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	Kingdom of Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kingdom of Poland was the name of several Polish states in the history of that nation:
		Kingdom of Poland of the later Piasts, 1320–1370
		Kingdom of Poland as a satellite of the Austro-Hungarian and German empires, 1916–1918
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland (182 words)

	Brief History of Poland - Peter Pfeiffer
		In 1138 the Testament of Boleslaw III Krzywousty (Boleslaus III the Wry-mouthed) shattered the precarious unity of Poland by dividing the realm among Boleslaw's sons.
		The Union of Lublin was a formal union of Poland and Lithuania; the "Rzeczpospolita Polska" (the Polish Commonwealth).
		One historic episode during the "Deluge" was the defense of Czestochowa, Poland's most sacred shrine containing the picture of the Virgin Mary (the "Black Madonna"), by a small force led by the Prior and his monks against a besieging army of 9,000 Swedes.
	www.magma.ca /~pfeiffer/poland/history.htm (2376 words)

	Poland - The Medieval Era
		During the eleventh century and the first half of the twelfth century, the building of the Polish state continued under a series of successors to Boleslaw I. But by 1150, the state had been divided among the sons of Boleslaw III, beginning two centuries of fragmentation that brought Poland to the brink of dissolution.
		During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, Poland lost ground in its complex triangular relationship with the German Empire to the west and the kingdom of Bohemia to the south.
		In the fourteenth century, after a long period of instability and growing menace from without, the Polish state experienced a half century of recovery under the last monarchs of the house of Piast.
	countrystudies.us /poland/4.htm (565 words)

	The Rulers of Poland
		During his time major conquests were completed and the new territories were united into a uniform state system.
		Mieszko was baptized in 966, bringing Poland into the sphere of European Christian civilization and established relations with the greatest powers of that period, the papacy and the empire.
		Poland's independence was then established by the royal coronations of Boleslaw in 1024.
	home.no.net /bhb2/pl-h01e.htm (838 words)

	Poland History
		During this period, the city of Cracow became increasingly important, and possession of that city was deemed necessary for assuming rule over the whole country.
		During her reign, she gave all her jewelry and regalia to rescue the financially troubled Krakow Academy and, according to a legend, used a wooden gold-painted scepter for official functions.
		Subsequently, the nobility elected the new king of Poland; it was to be French prince Henri de Valois.
	www.snookems.com /poland/phistory.htm (8510 words)

	Poland: Agricultural Case Study
		Poland’s population is approximately 38 million, of which 14 percent are full-time farmers and another 5 percent are part-time farmers.
		During the same time that the new countries payments are rising, the amount of funding for the original countries will drop 3 percent each year until they both reach 80 percent of current funding.
		Poland is a large producer of wheat, rye, triticale, mixed grains, barley, and corn.
	www.fas.usda.gov /pecad2/highlights/2003/12/Poland (3970 words)

	Poland, Landmine Monitor Report 2003
		Poland attended the Fourth Annual Conference of States Parties to Amended Protocol II of the CCW as an observer in December 2002.
		Poland reported to delegates that although 20 million mines and explosive remnants were destroyed between 1946 and 1956, mines and explosive remnants of war were still being today found in significant quantities.
		Poland is still finding unexploded ordnance (UXO) and landmines dating from World War II and the Soviet occupation, especially at the drainage basins of the Vistula and Odra rivers, and in forested areas in the southeast of the country.
	www.icbl.org /lm/2003/poland.html (2707 words)

	The Great Dynasties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Wladyslaw distanced himself from any involvement in the east and it is during this period that the Ruthenians colonised the lands of the Dniester and the San and we see the growth of Halicz.
		Poland was vulnerable; it was divided between several members of the Piast dynasty, and had been hard hit by the aggressive Mongol invasion in 1241.
		During his reign the influence of the Reformation was extended; whilst remaining a steadfast adherent to Rome he nether-the-less read Protestant books and took part in theological discussions.
	www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk /www/GreatDynasties.html (7091 words)

