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Topic: Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily

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Naples

	Naples - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In the sixth century, Naples was conquered by the Byzantines during the attempt of Justinian I to recreate the Roman Empire, and was one of the last duchies to fall in Norman hands in 1039, as they founded the Kingdom of Sicily.
		In 1266 Naples and the kingdom of Sicily were assigned by Pope Clement IV to Charles of Anjou, who moved the capital from Palermo to Naples.
		In 1284 the kingdom was split in two parts, with an Aragonese king ruling the island of Sicily and the Angevin king ruling the mainland portion; while both kingdoms officially called themselves the Kingdom of Sicily, the mainland portion was commonly referred to as the Kingdom of Naples.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /naples.htm (1203 words)

	AllRefer.com - Naples, kingdom of (Italian History) - Encyclopedia
		Naples, kingdom of, former state, occupying the Italian peninsula south of the former Papal States.
		Charles lost Sicily in 1282 but retained his territories on the mainland, which came to be known as the kingdom of Naples.
		In 1816 Ferdinand merged Sicily and Naples and styled himself Ferdinand I, king of the Two Sicilies.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/N/Naples-k.html (901 words)

	KINGDOM OF NAPLES - LoveToKnow Article on KINGDOM OF NAPLES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		NAPLES, KINGDOM OF, the name conventionally given to the kingdom of Sicily on the Italian mainland (Sicily beyond the Pharos), to distinguish it from that of Sicily pr~pef (Sicily on this side of the Pharos, i.e.
		The history of the kingdom of Naples is inextricably interwoven with that of Sicily, with which for long periods it was united as the kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
		The Angevins renounced Sicily in favor of Frederick, who was recognized as king of Trinacria (a name adopted so as not to mention that of Sicily), and he was to marry Leonora, daughter of Charles of Valois; at his death the island would revert to the Angevins, but his children would receive compensation elsewhere.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /N/NA/NAPLES_KINGDOM_OF.htm (10790 words)

	Learn more about Naples in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Naples (Italian Napoli) is the largest town in southern Italy, capital of the region of Campania.
		It was in Naples, in the 'Castel dell'Ovo' (Castle of the Egg), that Romulus Augustulus, the last emperor of the Roman Empire, was imprisoned after being deposed in 476.
		In 1284 the kingdom was split in two parts, but both claimed the name of kingdom of Sicily.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /n/na/naples.html (619 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Sicily
		In 1127 Roger II, count of Sicily, was recognized as duke of Apulia and Calabria, and in 1130 he assumed the title of king of Sicily.
		Soon thereafter, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was divided; Naples remained under the control of the house of Anjou, but the island of Sicily became independent and chose as king Pedro III, king of Aragón, who was connected by marriage with the house of Hohenstaufen.
		In 1734 the Bourbon Don Carlos, later Charles III, king of Spain, invaded Naples and Sicily, and in 1735 he was crowned and was recognized by the Treaty of Vienna as Charles IV, King of the Two Sicilies.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761564985___3/Sicily.html (1333 words)

	Roger II of Sicily - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However the union of Sicily and Apulia was resisted by Honorius II and by the subjects of the duchy itself.
		In September of 1129 Roger was generally recognized as duke by Naples, Capua, and the rest.
		The pope, invading the kingdom with a large army, was skillfully ambushed at Galuccio (July 22, 1139).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily (1083 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Sicily
		Sicily is for the most part a plateau 150 to 600 m (500 to 1,900 ft) above sea level.
		Sicily is subject to constant drought, not much relieved by the oppressive sirocco wind that blows across the island from North Africa.
		Sicily exports sulfur, fruits and vegetables, sumac, salt, wine, oil, and fish, and imports mainly grain, coal, and iron.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761564985__1/Sicily.html (1900 words)

	Italy
		(1) the Kingdom of Lombardy, or Italy, in the north, (2) the Papacy in the center, and (3) the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily in the South.
		Sicily and Naples then continued separately or together until the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was overrun by Garbaldi, fighting for a united Kingdom of Italy, in 1860.
		Sicily and Naples remained united to Spain until Naples (and Sardina) was ceded to Austria, and Sicily to Savoy, after the War of the Spanish Succession (1713).
	www.friesian.com /italia.htm (9544 words)

