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Topic: Kingdom of Laos

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	Laos - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Lao People's Democratic Republic is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Myanmar (commonly known in the west as Burma) and the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south, and Thailand to the west.
		The early history of Laos was dominated by the wider Nanzhao kingdom, which was succeeded in the 14th century by the local kingdom of Lan Xang that lasted until its decline in the 18th century, after which Thailand assumed control of the separate principalities that remained.
		Laos is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia and the thickly forested landscape consists mostly of rugged mountains, the highest of which is at 2,817 m, with some plains and plateaus.
	www.eastcleveland.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Laos (1472 words)

	FACT SHEET: Laos at a Glance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Laos, also known as Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a landlocked nation in the center of the Southeast Asian peninsula.
		Laos is bordered by Cambodia, China, Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam, which have influenced the Laotian historical, cultural, and political development.
		Laos was integrated into the French colonial empire of Indochina as a group of directly ruled provinces, except for Louangphrabang, which was ruled as a protectorate.
	deploymentlink.osd.mil /deploy/info/southeast_asia/laos/index.shtml (1249 words)

	Laos - Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lao is the distinction for some of the ethnic groups; Laotian is the term used to refer to all people of Laos, or the national population.
		Laos and Thailand must constantly negotiate a variety of political and economic issues, including the status of Lao refugees and refugee camps in Thailand as well as LPDR claims that Thailand is sheltering Lao insurgents.
		Laos, Thailand, and the UNHCR have agreed to resettle or repatriate all remaining Lao refugees by the end of 1995.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-7742.html (5189 words)

	Society of Indo-china Philatelists - Articles
		Laos was declared an independent state within the French Union on 22 October 1953, but did not become fully independent until 7 December 1956, well after the end of the prolonged Indochina War.
		In 1952, Laos also issued a special booklet containing 26 souvenir sheets, each containing a single stamp of the first issues (Scott #1-17, C2-4, and J1-6) This booklet is a miniature art gallery of some of the best designed and engraved stamps in the world.
		As the influence and territory controlled by the Pathet Lao grew, the King was persuaded on 22 June 1962, in accordance with the Geneva Conference on Laos, to install a new coalition government in Vientiane under Souvanna Phouma.
	www.sicp-online.org /archive/laos_001.htm (2159 words)

	Laos
		Laos is an ancient state, peopled by Thais driven southward from Yunan, in southern China.
		Although the kingdom prospered, particularly during the sixteenth century, the long elongated geography of the state made unity difficult.
		The two remaining Lao states of Luang Prabang and Champasak were dissmembered, but continued as semi-autonomous entities until the late nineteenth century.
	4dw.net /royalark/Laos/laos.htm (1059 words)

	Laos - Gurupedia
		Asia, bordered by Myanmar (commonly known in the west as Burma) and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south, and Thailand to the west.
		Laos' early history was dominated by the wider Nan-chao kingdom, which was succeded in the 14th century by the local kingdom of Lan Xang that lasted until its decline in the 18th century, after which Thailand assumed control of the separate
		Laos is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia and the thickly forested landscape consists mostly of rugged mountains, the highest of which is Phou Bia at 2,817 m, with some plains and plateaus.
	www.gurupedia.com /l/la/laos.htm (940 words)

	History of Laos
		Laos was a low-key French protectorate, known as the land of the lotus-eaters, where an indolent lifestyle prevailed.
		Laos became a pawn of the superpowers, with Hmong tribesmen trained by CIA agents, Thai mercenaries fighting for the Royal Lao government, and the Pathet Lao receiving help from the Chinese, the Russians, and the Vietminh.
		During the Vietnam War, Laos was effectively partitioned into four spheres of influence: the Chinese in the north, the Vietnamese along the Ho Chi Minh Trail in the east, the Thais in western areas controlled by the US-backed Royal Lao Government, and the Khmer Rouge operating from parts of the south.
	www.visit-laos.com /sabbaidee/history.htm (1891 words)

	Laos - Wikitravel
		Laos, formally the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia and one of the poorest countries on the continent.
		Lao Theung (20-30%), or "upland Lao", live on mid-altitude slopes (officially defined as 300m to 900m), and are by far the poorest group in the country, formerly used as slave labor by the Lao Loum.
		Laos is officially Buddhist, and the national symbol, the gilded stupa of Pha That Luang, has replaced the hammer and sickle even on the state seal.
	wikitravel.org /en/Laos (2836 words)

	WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA - Laos - The Kingdom of Laos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In return he was made inspector general of the kingdom, the third-ranking personage of Laos after the king and crown prince.
		A Royal Lao Army was created, which by the end of 1952 comprised seventeen companies, in addition to a battalion entirely commanded by Laotian officers.
		The Lao Issara was a spent force, although it lived on in legend.
	encyclopaedic.net /world/laos/17.php (466 words)

