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Topic: Kiranti languages

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	kiranti languages
		The Kiranti (Kiraãti) language family comprises some 30 languages (Ebert 1994; some counts are higher: Hanßon (1991) and Grimes (2000) put the estimate closer to 40) in the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
		Kiranti languages are spoken in the eastern hills of the Himalayas –; mainly Nepal, although there are speakers in Northern India and reportedly in Bhutan (Grimes 2000).
		Kiranti languages often stay in the home or village – in the cosmopolitan environment of cities, using Nepali is more practical.
	robbie.eugraph.com /thesis/kiranti.html (492 words)

	Kiranti languages
		The Kiranti languages form a sub-group of the Tibeto-Burman language family, which is itself a branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages.
		The Kiranti family comprises thirty to forty languages spoken in the eastern Himalayas by ethnic Kiranti, principally in Nepal, but also, and to a lesser extent, in Bhutan and the extreme north of India.
		The Kiranti languages are not widely spoken, and consequently, they are sparsely documented, having become the subject of systematic research only in the 1980s.
	www.danceage.com /biography/sdmc_Kiranti_languages (117 words)

	DOBES Workshop - Programme and List of Participants
		If we cannot prevent a language (or more accurately, the use of a language) from dying, we can at least respect the language by documenting it, that is to say to capture it in its practice and evolution, or in other words, in its culture and history.
		When linguists study an endangered language, they tend to concentrate on the study of its grammar, and often leave the relationship between language and culture little explored, although it is now well known that pragmatics and discourse are part of grammar and that speaking is a culturally constructed activity.
		Khowar, an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic group spoken by a mountain community in the Hindu Kush-Karakorum tract of northern Pakistan, was facing the danger of extinction due to this mindset in the 20th century.
	titus.uni-frankfurt.de /curric/dobes/conf5abs.htm (5585 words)

	Burmese
		The Sino-Tibetan language family consists of the Chinese, or Sinitic, languages (dialects), all spoken in China, and several hundred Tibeto-Burman languages spoken as far west as Pakistan and as far east as Vietnam.
		The Kamarupan branch includes languages spoken in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Mizoram in India; the most important are the Bodo-Garo languages of Assam, the Kuki-Chin languages of India, Bangladesh, and western Burma, and the Naga languages of Arunachal Pradesh.
		Because of the clear relationship between these agreement markers and the independent pronouns, these languages are often referred to as "pronominalized." Many languages of the family are "ergative," placing case-marking on the subject of a transitive verb, rather than on the object as in most European languages, and leaving transitive objects and intransitive subjects unmarked.
	thor.prohosting.com /~linguist/burmese.htm (1326 words)

	Ethnologue: Nepal
		The Khaling dialect is distinct from the Khaling language.
		They call their language 'thieves language' because they think of it as a mixture of nearby languages.
		However, the language is still very much alive in Sikkim where it is used as the language of instruction for primary education in some schools.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Nepa.html (5391 words)

	Tibeto-Burman Languages Page
		The TB branch consists of 2-300 languages spoken primarily in the uplands of Inner, South, and Southeast Asia.
		TB languages are found from Sichuan and Qinghai in the north to the southern extremity of Myanmar, and from northwestern Vietnam in the east to northern Pakistan in the west.
		Most TB languages are identifiable as such on the basis of easily recognizable shared vocabulary, and while interesting divergences in grammatical structure are found, they are not for the most part of the gross nature found in families such as Indo-European or Afroasiatic.
	www.uoregon.edu /~delancey/tb.html (721 words)

	JULY 19 2005 \| Ev-K²-CNR Committee
		Language that is spoken by a handful of people of the older generation and whose number is less than 100 is called a moribund language such as Kusunda and Route.
		Citing examples of language revivals in the world, Nobel Kishore Rai said that the Hebrew language was resurrected after the birth of the state of Israel.
		Limbu with 50,000-60,000 populations is a living language in Sikkim with rich literature and being taught in schools and colleges.
	www.evk2cnr.org /en/node/429 (1147 words)

	Sino-Tibetan Languages \| Encyclopedia of Modern Asia
		The extinct language of the Tangut (the language of the Xi Xia empire, which flourished in Gansu and Shaanxi Provinces between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries), written in a highly unique and complicated script, is mostly viewed as Tibeto-Burman.
		Indospheric languages (the most typical of which are the Bodic and Baric languages) are spoken in the cultural realm of greater India, whereas the sinosphere is dominated by Chinese culture.
		Newari, the language of the original inhabitants of the Kathmandu valley, was written in Devanagari script beginning in the seventeenth century (with at least one manuscript dated as early as the fourteenth century).
	www.bookrags.com /research/sino-tibetan-languages-ema-05 (1128 words)

