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	Poland - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		The Republic of Poland is a country located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north.
		Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the country's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next century.
		The principal ports and harbours are: Port of Gdańsk, Port of Gdynia, Port of Szczecin, Port of Swinoujscie, Port of Ustka, Port of Kolobrzeg, Gliwice, Warsaw, Wroclaw.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/p/o/l/Poland.html (2985 words)

	Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Poland became a kingdom in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a long association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by uniting to form the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the nation's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next centuries.
		Poland was also a centre of migration of peoples and the Jewish community began to settle and flourish in Poland during this era (see History of the Jews in Poland).
	www.tocatch.info /en/Poland.htm (3902 words)

	History of Poland (1385–1569) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Jagiellon Era 1385-1569, was dominated by the union of Poland with Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty, founded by the Lithuanian grand duke Jogaila.
		Poland's partnership with the adjoining Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Europe's last pagan state, provided an immediate remedy to the political and military dilemma caused by the end of the Piast Dynasty.
		Poland and Lithuania would maintain joint statehood for more than 400 years, and over the first three centuries of that span the "Commonwealth of Two Nations" ranked as one of the leading powers of the continent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jagiellon_Poland (1759 words)

	Poland - The Three Partitions, 1764-95
		This turnabout threatened to renew the strength of the monarchy and brought displeasure in the foreign capitals that preferred an inert, pliable Poland.
		Arguing that Poland had fallen prey to the radical Jacobinism then at high tide in France, Russia and Prussia abrogated the Constitution of May 3, carried out a second partition of Poland in 1793, and placed the remainder of the country under occupation by Russian troops.
		Thus, Poland's neighbors reduced the commonwealth to a rump state and plainly signaled their designs to abolish it altogether at their convenience.
	countrystudies.us /poland/11.htm (1006 words)

	The Ultimate Poland - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Poland was completely unprepared for the swiftness and ferocity of the attacks because of a failure to modernize her military.
		Poland enjoys a temperate climate, with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent slopdropping and mild summers with frequent showers and thunder showers.
		Poland's principal ports and harbours are Gdańsk, Gdynia, Kołobrzeg, Szczecin, Świnoujście, Ustka, Warsaw, and Wrocław.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Poland (2232 words)

	History of Jews in Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Still, as Poland regained independence in the twentieth century, immediately prior to World War II, it had a vibrant Jewish community of over three million, one of the largest in the world, though anti-Semitism, both political and from the general population, was a growing problem.
		As a result of the marriage of Wladislaus II to Jadwiga, daughter of Louis I of Hungary, Lithuania was united with the kingdom of Poland.
		Disorder and anarchy reigned supreme in Poland during the second half of the eighteenth century, from the accession to the throne of its last king, Stanislaus II Augustus Poniatowski (1764–1795).
	www.tocatch.info /en/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland.htm (7599 words)

	Poland
		Poland, in full, Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), country in central Europe coversarea of 312,677 sq km (120,725 sq mi) and is inhabited by 39 million people;acc.to international statistics sources further 10 to 15 million Poles or of Polish origin live outside the country.
		Poland is bordered on the east by Lithuania, Belarus, Russian Federation and Ukraine (approx.
		Poland has varied mineral deposits of which the greatest importance are the deposits of hard coal, lignite, sulfur zinc and copper as well as many other minerals.
	www.euroatlas.pl /poland/poland_info_e.html (578 words)

	Study Abroad Programs in Poland - K12 Academics
		Poland began to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty.
		The Enlightenment in Poland fostered a growing national movement to repair the state, resulting in the first modern written constitution in Europe, the Constitution of May 3 in 1791.
		Poland was the first post-communist country to reach its pre-1989 GDP levels.
	www.k12academics.com /poland_history.htm (1105 words)

	ipedia.com: History of Poland Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Some military equipment found in Poland and dated to around Mieszko's time has been claimed to be of Scandinavian appearance, though archaeologists today are generally skeptical, and there is no trace of characteristically Scandinavian architecture among the remains of the Polanian structures, not even in the leaders' quarters.
		During this period Poland became the home to Europe's largest Jewish population, as royal edicts guaranteeing Jewish safety and religious freedom from the 13th century contrasted with bouts of persecution in western Europe, especially following the Black Death of 1348-1349, blamed by some in the West on Jews themselves.
		Fueled by large infusions of Western credit, Poland's economic growth rate was one of the worlds highest during the first half of the 1970s.
	www.ipedia.com /history_of_poland.html (2118 words)

	Polish History - Part 4
		In 1384, Hedwig, an 11-year-old daughter of Louis the Hungarian, was called to Poland by the knights and representatives of towns and ascended the Polish throne.
		Poland and Lithuania concluded the Union in light of the perils posed to both states by the expansion of the Teutonic Order.
		Poland and Lithuania, united by the Union, commanded at the turn of the 15th century a territory of upwards of 1.1 million sq.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history4.htm (1589 words)

