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Topic: Kingdom of Poland (Mitteleuropa)

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	Kingdom of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The state formed by Boleslaus I of Poland in 1025 during his coronation.
		Kingdom of Poland of the first Piasts 1025-1138 (Kingdom of the first Piasts)
		divided Kingdom of Poland 1138-1295 (Kingdom of Poland during feudal partition)
	www.gogoglo.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/k/ki/kingdom_of_poland.html (93 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Kingdom of Poland (Mitteleuropa)
		The Kingdom of Poland, also informally called Regency Kingdom of Poland (Polish: KrÃ³lestwo Regencyjne), was the state proposed by the Act of November 5 issued by Imperial Germany and Austria-Hungary.
		Polish language was reinstituted in all of the territory of the former Congress Poland and the educational and political institutions banned by Russia after the Polish uprisings of 1830 and 1863 were re-created.
		The Kingdom had its own currency, called Marka polska (Polish mark) and a Constitution was drafted on 12th September 1917 (monarchy, a two-chambers-parliament, no political responsibility of the ministers).
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Kingdom_of_Poland_(Mitteleuropa) (838 words)

	Acidophilus notes \| 08:07 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Poland, whose statehood had just been re-established following the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century, sought to secure territories which she had lost at the time of partitions and earlier; the Soviets aimed to control the same territories, which had been part of Imperial Russia until the turbulent events of the Great War.
		Poland's Chief of State, Józef Piłsudski, felt the time expedient to expand Polish borders as far east as feasible, to be followed by the creation of a Polish-led federation (Międzymorze) of several states in the rest of East-Central Europe as a bulwark against the potential re-emergence of both German and Russian imperialism.
		Poland, its territory a major frontline of the First World War, was unstable politically; it had just won the difficult conflict with the West Ukrainian National Republic and was already engaged in new conflicts with Germany (the Silesian Uprisings) and with Czechoslovakia.
	www.acidophiluseffects.com /notes/?title=Polish-Bolshevik_war (7831 words)

	Polish-Soviet War information - Search.com
		The frontiers between Poland and the Russian SFSR had not been clearly defined in the Treaty of Versailles and were further rendered chaotic by the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Russian Civil War, German withdrawal from the eastern front, and the attempts of Ukraine and Belarus to establish their independence.
		After 123 years of Poland's rule by her three imperial neighbors, the Second Polish Republic was proclaimed and the reborn country proceeded to carve out its borders from the territories of her former partitioners, Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary.
		Poland, its territory a major frontline of the First World War, was unstable politically and already engaged in border conflicts with Germany (the Silesian Uprisings) and Czechoslovakia (border conflicts between Poland and Czechoslovakia), while the attention and policies of revolutionary Russia were predominantly directed at dealing with counter-revolution and with intervention by the western powers.
	webshots.search.com /reference/Polish-Soviet_War (6888 words)

	Kingdom Of Poland (mitteleuropa) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Kingdom of Poland, also informally called ''Regency Kingdom of Poland'' (lang-plKrÃ³lestwo Regencyjne), was the state proclaimed by the Act of November 5 issued by Imperial Germany and Austria-Hungary.
		It was created within the former Russian territory of Congress Poland (however with no defined borders) in 1916 and existed as a satellite state of Germany until 1918.
		The Kingdom had its own currency, called ''Marka polska'' (Polish mark) and received a Constitution on 12th September 1917 (monarchy, a two-chambers-parliament, no political responsibility of the ministers).
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/Kingdom_of_Poland_(Mitteleuropa) (744 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The reluctance of the western democracies to form an anti-fascist alliance with the USSR, and France and the United Kingdom's pact with Hitler signed at Munich, was indicative of a lack of interest from the side of the West to oppose the growing fascist movement, already exemplified by the events of the Spanish Civil War.
		Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its "political rearrangement"—the areas east of the rivers Narev, Vistula and San going to the Soviet Union while the Germans would occupy the west.
		Others say that Poland and the Baltic countries played the important role of buffer states between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, and that the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was a precondition not only for Germany's invasion of Western Europe, but also for the Third Reich's invasion of the Soviet Union.
	www.gamecheatz.net /games.php?title=Molotov-Ribbentrop_Pact (4473 words)

	Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact Encyclopedia Article @ Fiercely.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		United Kingdom for a military alliance against Germany stalled, mainly due to mutual suspicions.
		In addition, there was concern about the possibility that France and the United Kingdom would stay neutral in a war initiated by Germany, hoping that the warring states would wear each other out and put an end to both the Soviet Union and the Nazis.
		Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its "political rearrangement"—the areas east of the rivers
	fiercely.org /encyclopedia/Nazi-Soviet_Nonaggression_Pact (4028 words)

	Kingdom of Poland (1916-1918) biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Kingdom of Poland was the state proclaimed by the Imperial Germany and Austria-Hungary from the areas of the former Congress Poland on November 5, 1916.
		The Polish language was reinstituted in all of the territory of Poland and the educational and political institutions banned by Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia during the Partitions of Poland were reopened.
		On November 11, 1918 it ceded all responsibilities to Józef Piłsudski and was de iure "incorporated" in the newly-reborn Poland.
	www.biography.ms /Kingdom_of_Poland_(Mitteleuropa).html (138 words)

	Polish-Soviet War - Databank (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The frontiers between Poland and the Russian SFSR had not been defined in the Treaty of Versailles and were further rendered chaotic by the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Russian Civil War, German withdrawal from the eastern front, and the attempts of Ukraine and Belarus to establish their independence.
		Poland's cryptological achievements in the Polish-Soviet War were a prelude to the spectacular achievements of her General Staff's Cipher Bureau (Biuro Szyfrów), from December 1932, in decrypting German Enigma machine ciphers.
		The Soviet occupation of eastern Poland brought Stalinist repression and deportations to the Polish population.
	www.notd-aftermath.com /databank/index.php?title=Polish-Soviet_War (8146 words)

	Congress Poland biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Congress Poland largely emerged as a result of the efforts of Adam Czartoryski, the Russian foreign affairs minister and a Pole who aimed to resurrect the Polish state in alliance with Russia.
		Formally, Congress Poland was one of the few contemporary constitutional monarchies in Europe, with the Tsar of Russia as Polish King.
		Congress Poland had a parliament which could vote on laws and was responsible to the Tsar's Viceroy in Poland, Grand Duke Constantine, the Tsar's brother, who was also responisble for Lithuania.
	congress-kingdom.biography.ms (305 words)

	Mitteleuropa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		'''Mitteleuropa''' is a German term approximately equal to Central Europe.
		Outside of Germany, the concept of Mitteleuropa may be best known for that policy of the Central Powers during World War I which assumed the creation of several buffer states in Central Europe, liberated from Imperial Russia and commonly viewed as puppet states.
		Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Poland liberated themselves after the collapse of Imperial Germany and Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I. Soon they gained international recognition and participated in signing of the Versailles Treaty as members of the Entente.
	mitteleuropa.area51.ipupdater.com (195 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mitteleuropa has been consistently the most important geo-vision of Germans since 1870 (Dijkink, 1996) and for Ratzel (1898), the zone to the east of the Second Reich was a savage one and the eastern German/Russian boundary was "not a border between two states but between two worlds".
		The expression “Mitteleuropa” became thoroughly discredited through its use by the Nazis, but in the 1980s, the term was again revived for use as a convenient metaphor for a region that transcended the east-west Iron Curtain divide.
		In the mid 1990s, Ukraine mooted the idea of a triangle of Poland, Czech Republic-Slovakia and Ukraine; Poland’s government immediately rejected this idea since Ukraine was at a different stage of post-communist transition, though the other three countries have repeatedly stated their aim to cooperate with Ukraine.
	www.colorado.edu /Research/IBS/PEC/johno/pub/trieste.doc (6789 words)