	DoBeS — Chintang/Puma - Language
		Kiranti languages generally have very intricate and non-transparent morphological systems including complex agreement patterns (with both agents and patients in the case of transitive verbs).
		Chintang and Puma are two highly endangered but almost totally undocumented languages which are spoken in localities situated to the south and south-east of the Everest region.
		Both Chintang and Puma are rapidly being supplanted by Bantawa (one of the major Kiranti languages) and Nepali, the national lingua franca.
	www.mpi.nl /DOBES/projects/chintang/languages (227 words)

	Panel abstract EASAS conference
		Issues relating to language death, endangernment and threat to linguistic diversity have dominated the scene (Krauss (1996), Hale (1992)) and efforts to revitalize endangered languages and to regress the phenomenon of language death have been the themes of several conferences (including UN conference).
		The main points to be discussed are 1) that language issues have not yet been pushed to the forefront of the political agenda, and 2) that ethnic organizations are still at the beginning stages of dealing with matters of documentation, standardization, and orthography of their ancestral languages.
		Language issues are largely the concern of educated elites, but this is not to say that ordinary people are insensitive to them.
	www.sasnet.lu.se /panelabstracts/26.html (3155 words)

	Upto11.net - Artist Profile for Rai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The traditional homeland of the Rai extends across Solukhumbu, Okhaldhunga, Khotang, Bhojpur and Udayapur Districts in the northeastern mountains of Nepal, west of the Arun River, in the Sun Kosi River watershed.
		More than 30 different Kiranti languages and dialects are recognized within the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
		The traditional Kiranti religion, apparently predating Hinduism and Buddhism, is based on ancestor-worship and the placation of ancestor spirits through elaborate rituals governed by rules called Mundum.
	www.upto11.net /artistprofile.php?ar=158036 (502 words)

	Indologica » Blog Archive » Opgenort: Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region : A Grammar of Jero, With a Historical Comparative Study of the Kiranti Languages / Jean Robert Opgenort.
		It pictures the complex-pronominalising language of the Jero Rai, one of the Kiranti tribes of eastern Nepal.
		With a historical comparative study of the Kiranti languages, the branch of the Tibeto-Burman language family to which both Jero and Wambule belong.
	www.indologica.de /wordpress/?p=14 (258 words)

	The Rolex Awards: studying Himalayan languages, G. van Driem
		With an estimated two-thirds of languages never having been written down, and languages overall disappearing at the rate of one every fortnight, Van Driem’s initiative is a key defence in the struggle against language extinction.
		These languages, from one of the world’s linguistically richest regions, are typically regarded as subordinate to, and, as a result, are threatened by, Nepali, Hindi, Urdu, Chinese and English.
		Bahing, for example, a Kiranti language native to the Okhaldhunga District of eastern Nepal, has four different pronouns for “we”, depending on whether two people are implied or more, and whether the person being spoken to is included or not.
	www.rolexawards.com /laureates/laureate-61-van-driem.html (1321 words)

	STEDT: The Sino-Tibetan Family
		Thus, the 20,000 speakers of a certain language of Nagaland call themselves and their language Memi (and used to call themselves Imemai), but they and their language are now known to outsiders either as Mao, or as Sopvoma (the name of their principal village).
		Ersu/Tosu is perhaps an indirect descendant of the extinct Xixia (=Hsi-hsia=Tangut) language, spoken in a once-powerful empire in the Tibetan-Chinese-Uighur border regions, finally destroyed by the Mongols in the 13th c.
		Progress has been particularly impressive in the study of the TB languages of Nepal, especially those of the Tamang-Gurung-Thakali-Manang group (Mazaudon 1971, 1978; Glover); Kham-Magar (Watters 1975, 1985); Chepang (Caughley); Sunwar (Genetti); and the "Rai" or "Kiranti" languages of E. Nepal, which are generally characterized by complex inflectional morphology.
	stedt.berkeley.edu /html/STfamily.html (3044 words)

	Ethnologue report for Nepal
		The Khaling dialect of Bahing is distinct from the Khaling language.
		227,918 all Gurung languages in Nepal (1991 census).
		Devidatta Sharma (1990) concludes that Raji in India is a Munda language with borrowing from Tibeto-Burman and Indo-Aryan.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Nepal (4990 words)

	LINGUIST List 7.1686: Personal Pronouns
		KIRANTI (Sino-Tibetian): Balthasar Bickel mentioned the fact that in Kiranti languages, pronominal affixes and independent pronouns of the 1st person inclusive are systematically used for a generic ('indefinite') reference.
		These forms are relatively recent in the language, and Japanese pronouns of all types behave rather differently than pronouns in English.
		I did not reproduce the majority of example sentences of the different languages, but if someone has a special interest in examples in one or the other language, it will be a pleasure for me to send him the data I have received.
	linguistlist.org /issues/7/7-1686.html (3026 words)