	The Industrial Development of Poland: Chpt. 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		What was accomplished in Western European countries during the Middle Ages through a slow and persistent process over centuries - the disintegration of patrimonial land ownership through usury - was now achieved in Poland, where landed property had kept itself free from usury until the end of the Republic, in less than 20 years.
		The result of this for Poland was that it became the workshop for the processing of half-finished German goods, most of which were imported into Russian Poland duty-free, finished in Poland, and which then found their way into Russia as Polish products, again almost duty-free.
		Although Poland's whole export trade in the first decade of its industrial development really extended to only one branch, the wool industry, yet its importance for the country was great, for it also had invigorating repercussions on other branches of production and strongly encouraged the immigration of German craftsmen.
	www.marxists.org /archive/luxemburg/1898/industrial-poland/ch01.htm (2769 words)

	History of Belarus Short Overvie
		Periodically both the Principality of Polatsk and the Principality of Turau, as many other Belarusian territories, were subjected to the authority of the Princes of Kiev but, as the process of feudal fragmentation started, they got rid of Kiev's rule.
		During the wars of 1492-1522 the Principality of Moscow conquered a number of eastern territories, among which were some territories of the Grand Duchy.
		Russia did not miss the chance to use this period of political unrest for its own benefit and started a new war on the territory of the Rzeczpospolita, as a result of which the bigger part of Belarus was lost to Russia.
	www.belarusembassy.org /belarus/short_overview.htm (3499 words)

	Poland and the Baltic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In central Poland, a primary division of the Duchy of Mazovia.
		In 1569, Poland was converted from a hereditary to an elective monarchy, and in fact the state was self-described as a rzeczpospolita, a republic.
		The Baltic coast from the island of Rügen in Germany, to the mouth of the Vistula in Gdansk Bay in Poland.
	www.hostkingdom.net /baltic.html (2715 words)

	Lithuania 1863-1893: Tsarist Russification and the Beginnings of the Modern Lithuanian National Movement - Strazas
		The first period is marked by the separation from Polish culture, the appearance of higher social strata and influential national figures; also the emergence of a nationally conscious clerical and secular intelligentsia which strengthened the consolidation of the national spirit.
		During the Reformation Lutheran church services were conducted in Lithuanian and in the sixteenth century the Prussian authorities began to translate their decrees into the peasants' idiom.
		During the enactment of the agrarian reforms of 1861, peasant unrest against the Polish and Polonized landowners was widespread.
	www.lituanus.org /1996/96_3_03.htm (10948 words)

	THE LIFE, TIMES AND ANCESTORS OF PRZEMYSLAW KAZIMIERZ KAMINSKI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Formally, the Kingdom of Poland was one of the few contemporary constitutional monarchies in Europe, with the Tsar of Russia as Polish King.
		During the last few months of the organised escapes that Kaminski was involved in, an escapee was shot in the back by a German soldier, Kaminski managed to carry him across a large potato field to escape and then gave him to the Red Cross so they could look after him.
		During the drive in to Holland the 1st armoured Division operated in the St Niklaas area during the attack on the Axel-Hulst Canal.
	www.geocities.com /Vienna/Stage/8979 (9528 words)

	Italy
		(1) the Kingdom of Lombardy, or Italy, in the north, (2) the Papacy in the center, and (3) the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily in the South.
		During that Revolutionary Era, Napoleon had strangely created a "Kingdom of Etruria" for the Bourbons of Parma, until the area was annexed to France in 1807.
		It was during this period that the English Ambassador, Sir William Hamilton again, who was in the Kingdom from 1764-1800, studied the volcanoes of the Naples and Sicily.
	www.friesian.com /italia.htm (10172 words)

	Kingdom of Poland during period of fragmentation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kingdom of Poland during period of fragmentation was the Polish state in the years between the death of Bolesław III the Wrymouth in 1138 and the coronation of Władysław I the Elbow-high in 1320.
		After the death of Bolesław the Wrymouth, the monarchical power in Poland declined.
		The following Piast dukes ruled the fragmented Kingdom of Poland during this period:
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_during_period_of_fragmentation (142 words)