	The Currency and Stamps of Naples (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Naples and southern Italy, along with Sicily, remained under the authority of the East Roman or Byzantine empire until the late 11th century, when Naples and southern Italy was conquered by adventurers from Normandy--shortly following the Norman conquest of England.
		Naples became a dependent kingdom of Spain in the Renaissance, and in 1759 Naples and Sicily became free-standing kingdoms when Charles III of Bourbon of Spain left those thrones to his second son Ferdinand IV.
		Naples and Sicily were conquered in 1861 by the soldier of fortune Garibaldi on behalf of the cause of Italian unification, at a time when the new and last king, Francis II, was inexperienced and lacking in leadership.
	bronze.ucok.edu /passport/italy/osburn (471 words)

	History and background information on Sicily, Italy
		He lands at Trapani in 1282 and is acclaimed king at Palermo; excepting brief periods Sicily was ruled from Spain for the next four centuries, isolating her from both Sicily and the rest of Italy.
		Ferdinand IV of Naples (Ferdinand III of Sicily) officially merged the kingdoms of Sicily and Naples in 1816 and titled himself 'Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies'.
		Sicily and Naples were to fall to the forces of Garibaldi in 1860, and, in 1861, Gaeta, the 'Two Sicilies' became part of the Kingdom of Italy.
	www.knowital.com /history/sicily/sicily-history.html (1494 words)

	Naples, kingdom of on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Refusing to give up their claim to Sicily, Charles and his successors warred with the house of Aragón, which held the island, until in 1373 Queen Joanna I of Naples formally renounced her claim.
		Ferrante of Naples: the statecraft of a Renaissance prince.
		Renaissance Italy, 1350-1600 -- Kingdom of France, Duchy of Savoy, Holy Roman Empire, Duchy of Milan, Marquisate of Saluzzo, Republic of Genoa, Genoa, Milan, Republic of Lucca, Pisa, Florence, Republi
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/N/Naples-k.asp (1100 words)

	Kingdoms of Italy - Naples & Sicily
		The County of Apulia merges with the County of Sicily to form a single Norman Kingdom of Naples and Sicily.
		The Kingdom of Naples and Sicily passes to the Anjevins.
		The claim to Naples passes to René I the Good of Anjou, Duke of Lorraine, but by 1442 Alfonso V of Aragon and Sicily conquers the kingdom.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsEurope/ItalySicily.htm (466 words)

	History and background information on Campania, Italy
		In 1139 Roger II, Guiscard's nephew, was invested by Pope Innocent II with the Kingdom of Sicily, including the Norman conquests of southern Italy, of which Campania was one.
		Charles I (Charles of Anjou) lost Sicily in 1282, but he retained the mainland territories - these came to be known as the Kingdom of Naples, and roughly covered a region comprising modern day Campania, Abruzzo, Molise, Basilicata, Puglia and Calabria, with Naples as the capital.
		It was the Treaty of Blois that ceded Naples and Sicily to Spain; there began two centuries that saw southern Italy become one of the poorest, most backward and exploited areas in all Europe.
	www.knowital.com /history/campania/campania-history.html (614 words)

	Two Sicilies, kingdom of the on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The name Two Sicilies was used in the Middle Ages to mean the kingdoms of Sicily and of Naples (see Sicily and Naples, kingdom of).
		Under his successors the kingdoms were again separate, but the title was revived during Spanish domination (1504-1713) of both kingdoms and after the accession (1759) of a cadet branch of the Spanish line of Bourbon to Naples and Sicily.
		Ferdinand IV of Naples (Ferdinand III of Sicily) officially merged the two kingdoms in 1816 and called himself Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/t/twos1icil.asp (478 words)

	Roger : My Family (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Roger II c.1095-1154, count (1101-30) and first king (1130-54) of Sicily, son and successor of Roger I. He conquered (1127) Apulia and Salerno and sided with the antipope Anacletus II against Pope Innocent II.
		Naples and Capua recognized Roger's sovereignty; Innocent was obliged to invest him with the lands that, for the next seven centuries, were to constitute the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily.
		Prosperity returned to Sicily, and Roger's brilliant court at Palermo was a center of the arts, letters, and sciences.
	www.greatestjournal.com /go.bml?journal=rpp3&itemid=5157&dir=prev (255 words)

