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Topic: Kinyarwanda

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Tutsi

Hutu

	Kinyarwanda language -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Kinyarwanda is the chief spoken language in (A landlocked republic in central Africa; formerly a German colony) Rwanda.
		Kinyarwanda is a (A language in which different tones distinguish different meanings) tonal language of the (A family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent) Bantu language family ((United States folk singer and songwriter (1912-1967)) Guthrie D61).
		Kinyarwanda is closely related to (additional info and facts about Kirundi) Kirundi spoken in the neighboring country, (A landlocked republic in east central Africa on the northeastern shore of Lake Tanganyika) Burundi and to Giha of western (A republic in eastern Africa) Tanzania.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/k/ki/kinyarwanda_language.htm (239 words)

	Alexandre Kimenyi's Website
		In Kinyarwanda, there are a lot of verbs especially the ones which refer to sex or marriage which don't allow females as candidates to subjecthood because women are not seen as agents or partners but rather as patients.
		Kinyarwanda, like other Bantu languages, doesn't have grammatical gender but has 16 grammatical classes which have been grammaticized: There are no more semantic considerations for nouns to be included in those specific classes, except class 1 and 2 (singular and plural) respectively, which are still exclusively for human beings only.
		These names and the feminine forms clearly indicate that eventhough Kinyarwanda is not a gender language, still it is a male dominated language because the masculine form is the unmarked one and the feminine the marked one since it is always derived from the unmarked form, the masculine.
	kimenyi.com /language-women.php (3461 words)

	Kirundi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Kinyarwanda is part of the Bantu sub-group of the central branch of the Niger-Congo language family.
		Kinyarwanda-Kirundi speakers comprise the third largest group of all the Bantu languages.
		All Rwandans speak Kinyarwanda, but there is some variation in pronunciation.
	www.flw.com /languages/kinyarwanda.htm (92 words)

	Alexandre Kimenyi's Website
		Since Kinyarwanda allows multiple objects and multiple affixes (verb extensions and incorporated-object pronouns) and since the applicative morpheme assigns multiple NP objects in Kinyarwanda, there is no reason why multiple applicative morphemes would not appear within the same verb if different arguments assigned by this morpheme are present.
		The difference between English and Kinyarwanda as far as multiple possessor ascension is concerned is due also to the fact that cases are marked on the verb in the latter but on the noun in English.
		Kinyarwanda therefore has four structural cases namely the applicative case, marked by the suffix -ir-, the causative case shown by the morpheme -iish-, the comitative case marked by -an- and the locative case marked by hó, mó or yó.
	kimenyi.com /kinyarwanda-applicatives-revisited.php (12689 words)

	Language, Spelling and Names (HRW Report - Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Kinyarwanda is generally pronounced as written, with the accent on the second to last syllable of the word.
		Most Kinyarwanda terms in this study are written with the prefix, but in conformity with general practice, the nouns Tutsi, Hutu and Twa are used without the prefix and in the same form in the singular and the plural.
		In citations, Kinyarwanda terms are reproduced here as they were found in the original sources.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-08.htm (181 words)

	ICTR/ AKAYESU, Jean-Paul/ Judgement and Sentence
		These interviews were mostly conducted in Kinyarwanda, and the Chamber did not have access to transcripts of the interviews, but only translations thereof.
		The Chamber notes that the interpretation of oral testimony of witnesses from Kinyarwanda into one of the official languages of the Tribunal has been a particularly great challenge due to the fact that the syntax and everyday modes of expression in the Kinyarwanda language are complex and difficult to translate into French or English.
		The words Inkotanyi, Inyenzi, Icyitso/Ibyitso, Interahamwe and the expressions used in Kinyarwanda for "rape", because of their significance to the findings of the Chamber, are considered particularly, as follows: The Chamber has relied substantially on the testimony of Dr. Mathias Ruzindana, an expert witness on linguistics, for its understanding of these terms.
	sim.law.uu.nl /SIM/CaseLaw/tribunals.nsf/0/d4f413b2bb468700c1256aa2004ede85?OpenDocument (2957 words)