	Adalbert Goertz: FAQ.prussia (Preußssen)
		The original (East and West) Prussia was cleansed of its ethnic German population and given to Poland and Russia The Western powers were silent on the ethnic cleansing of original Prussia and Eastern Germany resulting in 12 millions of German refugees and expellees.
		Prior to 1874, the church records (Kirchenbücher) of the official churches (Evangelic and catholic) served as recognized documents for the purpose of proving one's birth, marriage, and death and had to meet certain standards of accuracy and completeness which were set and supervised by the Ministery of Church,School,and Medical Matters in Berlin.
		Kingdom of Sachsen, Thüringen The coal miners were organized in Knappschaften for health and accidance insurance, pensions etc. (Prussian Bergbaugesetz of 1854, 1865 and 1892).
	users.foxvalley.net /~goertz/faq.prussia.html (4863 words)

	Poland Travel Ministry - Polish Holidays (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Easter observances in Poland actually begin on Ash Wednesday, when pussy willows called in polish "bazie" or "kotki" are cut and placed in the water.
		According to Roman Catholic theology and the traditions of the Roman Catholic Church, the body and soul of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Mary, the mother of Jesus) was taken into Heaven after the end of her earthly life.
		After the last Russian advance into Galicia failed in mid-1917, the Germans went on the offensive again; the army of revolutionary Russia ceased to be a factor, and Russia was forced to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in which she ceded all formerly Polish lands to the Central Powers.
	www.polandtravelministry.com.cob-web.org:8888 /holidays.php (2354 words)

	Central Europe Review - German News Review
		He reiterated the point that German support for Poland's membership was not merely an act of solidarity, but that it was in Germany's national interest to do so, notably in economic terms.
		The background to this meeting at Gnieno was the thousandth anniversary of the encounter in the year 1000 between the German-Roman Emperor Otto III and the Polish duke Bolesław Chrobry, which led to the establishment of a "national" Polish church organisation.
		Indeed, the "Gnieno Act," together with the parallel establishment of the Hungarian church and kingdom in 1001, was part of Emperor Otto's bold plan of (re)creating a universal Roman empire, with "Germans," "Gauls," "Italians" and "Slavs" (including the Magyars) as equal partners.
	www.ce-review.org /00/17/germanynews17.html (1332 words)

	Kamusella: Polish Minorities
		In the case of Poland, the finishing touch to the construction of this nation-state came with the Polish-German Border Treaty in 1990.
		From scanty academic monographs, it seems that Poland’s largest ethnic group is the Szlonzoks (500,000 to one million), who live in the historical region of Upper Silesia, which, at present, is divided between the Opole and Silesian regions in the south of Poland (Kamusella, 1999).
		Poland’s course as a nation-state is bound to follow the same course unless it is prevented from joining the European Union.
	www.univie.ac.at /spacesofidentity/_Vol_3_4/_HTML/kamusella.html (8899 words)

	Sigismund II - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		His great diplomatic skill enabled him to conciliate the dissident elements both in Poland and among the Lithuanian magnates who opposed the fusion.
		The last of the Jagiello dynasty to rule Poland, Sigismund died childless.
		After an interregnum and the brief rule of Henry of Valois (later Henry III of France), Stephen Báthory was elected (1575) king.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-sigismun2.html (414 words)

	Re-ordering Europe’s Eastern Frontier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Established at the Union of Lublin in 1569, and bringing together the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, it would henceforth be ruled by a common Diet as well as a common sovereign (Figure 1), its enormous territory reaching from the Baltic to the Black sea.
		Added to the former Polish Kingdom were the former Prussian provinces of Posen (Poznan) and parts of West Prussia; the city of Gdansk/Danzig was granted the status of an independent city-state, while plebiscites were scheduled for parts of East Prussia and Upper Silesia to determine the areas’ national status, German or Polish.
		Although Poland is, in many senses, on the "right side" of the new divide, the international community’s – as well as the Polish state’s – recent boundary-drawing exercises are not passing by uncontested.
	www.colorado.edu /IBS/PEC/johno/pub/galician.html (8813 words)