	End of Europe's Middle Ages - Italy's City-States
		Determined to reduce the threat of an imperial base so near to Rome, the papacy sought to eliminate German control from the Italian peninsula and offered the kingdom of Sicily to Charles of Anjou, a younger brother of Louis IX of France (1226-1270), in exchange for papal endorsement.
		The violence of the riot developed into the War of the Sicilian Vespers which lasted for twenty years, leaving Sicily under Aragonese control while the rest of southern Italy was ruled by the Angevins from Naples.
		The two kingdoms were finally reunited in 1435 when Alfonso the Magnanimous, king of Sicily, succeeded to the throne of Naples and became the king of Two Sicilies.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/c-states.html (1823 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Boniface VIII
		James II had been crowned King of Sicily at Palermo in 1286, and had thereby incurred the sentence of excommunication for daring to usurp a fief of the Holy See.
		Sicily was not, however, pacified by this agreement between the pope and the kings of Aragon and Naples.
		In Hungary Chambert or Canrobert of Naples claimed the vacant crown as descendant of St. Stephen on the distaff side, and was supported by the pope in his quality of traditional overlord and protector of Hungary.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02662a.htm (9038 words)

	List of monarchs of Naples and Sicily - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Constance of Sicily 1194-1198, married to Henry VI
		Ferdinand IV (III of Sicily) 1759-1806 (continued to reign in Sicily until 1815, when he was restored in Naples as well)
		Ferdinand I (formerly Ferdinand IV of Naples and III of Sicily) 1815-1825
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Monarchs_of_Naples_and_Sicily (138 words)

	War of the Polish Succession - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Specifically, he hoped to secure Mantua for the elder son, Don Carlos, who was already Duke of Parma and had the expectation of Tuscany; and the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily for the younger son, Don Felipe.
		In the north, there were three hard-fought though indecisive battles, (June 29, 1734), (September 19, 1734) and (May 25, 1735), the first and last won by the Austrians, the second by the French and their allies.
		Augustus was confirmed as king of Poland, Stanislas being compensated with the Duchy of Lorraine (which would thus pass, on his death, through his daughter to the French), while the former Duke of Lorraine, Francis Stephen, was made heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, which he inherited in 1737.
	www.sevenhills.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/War_of_the_Polish_Succession (1165 words)

	Pretenders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Tudors who wrested the Kingdom from Richard needed to see the marriage as legal, since their claims were noticeably bolstered by the wedding of Henry VII to Princess Elizabeth, Edward's older daughter by the Woodville alliance (and how terribly convenient for Henry that Richard had disposed of his two nephews...
		Based on the fact that Frederick II held Sicily and southern Italy, a claim that was assumed by his illegitimate son Manfred, the Kingdom of Naples has normally included Jerusalem as a adjunct title within its collection.
		The Kingdom of Norway is one of the oldest European monarchies in existence today, having in it's origins evolved out of a welter of local Norse tribal and clan chieftaincies at the end of the 9th century.
	www.hostkingdom.net /pretends.html (5938 words)

	Naples - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Naples (Italian Napoli, Neapolitan Napule, from Greek Neapolis/Νεάπολις) is the largest town in southern Italy, capital of the region of Campania.
		Naples is the home of the San Carlo, the oldest active opera house in Europe, which opened its doors on November 4, 1737.
		They also claim that the best coffee in the world is made in their town thanks to special kind of Neapolitan air and water.
	www.free-definition.com /Naples.html (694 words)

	italyguide - General Information - History: Foreign Domination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Also in the Kingdom of Naples there occurred conspiracies among the barons, indicating a lack of capacity on the part of various Italian States, despite their now solid economic foundations, to provide a stable political and administrative structure.
		This was directly represented by the three kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia (1503-1734) governed by a viceroy, by the Stato dei Presidi in Tuscany (1559-1714) and by the Duchy of Milan (1535-1714).
		In 1734 Naples and Sicily were conquered by the Bourbon Charles III, who became king of Spain in 1759, and made some useful political reforms.
	www.italyguide.com /INFO/history/dominat.html (986 words)