	Polish History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Poland under the reign of the Piast dynasty (966-1370) was an average-sized country, whereas Rzeczpospolita (the Polish Noble Republic) which was born with the Polish-Lithuanian union (1385) was the most powerful country of continental Europe at the turn of the 15th and the 16th century.
		Poland was absent in the 19th century when the modern complexion of Europe emerged.
		Poland has regained her sovereignty and is developing a liberal democracy with a free market economy.
	www.polishconsulatela.com /English/Virtual_Tour/polish_history.htm (1024 words)

	1483 Online. Poland/Lithuania
		The combined state of Poland and Lithuania aggressively sought expansion across the Ukraine, waging a state of nearly non stop war with the weakening Khanate of the Golden Horde and the kingdom became the largest in Europe.
		Poland - Lithuania while one of the largest and most powerful nations and endowed with a strong initial army, is actually in a somewhat challenging position.
		The Principality of Muscovy is a new state forged from the growth of the Muscovy principality as it absorbed all the loca Russian principalities, the last and largest being the Principality of Novgorod, had risen as a potent nation to the north.
	www.1483online.com /histories/poland.php (458 words)

	Poland - The "Golden Age" of the Sixteenth Century
		The nobility also possessed the crucial right to elect the monarch, although the Jagiellons were in practice a hereditary ruling house in all but the formal sense.
		The prestige of the Jagiellons and the certainty of their succession supplied an element of cohesion that tempered the disruptive forces built into the state system.
		For the next 130 years, Poland remained solidly Roman Catholic while refusing to repress contending faiths and providing refuge for a wide variety of religious nonconformists.
	countrystudies.us /poland/7.htm (1185 words)

	End of Europe's Middle Ages - Eastern Europe
		The plan failed and, in 1384, Jadwiga was crowned Queen of Poland and she was married to Jagiello of Lithuania in 1386.
		Unfortunately, few kingdoms actually responded to the call and Hunyadi was forced to lead a motley peasant army against a much larger, seasoned Ottoman force at the siege of Belgrade (Nandorfejervar) in June and July of 1456.
		As a descendant of the Polish monarchy she was crowned queen of Poland in 1384, which put her on equal footing with her future husband, Jagiello, the grand-duke of Lithuania, the last pagan country in Europe.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/eastern.html (2050 words)

	Poland - Anarchopedia
		The citizens of Poland took pride in their ancient freedoms and Sejm parliamentary system, although the szlachta monopolised most of the benefits as most of Poles since the middle of the fourteenth century were serfs.
		The Enlightenment in Poland fostered a growing national movement to repair the state, resulting in what is claimed to be the first modern written constitution in Europe, the Constitution of May 3 in 1791.
		Meanwhile, anarchists in Poland began to be influenced by materials propagating anarcho-syndicalism.
	eng.anarchopedia.org /Poland (2677 words)

	Untitled Document
		Poland regained its independence in 1918, but the Second Polish Republic was destroyed by in the Polish September Campaign, marking the begining of the Second World War.
		Some military equipment found in Poland and dated to around Mieszko's time has been claimed to be of Scandinavian appearance, though archaeologists today are generally skeptical, and there is no trace of characteristically Scandinavian architecture among the remains of the Polanian structures, not even in the leaders' quarters.
		To make a generalization, Poland's kings and nobles were friends to the Jews, but the peasants and the Catholic church were not.
	www.iebcgroup.com /phistory.html (2438 words)

	Naturearch.com -- Poland
		The Polish state was formed over 1,000 years ago under the Piast dynasty, and reached its Golden Age near the end of the 16th century under the Jagiellonian dynasty, when Poland was one of the richest and most powerful countries in Europe.
		On May 3, 1791 the Sejm of the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania voted for the May Constitution of Poland, Europe's first written constitution, and the second in the world after the Constitution of the United States.
		After the shift Poland emerged smaller by 77 500 km2 or by 20% of its pre-war size.
	www.naturearch.com /poland.html (1616 words)

	POLISH MUSIC SITES: NATIONAL ANTHEMS
		In the 17th and 18th century, Poland did not have a royal dynasty that would ensure a continuity of rule; the kings were elected by all the gentry gathering for Seyms [National Assemblies], and the country was gradually disintegrating into chaos.
		However when Poland reached the lowest point in its history, during the partitions at the end of the eighteenth century, a resurgence of interest in defining and protecting national identity led to the creation of a number of songs which, in time, competed for the title of the "national anthem."
		The first line of the text states that "Poland is not dead, as long as we live" and Poles continued to sing these words through the 19th century while struggling for their country's reemergence.
	www.usc.edu /dept/polish_music/repertoi/anthems.html (1952 words)