	John J. Kulczycki \| Eastern Europe in Western Civilization Textbooks: The Example of Poland \| The History Teacher, 38.2 ...
		Few of the textbooks that note Poland's internal weakness as a cause of the first partition, note that the event eventually led to major internal reforms in Poland and that the final partitions grew out of a desire of Poland's neighbors to crush the reform movement rather than to a lack of Polish reform.
		The accusation of fascism might rest on Poland's annexation of part of Czechoslovakia in 1938: two of the three textbooks that mention it associate Poland with Hitler, though one notes that there was a "strong presence of Poles" in the annexed territory.
		Yet, an understanding of Polish history during and after the war is impossible without consideration of the brutality of the Soviet occupation of 1939–1941 and its anti-Polish policy, of which the Katyn massacre, an attempt to eliminate the leadership of a potential Polish opposition, was the most important symbolic event.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ht/38.2/kulczycki.html (9168 words)

	A Band of Adventurers Defeats a Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Fragmentation of Russia into dozens of tiny principalities and the inability of the Russians to unite against the external threat were one of the main reasons (perhaps the main one) why the Mongols were able to conquer Russia in the thirteenth century.
		During the first months of the occupation, various commentators attributed this aloofness to the residual fear that Saddam could yet return to power and punish those who cooperated with the Americans.
		During the second winter, however, the Cossacks ran out of supplies and began suffering from scurvy and starvation.
	www.informit.com /articles/article.asp?p=408891 (5267 words)

	Harass the Brass : SF Bay Area Indymedia
		A friend who was in the U.S. military during the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War said that before President G.H.W. Bush visited the troops in Saudi Arabia, enlisted men and women who would be in Bush’s immediate vicinity had their rifle and pistol ammunition taken away from them.
		In the Americal Division, plagued by poor morale, fraggings during 1971 were estimated to be running around one a week.
		The crisis that racked American society during the Vietnam War was not profound enough to create an irreparable rupture between the rulers and the ruled.
	www.indybay.org /news/2004/11/1706107.php (2551 words)

	AllRefer.com - Poland - Chronology of Important Events \| Polish Information Resource
		Period Description MEDIEVAL PERIOD 966 Prince Mieszko adopts Christianity; traditional date of origin of Polish state.
		1320 Following a period of disunity, W adyWladyslaw Lokietek (the Short) recognized in Europe as king of Poland.
		1985-1988 Period of gradual liberalization corresponding to advent of Mikhail Gorbachev in Soviet Union; economic crisis and popular frustration deepen.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/poland/poland4.html (1075 words)

	AllRefer.com - Poland - The Medieval Era - Fragmentation and Invasion, 1025-1320 \| Polish Information Resource
		AllRefer.com - Poland - The Medieval Era - Fragmentation and Invasion, 1025-1320
		Stanislaw entered national lore as a potent symbol of resistance to illegitimate state authority--an allegorical weapon that proved especially effective against the communist regime.
		Meanwhile, an even more dangerous foe arrived in 1226 when a Polish duke invited the Teutonic Knights (see Glossary), a Germanic crusading order, to help him subdue Baltic pagan tribes.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/poland/poland16.html (520 words)

	Atlas of Poland - Table of Contents
		Poland during the reign of the first Piasts 1:3000000
		Poland in the period of the feudal fragmentation in the 13th c.
		Evangelical Church of Augsburg Confession in the Republic of Poland 1:6000000
	www.igipz.pan.pl /ksig/arp/spis.htm (3150 words)

	The University of Chicago Martin Marty Center
		Dissertation: “Wild Kingdom: Zoology, Anthropology and Theology in the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles”
		Dissertation: “Paul, Founder of Churches: A Study in Light of the Evidence for the Role of ‘Founder Figures’ in the Hellenistic-Roman Period”
		Research: A paper on Amos, proposing that Amos came from the Northern Kingdom and was the last Northern, not the first Southern, prophet, and the consequent linguistic ramifications of this for Scripture
	marty-center.uchicago.edu /fellows/former_fellows.shtml (4722 words)

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