	OHCHR: Kinyarwanda () - Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Kinyarwanda, is an important language of east-central Africa.
		It is spoken by virtually everyone in the republic of Rwanda (about 8 million people), and by perhaps 4 million more in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo.
		Kinyarwanda is largely inherently intelligible with Kirundi, the official language of Burundi.
	www.unhchr.ch /udhr/lang/rua1.htm (1243 words)

	Rwanda, Country Information
		Speakers of Kinyarwanda in Tanzania and Uganda represent relatively small proportions of the population; however estimates of speakers in the DRC range from 250,000 (Ethnologue) to as many as 4,000,000 (UNHCR).
		This marked the beginning of a period of civil war that resulted in many civilians in the border region being killed and up to 100,000 being displaced before a cease fire was reported to have been agreed in July 1992.
		However, the Kinyarwanda publication, Umuseso, is generally said to be independent of the Government and, in the view of one western embassy in Kigali, is the only truly independent publication.
	www.ecoi.net /pub/ds523_02705rwa.htm (15283 words)

	Bible Network News :: Africa - Translation abandoned amid bloodshed launched 10 years later
		What they may not have been aware of, however, was the impact that the events of 10 years ago also had on the Kinyarwanda translation project.
		At that time, revisions of the Common Language Kinyarwanda New Testament, which had been in print since the mid-1980s, were coming to an end.
		Then, with ethnic conflict raging and the streets of Kigali literally running with blood, the revisers and translators were forced to abandon their work as the city was evacuated.
	www.biblenetworknews.com /africa/021705_rwanda.html (637 words)

	Clashes between army factions displace North Kivu residents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The former rebel group comprises mainly Congolese who share the same language, Kinyarwanda, as the inhabitants of Rwanda.
		The decision to deploy fresh troops in North Kivu followed a spate of insecurity in the area, which is inhabited by Kinyarwanda speakers and other ethnic groups such as the Hunde, Tembo and Nande.
		It also followed threats in November by the Rwandan government to send troops to flush out former Rwandan Armed Forces (ex-FAR) and Interahamwe - the Hutu militia that carried out much of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda — who, Kigali said, were preparing to attack Rwanda from bases in eastern DRC.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=44642 (867 words)

	allAfrica.com: Rwanda: Kinyarwanda Dictionary Finally Out (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		"There is hope that the Rwandan youth will exploit the dictionary owing to the difficulty in Kinyarwanda due to different language backgrounds characterized by our history", said Habineza, adding that researchers should apply the same knowledge to write documents narrating the Rwandan history for the benefit of the future generations.
		The Minister of Information, Professor Laurent Nkusi, noted that the introduction of the dictionary is a sign of evolution of a language, advanced culture and a reference to scientific knowledge.
		However, he urged Rwandans to develop collective participation in improving Kinyarwanda as their mother language.
	allafrica.com /stories/200510170489.html (566 words)

	Perceptions about the gacaca law in Rwanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Practically all who are liter-ate can read Kinyarwanda.
		The implication of these findings is that print materials have the potential of reaching fewer people than do audio materials.
		However, print materials in Kinyarwanda should be used to complement audio materials.
	www.jhuccp.org /pubs/sp/19/English/ch4.shtml (1423 words)

	Teaching Mathematics in African languages : Preliminary Linguistics studies (examples from Bambara and Kinyarwanda) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The paper is based on fieldwork studies done by the author in Mali and Rwanda in order to develop a mathematics curriculum in African languages.
		First careful studies of how mathematical logic is conveyed within the language itself has to be done.
		In addition one has to explore the vocabulary used in daily life when dealing with mathematical situations, i.e numeration system, making and use of geometrical shapes, strategy in games…Examples from Bambara and Kinyarwanda will be given.
	www.unizh.ch /spw/afrling/afrosympo/abstracts/Vellard.htm (360 words)