	Roger II of Sicily : Roger of Sicily (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		When William the duke of Apulia, grandson of Robert Guiscard, died childless in June of 1127, Roger claimed all Hauteville[?] possessions and the overlordship of Capua.
		Nevertheless, by July 1134 his troops forced Ranulf, Sergius, duke of Naples, and the rebels to submit, while Robert was expelled from Capua.
		He was served by men of nationality so dissimilar as the Englishman Thomas Brun, a kaid of the Curia, and, in the fleet, by the renegade Muslim Christodoulos, and the Antiochene George, whom he made in 1132 "amiratus amiratorum," in effect prime vizier.
	www.city-search.org /ro/roger-of-sicily.html (915 words)

	Is There A Mafia? - The American MAFIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Rosario Meli, convicted of murders in Sicily in 1867, escaped from authorities and fled to New Orleans.
		In the 1920s, as pressure mounted in Sicily from the anti-Mafia Fascist government, Mafia leaders escaped to the United States, bringing portions of their organizations with them.
		As a result of the transplantation of numerous Mafiosi from Sicily to the United States, the two societies may also be viewed as genetically identical.
	www.onewal.com /maf-art01.html (2149 words)

	Alphonso V Reunites Sicily and Naples (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		For a long time following Ferdinand III's creation in 1296 of an independent Kingdom of Sicily separate from the mainland territory surrounding Naples, the crown of Sicily descended in a Spanish line while the crown of Naples descended through the hands of their ancient enemies, the descendants of Charles II of Anjou.
		Joanna was a fickle ally, however, and she soon found a new favorite whom she preferred to be her heir.
		Following Alphonso's death, the reunited territory of Sicily and Naples descended through successive generations as a possession of the Spanish monarch.
	www.boglewood.com /sicily/alphonso.html (252 words)

	Napoli, Italy - History (data useful to the Scholarly Societies Project) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In 1805 the French occupied Naples, and Ferdinando left for Palermo; but not until 1806, March 30 did Giuseppe Napoleone Bonaparte, older brother of Napoleon, become King of the Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily).
		On 1815, May 20, Gioacchino Murat abandoned Naples; and on 1815, May 23, Leopoldo di Borbone, son of Ferdinando IV returned to Naples from Sicily; on 1815, June 17 Ferdinando IV also returned.
		For Naples he retained the title Ferdinando IV, but for Sicily he took the title Ferdinando III; but he was Ferdinando I, King of the Two Sicilies.
	www.lib.uwaterloo.ca /society/history/history_napoli.html (246 words)

	Hohenstaufen dynasty -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		In the south, the foundations laid by the Normans of Capua and by the Hautevilles gained strength with the conquest of Sicily from the Muslims in the late 11th century.
		The death of Frederick II in 1250 and of his son Conrad IV in 1254 heralded the irreversible decline of Hohenstaufen power in Germany and in the conjoint kingdoms of Naples and Sicily.
		Conrad's infant son Conradin, heir to Naples and Sicily, remained in Germany under the guardianship of his Bavarian mother.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article?tocId=9274907&query=frederick (879 words)

	WHKMLA : Milanese and Neapolitan War 1499-1504
		In 1500, the Treaty of Granada was signed, in which King Ferdinand of Aragon agreed to support the French claim for Naples, which was held by an estranged sideline of the House of Aragon.
		claimed the crown of Naples for himself, the French were defeated in 1503, the city of Naples occupied by the Spanish May 13th 1503, the last French stronghold in the Kingdom of Naples, Gaeta, fell on Jan. 1st 1504.
		The Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily were united in Dynstic Union, under the crown of Aragon.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/15cen/milanese14991504.html (294 words)

	Chapter Conquest Of Italy By The Franks. of History of The Decline And Fall of The Roman Empire by Gibbon
		His birth and education recommended him to the Italians; and in the implacable discord of the two factions, the Ghibelins were attached to the emperor, while the Guelfs displayed the banner of liberty and the church.
		The court of Rome had slumbered, when his father Henry the Sixth was permitted to unite with the empire the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily; and from these hereditary realms the son derived an ample and ready supply of troops and treasure.
		Yet Frederic the Second was finally oppressed by the arms of the Lombards and the thunders of the Vatican: his kingdom was given to a stranger, and the last of his family was beheaded at Naples on a public scaffold.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/1/62/109/25691/23.html (707 words)

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