	Mitteleuropa: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mitteleuropa (Middle-Europe) is a German term approximately equal to Central Europe.
		Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Poland liberated themselves, with the help of german Freikorps, after the collapse of Imperial Germany and Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I. Soon they gained international recognition and participated in signing of the Versailles Treaty as members of the Entente.
		The other two (Belarus and Ukraine) were taken over by Russian SFSR and became Republics of the Soviet Union.
	advantacell.com /wiki/Mitteleuropa (324 words)

	Adalbert Goertz: FAQ.Westpreussen - West Prussia
		The original (East and West) Prussia was cleansed of its ethnic German population and given to Poland and Russia.
		A2: Before 1806 Germany was one kingdom and empire with one Kaiser and one king who resided in Wien (Vienna).
		The center was given to the new Poland without a referendum and was known as the Weichsel-Korridor 3.
	users.foxvalley.net /~goertz/faqwpr.html (4329 words)

	LETTER 13 (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Poland, under the microscopic, defensive, self serving scrutiny of it's allies would have to have performed quite a magic trick to have done what you outline in your monologue without the allies having noted this.
		Poland not only retained the electoral form of monarchy, but required that all legislation be unanimous.
		Danzig was never a part of Poland, and was not part of Poland in 1939: it was a so-called "free city" under the nominal control of the League of Nations.
	www.cwporter.com.cob-web.org:8888 /letter13.htm (3772 words)

	Jozef_Pilsudski : Essential Historical Information, explanation, recent texts, monographs, and relevant links.
		In 1918 Piłsudski was released by the revolted German troops and on November 11 he became the provisional head of the newly formed Polish state.
		His authority was so great, that all Polish governments: Kingdom of Poland (Mitteleuropa), Temporary Government of Republic of Poland and the council in Galicia proclaimed him a naczelnik panstwa.
		Although he played an overwhelming role in Poland during this period, he was only for a short time prime minister, being mostly minister of defense or inspector of the army.
	www.llpoh.org /Reviewing_the_20th_century/Jozef_Pilsudski.html (1111 words)

	New Books and Working Papers
		Countries with high and increasing pension costs (Bulgaria, FYR Macedonia, Poland, and Slovakia) are therefore largely those that have either raised pension payments relative to wages, or have not been able to reduce pension generosity sufficiently to counteract increases in system dependency rates.
		Containing the growth of pension benefit expenditures in Poland requires a sharp reduction in pension fund generosity; Poland has already controlled the growth rate in new old age pensioners.
		A discussion of the case law and the experience of policy in practice is used to suggest lessons for the task of competition policy, both in these countries and in others undergoing the transition from central planning.
	www.worldbank.org /html/prddr/trans/novdec96/doc15.htm (3825 words)

	Toward World War I
		Among several other measures directed particularly against the Poles, the separation of the Cheim district from Congress Poland, where conditions were still somewhat better than in the rest of the empire, which had been announced in 1909 and was carried out three years later, was particularly resented.
		This was the Habsburg monarchy where the problem of nationalities continued to be discussed in an entirely different spirit from that which prevailed in Russia after the interlude of 1905 and in spite of Russia’s entente with the democratic powers of Western Europe.
		However, such a solution, which was not unacceptable to the Germans since it would have reduced the number of Slavs in Austria, was always rejected by the Magyars as a threat to the territorial integrity of the kingdom of St. Stephen and to their favorable position in a partnership of two states only.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /wooton/34/halecki/19.htm (5620 words)

	Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The borders of this "autonomous" Poland were to be changed in favour of Germany.
		German officials demanded the so-called "Polish Frontier Strip" which would lead to annexation of considerable parts of Polish territories that were part of Russian partition of Poland.
		With that in view, we propose to turn this force to our advantage." "This country is meant for Germany," continued the keeper of starving Poland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(Mitteleuropa) (845 words)

	Lithuania - Gurupedia
		Belarus to the southeast, Poland to the south and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia to the southwest.
		This union remained until the partitions of Poland in 1795 when Lithuania was itself annexed by Imperial Russia.
		1918 as a part of German planned Mitteleuropa, in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, and then as a republic in November, after Germany's defeat in World War I.
	www.gurupedia.com /l/li/lithuania.htm (787 words)

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