	East Africa Living Encyclopedia
		The nation's official languages are French and Kinyarwanda; Swahili is commonly used in commerce.
		In addition to Kinyarwanda, a small number of educated Rwandans have adopted French as a second language.
		Recently, English has gained ground and is becoming more common due to the leadership of the Rwanda Patriotic Front which was educated in anglophone Uganda.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /NEH/rwlanguage.htm (201 words)

	Rwanda - Communicating with Rwandans
		he official languages of Rwanda are Kinyarwanda (a Bantu language) and French.
		There are some regional dialects, and certain differences between the dialects spoken by the Hutus and the Tutsis, but, in general, most Rwandans can understand each other.
		The minstrels gathered news and passed it on in the form of a song, performed to the accompaniment of a seven-stringed zither.
	www.cp-pc.ca /english/rwanda/commun.html (325 words)

	Umubano News: Irushanwa Ry'Ubwanditsi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Mu Kinyarwanda hari imigani myinshi itwibutsa ko gufatanya ari ingenzi.
		Inyandiko igomba kuba ari mu kinyarwanda gisanzwe, gisomwa kikaba cyanakumvikana kuri buri muntu uzi ikinyarwanda wese.
		Inyandiko igomba kuba yerekeye ku mibereho ya kinyarwanda ya buri munsi.
	www.refugeesonline.org.uk /umubano/news/irushanwa_ryubwanditsi.htm (220 words)

	English Kinyarwanda translator, English to Kinyarwanda translation project, Kinyarwanda translator, legal translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Get free, no-obligation quotations to find the English Kinyarwanda translator who is competent for your English Kinyarwanda translation project.
		This ensures a thorough understanding of the language and culture of Kinyarwanda speaking countries.
		and translation agencies of this community are language professionals performing translation from Kinyarwanda to English and English to Kinyarwanda for a variety of fields in many industries.
	www.traduguide.com /translation/translator_24.asp?langfrom=en&langto=rw (157 words)

	Kinyarwanda Translation Service - English to Kinyarwanda Translators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		We realise that you still want high quality Kinyarwanda translation done on time and at a reasonable price.
		Professional translators whose native language is Kinyarwanda perform our English to Kinyarwanda translation.
		Professional translators whose native language is English and have fluent Kinyarwanda perform our Kinyarwanda to English translation.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/kinyarwanda_translation.shtml (265 words)

	Amazon.ca: Kinyarwanda: Search Results Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A Tonal Grammar of Kinyarwanda - Autosegmental and Metrical Analysis: An Autosegmental and Metrical Analysis
		Kinyarwanda and Kirundi Names: A Semiolinguistic Analysis of Bantu Onomastics
		Oralites-Documents, Sociolinguistique Du Bilinguisme: Kinyarwanda Et Francais Au Rwanda
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/external-search?tag=walladbcompan-20&keyword=Kinyarwanda&mode=books (152 words)

	Kinyarwanda and Rwanda Links
		("From the Heart" in Kinyarwanda), is an association of women working to rebuild their lives and their country.
		BENIMPUHWE, a partner organization in Rwanda of the international women's organizatin MADRE,is constructing a new village on the scorched earth of the genocide and built 180 houses, for mostly women-headed families made homeless by massacres of 1994.
		Investing money in activities that use their skills, such as craftwork, sewing and baking, the women repay the loans at a low rate of interest over a period of 12 months.
	www.preventgenocide.org /rw/links.htm (913 words)

	Countrybookshop.co.uk - Tonal Grammar of Kinyarwanda, A
		Please note that we cannot guarantee supply if the title is out of print or being reprinted
		This is a complete description of the whole tonal system of Kinyarwanda - lexical tones, morphological tones, grammatical tone assignment and all types of tone rules which are responsible for the phonetic output of morphemes, words, complex words and sentences.
		This study also contributes to the knowledge of other tonal systems of Bantu language since some of the rules described and formulatedhere such as tone spread or repitition, tone displacement, and Meeussen rule are found in other languages.
	www.countrybookshop.co.uk /books/index.phtml?whatfor=0773471618 (164 words)