	Laos : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
		Laos : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
		The Third Coalition and the Lao People's Democratic Republic
		Education Prior to the Lao People's Democratic Republic
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/latoc.html (86 words)

	History. (from Laos) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Laos extends about 650 miles (1,050 kilometres) from northwest to southeast and has a total area of approximately 91,400 square miles (236,800 square...
		In November, for the first time, Laos was host of the annual summit of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)—an event that was, despite the logistic and financial challenges, a landmark for Laos's relations with its neighbours.
		The former kingdom lies entirely within the tropics and occupies a rugged central strip of the Indochinese peninsula, surrounded by Vietnam on the east, Cambodia on the south, Thailand on the west, Myanmar on the northwest, and China on the north.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-4055?tocId=4055 (894 words)

	A short history of Laos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the area that is now Laos Laotian tribes form in 877 the first Laotian state.
		In 1949 Laos becomes an associated state and in 1954 independence is granted.
		The fall of Saigon and Phnom Penh to communist forces hastens the decline of the coalition in Laos.
	www.electionworld.org /history/laos.htm (450 words)

	Laos
		Heir to the Throne of Kingdom of Laos.
		Laos has tropical rain forests of broadleaf evergreens in the north and monsoon forests of mixed evergreens and deciduous trees in the south.
		In 1954 Laos became independent and in 1955 was admitted to the United Nations.
	www.geocities.com /vangrhino/laos.html (1482 words)

	Laos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Laos' early history was dominated by the wider Nanzhao kingdom, which was succeded in the 14th century by the local kingdom of Lan Xang that lasted until its decline in the 18th century, after which Thailand assumed control of the separate principalities that remained.
		About half the country's people are ethnic Lao, the principal lowland inhabitants and the politically and culturally dominant group.
		The term Laotian does not necessarily refer to the ethnic Lao language, ethnic Lao people, language or customs, but is more a political term that also includes the non-ethnic Lao groups within Laos and identifies them as "Laotian" because of their political citizenship.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/la/Laos.htm (1000 words)

	Kingdom of Laos
		Sisavang Vong deposed; French begin reoccupation of Laos, March; Sisavang Vong reinstated as king by Lao Issara government; French retake Vientiane, and Lao Issara government flees to Thailand; Franco-Lao modus vivendi establishes unity of Kingdom of Laos; Thailand returns former Laotian territories of Xaignabouri and Champasak to Laos.
		Laos participates in Geneva Conference on Indochina; under armistice agreements signed by French and Viet Minh on July 20, Viet Minh agree to withdraw from Laos, and Phôngsali and Houaphan provinces are designated regroupment areas for Pathet Lao; RLG pledges to integrate Pathet Lao fighters; International Control Commission established to implement agreements.
		Laos increasingly linked with developments in Vietnam; North Vietnamese troops fail to withdraw; Ho Chi Minh Trail expanded; second coalition government collapses; Pathet Lao offensive against Neutralists on Plain of Jars succeeds; International Control Commission proves ineffective; bombing by United States begins.
	www.ocf.berkeley.edu /~kongsab/h_kingdomoflaos.htm (491 words)

	Flying in Laos During the Vietnam War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		We were living in the Kingdom of Laos, and I was working as a civilian for the U.S. government.
		Laos was mostly a country of privation and apathy.
		For much of the year in Laos there is very poor visibility due to the smoke from all the "slash and burn" of the crops.
	www.neto.com /rcr/flying.html (4275 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Lao people fought relentlessly to recover their national independence, and the most fierce but unsuccessful struggle (1827-1828) in the Kingdom of Vientiane was led by King Anouvong, now a National Hero.
		The Lao people of different ethnic groups under the leadership of the Communist Party of Indochina, founded in 1930, continued to struggle for the self determination and independence of Laos as well as that of Vietnam and Cambodia.
		Lao independence was recognized by the Geneva Agreement on Indochina in 1954.
	www.laoembassy.com /discover/intro/history.htm (617 words)

	Kingdom of Laos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This constitution declared the Kingdom of Laos an independent state within the French Union.
		In return he was made inspector general of the Kingdom of Laos, the third-ranking personage of Laos after the king and crown prince.
		Immediately thrust into the broader conflict of the Second Indochina War, the Kingdom of Laos would survive coup d'etats and civil war until 1975, when the communist Pathet Lao assumed power, forced the abdication of the king and declared the birth of the Lao People's Democratic Republic.
	www.asia-handicrafts.com /about-laos/kingdom-of-laos.htm (360 words)

