Jade \| Topic Definition \| Find the Meaning and Define the Answer of Jade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		During Neolithic times, the key known sources of nephrite jade in China for utilitarian and ceremonial jade items were the now depleted deposits in the Ningshao area in the Yang Ze River delta (Liangzhu Jade culture 3400–2250 BC) and in an area of the Liaoning province in Inner Mongolia (Hongshan Culture 3500–2200 BC).
		River jade collection was concentrated in the Yarkand, the White Jade (Yurungkash) and Black Jade (Karakash) Rivers.
		From the Kingdom of Khotan, on the southern leg of the Silk Road, yearly tribute payments consisting of the most precious white jade were made to the Chinese Imperial court and there transformed into objets d'art by skilled artisans as jade was considered more valuable than gold or silver.
	www.thefreeencyclopedia.com /definition/word.aspx?w=Jade (561 words)

	Khotan - Unipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Khotan or Hotan (Uyghur: خوتەن/Hotǝn; Chinese: 和田; pinyin: Hétián, formerly: Simplified Chinese: 和阗; Traditional Chinese: 和闐; pinyin: Hétián) is an oasis town and a prefecture in the Taklamakan desert that was part of the southern silk road.
		Culture of the Sakas in Ancient Iranian Khotan (Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies)
		Sand-buried ruins of Khotan;: Personal narrative of a journey of archaeological and geographical exploration in Chinese Turkestan,
	www.unipedia.info /Khotan.html (418 words)

	IL&S: Saka Language & Script (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Khotan is part of eastern Turkestan or Sinkiang in northwestern China.
		Khotanese can be divided into two main dialects: 1) Khotanese of the Kingdom of Khotan richly attested by Buddhist and other texts dating from the 7th to the 10th century AD 2) The Tumshuq, from a township of the same name, known from only one Buddhist fragment.
		The Khotan Saka texts are written in the Brahmi script used in India.
	www.iranianlanguages.com /midiranian/saka.htm (334 words)

	Ancient Khotan : detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan--Vol. 1 / Page 206
		The designation ` Khotan' is generally applied rear' e' oXTiv to the chief town of the whole oasis, in accordance with a usage which finds its parallel in many territories of Central Asia.
		But Khotan itself preserved traditions relating to an earlier epoch and connected with the very foundation of the kingdom.
		Hsüan-tsang's Hsi yü-chi tells the story of the origin of the Khotan kingdom and its dynasty, after referring to its actual ruler and his claim to descend from the god Vai§ravana (Pi-sha-men) or Kubera 1.
	dsr.nii.ac.jp /toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-7/V-1/page/0206.html.en (682 words)

	TIMELINE OF BUDDHISM FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ashoka erected a number of edicts (Edicts_of_Ashoka) about the kingdom in support of Buddhism.
		116 CE: The Kushans under Kanishka established a kingdom centered on Kashgar, also taking control of Khotan and Yarkand, previously Chinese dependencies in the Tarim_Basin, modern Xinjiang.
		1600s & 1700s: When Vietnam divided during this period, the Nguyen rulers of the south chose to support Mahayana Buddhism as an integrative ideology for the ethnically plural society of their kingdom, which was also populated by Chams and other minorities.
	velocipay.com /Timeline_of_Buddhism (3098 words)

	Ritual Representation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Heard in 445 CE by Chinese monks from Gansu while in Khotan, and compiled in Gaochang as they returned home, this scripture is a collection of stories about the karmic deeds of various individuals from the time of the Buddha.
		In the tenth century the ruling Cao family of Dunhuang invoked the scripture through performance and visual depictions in an effort to secure political ties to the Kingdom of Khotan and the Uighur Khanate.
		Included in among these figures are the King of Khotan and family members as well as members of the Uighur royal household, all of whom are fixed in an emblematic arrangement in perpetuity.
	www4.ncsu.edu /~dnschmid/ritual_re-presentation.htm (305 words)

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