	Poland and the Origin of Slavs - Little of Slavic History
		Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of economic liberalization throughout the 1990s and today stands out as a success story among transition economies.
		Poland's agricultural sector remains handicapped by structural problems, surplus labor, inefficient small farms, and lack of investment.
		Further progress in public finance depends mainly on privatization of Poland's remaining state sector, the reduction of state employment, and an overhaul of the tax code to incorporate the growing gray economy and farmers most of whom pay no tax.
	slavs.freeservers.com /Poland.html (1722 words)

	Poland
		It is bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north.
		Poland shares a maritime border with Denmark and Sweden in the Baltic Sea.
		Poland is interesting for everyone who wants to visit old cities, pubs, culture and a picturesque landscape varying from sea shores to mountains for an affordable price.
	www.aauw-da.org /Poland (1506 words)

	Lithuania help – History – Wiki at Help.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Lithuania and Poland were joined into a personal union, as both countries were ruled by the same Jagiellon dynasty.
		From the outset, territorial disputes with Poland (over the Vilnius region and the Suvalkai region) and with Germany (over the Klaipėda region, German: Memelland) was the priority of regained independence nation's foreign policy.
		During the interwar period, the constitutional capital was Vilnius, although the city itself was in Poland from 1920 to 1939 and Poles and Jews made up a majority of the population of the city, with a small Lithuanian minority of only 1%.
	www.help.com /wiki/Lithuania/History (979 words)

	Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Poland is evolving into Eastern Europe's dominant equity market as companies across the region list on the Warsaw Stock Exchange to draw in cash from pension funds and benefit from surging share prices....
		The Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska) is a country located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north.
		At its conclusion, Poland's borders were shifted westwards, pushing the eastern border to the Curzon line, even though the defense of Poland was the reason that France and the United Kingdom had declared war on Germany.
	www.blinkbits.com /blinks/poland (3882 words)

	Polish History: chapter/book-length sites
		A history of Poland, primarily in the realm of diplomatic and military actions, in seven sections.
		Easy to read with emphasis on the early history of Poland with many interesting facts not always found in other presentations.
		In outline form the site seeks to answer the question: "What was Poland in 1918?" The result is a longer answer than: "A state without clearly defined borders which hadn't existed for 123 years.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /web/history/overview/link.shtml (625 words)

	Polish Music Journal 5.2.02 - Labunski: Poland's Contribution to Music
		The first half of the 18th century was characterized in Poland by the growth of secular music, the further development of instrumental music and the shifting of art patronage from the court to the wealthy magnates and landlords.
		When Poland began to decline as a state in the middle of the 18th century, a decline of culture and the arts also set in.
		By a decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, a part of Poland, which was under Russian occupation, became the Congress Kingdom, the comparatively liberal constitution of which affected favorably the musical life in Warsaw.
	www.usc.edu /dept/polish_music/PMJ/issue/5.2.02/polandlabunski.html (2709 words)

	Library of Congress History of Poland: The Historical Setting
		Convention fixes the origins of Poland as a nation near the middle of the tenth century, contemporaneous with the Carolingians, Vikings, and Saracens, and a full hundred years before the Norman conquest of Britain in 1066.
		Many foreign observers perceive Poland as a perennial victim of history, whose survival through perseverance and a dogged sense of national identity has left a mixed legacy of indomitable courage and intolerance toward outsiders.
		To Poles, their history includes brighter recollections of Poland as a highly cultured kingdom, uniquely indulgent of ethnic and religious diversity and precociously supportive of human liberty and the fundamental values of Western civilization.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /classroom/longhist.html (336 words)

	KINGDOM OF POLAND Articles Kingdom of Poland was the name of s
		Kingdom of Poland was the name of several Polish states in the history of that nation:
		Kingdom of Poland (1138–1320) during the period of fragmentation
		Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918) as a satellite of the Austro-Hungarian and German empires
	www.amazines.com /Kingdom_of_Poland_related.html (379 words)

	Poland - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		In 1999 Poland became part of NATO and in 2004 it was allowed into the European Union.
		The Soviet Union occupation brought a new communist government to Poland, analogously to much of the rest of the Eastern Bloc.
		Main article: Demographics of Poland Poland formerly played host to many languages, cultures and religions.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=22936 (2250 words)

	Poland
		The adoption of Christianity in Poland is seen by many Poles, regardless of their religious affiliation, as one of the most significant national historical events.
		The Republic of Poland (alternative Commonwealth of Poland) is a country located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast Exclave) to the north.
		It is licensed under the GNU free documentation license.
	www.ufaqs.com /wiki/en/po/Poland.htm (2958 words)

	Royalty.nu - The History of Poland - Polish Royalty
		The Rise of the Polish Monarchy: Piast Poland in East Central Europe, 1320-1370 by Paul W. Knoll.
		Points out that long before the rise of Russia and Prussia, the kingdom of Poland was a major power in eastern Europe.
		Poland: A Historical Atlas by Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski.
	www.royalty.nu /Europe/Poland.html (682 words)

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