	Lao Royalty: Kingdom Come? --- Asia Pacific Media Service
		It isn't clear why the unidentified insurgents decided to hoist the banner at the Chong Mek border post in southern Laos, but the symbolism was unmistakable: an emphatic call for a return to the pre-revolutionary past--a time when Laos had a king.
		To many, the late prince is the true father of modern Laos because he declared the country independent after the Japanese surrender of 1945, even above the objections of then-King Sisavang Vong.
		Indeed, modern Lao royals have a less-than-godly history, often bending to whatever political pressures ensured their survival, and not necessarily for the greater good of Laotians.
	www.asiapacificms.com /articles/lao_royalty (1214 words)

	Articles - Laos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 2004, Open Doors ranked Laos as the fourth worst persecutor of Christians, behind North Korea, Saudi Arabia, and Vietnam.
		Lam saravane is the most popular genre of Laotian music, but ethnic Lao in Thailand have developed an internationally-best selling form called mor lam sing.
		Additionally, the Khao San Pathet Lao, the official news agency of the Lao P.D.R., publishes English and French versions of its eponymous paper.Internet cafes, serving the tourist market, are now common in the major urban centers.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Laos?mySession=845034d225b0da782f1361a64ece2118 (1543 words)

	War in the Shadows - The Secret War in Laos
		From the mid-1950s to 1975, a Secret War was waged in a remote corner of Southeast Asia known as the Kingdom of Laos.
		The "Laos List" is a long-term research effort to document who was there and who was doing what when and why.
		Our aim is to contribute to the legacy and knowledge of American activities associated with Laos during this period.
	www.angelfire.com /home/laoslist (363 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lao Americans Hold National Anniversary Friendship Reunion and Gala With Their American Counterparts in Washington, D.C.: Join Together To Commemorate and Memorialize The Laotian People’s Partnership With America in Defense of the Kingdom of Laos and U.S. National Security Interests During The Vietnam War
		Smith, in his remarks, will sought to highlight the historic and proud relationship between the freedom-loving people of the Kingdom of Laos and the United States, that began under the Administration of President John F. Kennedy, to combat the violation of Laos’s national sovereignty by invading Soviet-backed North Vietnamese combat troops during the Vietnam War.
		The Lao Royal Family members were honored guests and invited guest speakers along with Dr. William Bouaroy and other community leaders, dignitaries and public officials.
	www.vientianetimes.com /Stories/2004/02112004_lao_bulletin.html (651 words)

	International Conference on Lao Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As a native of Wapikhamthong, I would like to tell the story of my lost home province which was created in 1962 by a constitutional amendment of the Kingdom of Laos, but was erased from the map of the world with the advent of the People’s Democratic Republic at he end of 1975.
		The province took its name from two ancient villages established along the Sedone River in Southern Laos: Wapi, meaning “source,” and Khamtong “gold.” This golden district was first elevated to the rank of Muong (mandala) in 1713 by King Chao Soi-Sisamouth of Champassack.
		In 1945, when Prince Phetsarath, then Vice-Roy and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Luang-Prabang, proclaimed the unification of Northern and Southern Laos as a sole and undivided Lao Kingdom.
	www.seasite.niu.edu /lao/LaoStudies/bsygn.htm (407 words)

	Laos
		A landlocked nation in Southeast Asia occupying the northwest portion of the Indochinese peninsula, Laos is surrounded by China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Burma.
		Laos is a mountainous country, especially in the north, where peaks rise above 9,000 ft (2,800 m).
		By the Geneva agreements of 1954 and an armistice of 1955, two northern provinces were given to the Pathet Lao: the rest went to the royal regime.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107702.html (1019 words)

	Laos Memorial: Arlington National Cemetery
		THE U.S. The story of this Memorial is a story of sacrifice and patriotic valor by American Advisors and Hmong and Lao combat soldiers in the jungles of Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War.
		Appearing before Congress, in 1994, the Honorable William E. Colby, former Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, talked of the "heroism and effectiveness of the Hmong struggle" and the critical role and sacrifice of the Secret Army.
		Finally, after discussions with officials of the U.S. Government and the Lao Veterans of America, whose members number some 55,000 former soldiers and their families of the Secret Army, agreement on a Living Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery was reached.
	www.arlingtoncemetery.net /laosmem.htm (746 words)

	LAOS : The Secret War
		Situations inside Laos worsened in intensity during the late 1950's and early 1960's when The Soviet Union and Red China sought to establish worldwide Communism by stimulating anti-government revolution in nations around the world, where weapons, warfare training and other support was provided to fuel rebellion.
		The Kingdom of Laos was being attacked and villages invaded, leaving dead and mutilated civilians as the communists expanded their historic intrusions into Laos territory, while better armed than ever before.
		Then twenty-two (22) YEARS after America 'officially' abandoned Laos, the Hmong were honored for the 'first time' by our Congressmen during a ceremony on 14 May 1997 at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, where some 3,000 Hmong gathered with representatives from the USAF, CIA and friends.
	www.angelfire.com /in/Laos (4662 words)

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