	[No title]
		He spoke with other commanders in Kinyarwanda on the radio.
		After they arrived there, the commander-who spoke Kinyarwanda with one soldier and Swahili with the others-told the six soldiers to "Divide the women among you, have sex with them, and then kill them." One of the women recounted:
		When they entered, they asked in Swahili, "Where is the money?" Then they spoke Kinyarwanda among themselves.
	www.hrw.org /reports/2002/drc2/DRC0802-04.htm (6295 words)

	Gnome Translation Project -- Kinyarwanda - SCM: CVS Repositories [Savannah]
		Gnome Translation Project -- Kinyarwanda - SCM: CVS Repositories
		You can Browse the CVS repository of this project with your web browser.
		Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
	savannah.nongnu.org /cvs?group=gnome-kinyarwanda (475 words)

	Se habla open source? \| CNET News.com
		A small team of developers in Rwanda was just beginning work on a project to produce a localized version of OpenOffice, an open-source alternative to Microsoft's market-leading productivity software, when they realized they had a problem.
		Kinyarwanda, the language spoken by most Rwandans, has no words for many basic technical and computing terms, including the very word "computer," explained Steve Murphy, organizer of the project.
		The language spoken by most Rwandans has no word for "computer." After considering the use of an English or French term, the Rwandan developers created their own: "mudasobwa," which roughly means "something or someone that does not make mistakes."
	news.com.com /2100-7344-5159179.html (2068 words)

	Rwanda Provinces
		The results are shown in the main table.
		Niko Pater informed me that the status of the prefectures changed to provinces (Kinyarwanda: intara) as of 2002-01-01.
		At the same time, the communes were replaced by a new set of divisions called districts and municipalities (akarere and umujyi, respectively).
	www.statoids.com /urw.html (404 words)

	Ruanda and Rundi Language Page - Handbook of African Language Resources (ASC)(MSU) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ruanda and Rundi (properly, Kinyarwanda and Kirundi), of the Rwanda-Rundi Group of Bantu (Guthrie D60), are the mutually intelligible national languages of Rwanda and Burundi, respectively.
		UBS (1982) notes 4.4 million Kinyarwanda speakers; Kimenyi (personal communication, 1983) notes 5 million first-language speakers of Kinyarwanda in Burundi and 5 million first-language speakers of Kirundi, with 18 million L1 and L2 speakers total for both.
		Grimes (1996) gives a figure of 9,306,800 speakers of Kinyarwanda and the World Almanac (1998) 6 million speakers of Kirundi.
	www.isp.msu.edu /AfrLang/Ruanda_root.html (184 words)

	Foreign Language Dictionaries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Includes terms in French and Kinyarwanda used in Rwanda.
		A relational grammar of Kinyarwanda (University of California publications in linguistics ; v.
		A Tonal Grammar of Kinyarwanda - Autosegmental and Metrical Analysis: An
	www.royfc.com /books/aisle6k.html (217 words)

	Language Browser: Kinyarwanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This page contains a list of interesting reports based around the 6 titles in the IMDb with Kinyarwanda dialogue.
		The form below allows you to search the database for titles with Kinyarwanda dialogue only.
		The A-Z index enables you to browse the titles alphabetically.
	imdb.com /Sections/Languages/Kinyarwanda (83 words)

	Translation team for Kinyarwanda
		Steve Murphy currently acts as the team leader, and you may write to him or her for all matters related to team coordination.
		You may get more information about the Kinyarwanda effort by visiting some team links, according to the following table.
		The Autosend column is for translators who want PO files sent to them on generation, while new POT files are being uploaded to the project.
	www.iro.umontreal.ca /translation/registry.cgi?team=rw (229 words)

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