	Languages of Nepal
		Data accuracy estimate: A2, B. The number of languages listed for Nepal is 121.
		Of those, 120 are living languages and 1 is extinct.
		227,918 all Gurung languages in Nepal, 1.23% of the population (1991 census).
	www.geocities.com /desvanbhaskar/languages_of_nepal.htm (2538 words)

	Mahakiranti Lexical Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		An ongoing research initiative of the Himalayan Languages Project is the compilation of a lexical database of the Kiranti and other Tibeto-Burman languages investigated by the research team.
		Known sound laws, such as Boyd Michailovsky's law for Kiranti initial plosives and George van Driem's cyclic law for liquids in Eastern Kiranti, are incorporated into the analysis.
		This database is intended to serve as a resource for the historical comparative study of Tibeto-Burman languages and the resolution of issues of Tibeto-Burman phylogeny.
	www.iias.nl /host/himalaya/projects/mld.html (361 words)

	Sino-Tibetan languages Summary
		The Sino-Tibetan languages form a language family composed of Chinese and the Tibeto-Burman languages, including some 250 languages of East Asia.
		They are second only to the Indo-European languages in terms of their number of speakers.
		(The Kusunda language of western Nepal is often thought to a remnant of the pre-Tibeto-Burman indigenous languages of the southern Himalayas.
	www.bookrags.com /Sino-Tibetan_languages (2063 words)

	cows vacas vaches behiak
		Turkic language spoken in the Chuvash autonomous republic in Russia.
		Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Northern Khotang District, hills near the middle of the Rawakhola Valley in Nepal.
		Turkic language spoken in Lithuania and the Ukraine.
	www.arrakis.es /~eledu/justcows.htm (550 words)

	Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. ...
		Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff Bradley, David, Randy LaPolla, Boyd Michailovsky and Graham Thurgood (editors) PL 555
		Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff
		Boyd Michailovsky describes time-ordinals in Kiranti languages, Aimée Lahaussois ergativity in Thulung Rai, and Martine Mazaudon the discourse/grammar interface in Tamang.
	pacling.anu.edu.au /catalogue/555.html (358 words)

	Books available for review in Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
		This 389 page volume is a documentation and description of the Qugu dialect of the Qiang language, the dialect chosen as the standard for the creation of the Qiang writing system.
		Lahu is an important minority language of Southeast Asia, belonging to the Lolo-Burmese subgroup of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
		Based on evidence from word-families, modern dialects and related words in neighboring languages, Old Chinese words are claimed to consist of a monosyllabic root, to which a variety of derivational affixes attached.
	stedt.berkeley.edu /ltba/books.html (1060 words)

	Language - TOC Vol. 75 No.1
		This means that the relatively general patterns of the language, such as the one licensing the ordering of a finite auxiliary verb before its subject in English, often known as SAI, and the highly idiomatic patterns, like kick the bucket, stand on an equal footing as data for which the grammar must account.
		Cross-language generalizations are captured by the architecture of the representation system and by the sharing of abstract constructions across languages.
		Thornell: The Sango language and its lexicon A.
	www.lsadc.org /info/language/751.html (1074 words)

	Jean Robert Opgenort \| Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This site is made by Jean Robert Opgenort (à¤à¤¾à¤ à¤°à¥à¤µà¤¿à¤¯à¤° à¤à¤ªà¥à¤—à¤¨à¤°à¥à¤¤ à¤à¤¥à¤µà¤¾ à¤¡à¤ à¤à¥à¤à¤¾à¤¨à¤¬à¤¹à¤¾à¤¦à¥à¤°) and contains information about my pursuits and interests, including the Kiranti languages Wambule and Jero, which are native to eastern Nepal.
		Unicode is an international organisation that provides a standard encoding for all of the world's major languages.
		By using this site, or parts thereof, you agree to be legally bound and to abide by the Terms of Use.
	opgenort.nl (114 words)

	Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Zürich (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Karen H. Ebert studied General Linguistics and Germanic languages at the Universities of Kiel and Copenhagen.
		and Fernando Zúñiga: Aktionsart and Aspectotemporality in Non-European Languages.
		In: Östen Dahl (ed.) Tense and aspect in the languages of Europe.
	www.unizh.ch /spw/personen/ebert.html (351 words)

	MavicaNET - History of Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Content: general menu of Etymological Databases; a set of databases for North Caucasian languages; a database on Sino-Tibetan etymology; several dictionaries of Kiranti languages; database on Yenisseian etymology; Russian dictionaries and morphology; etc.
		An investigation of the earliest language of man, the Proto-Language (circa 100K BP): vocabulary and grammar.
		Comparative studies of the Proto-Language and various language families and languages currently considered to be isolated.
	www.mavicanet.com /lite/nld/5622.html (448 words)

	Ethnobotanical notes on Thangmi plant names and their medicinal and ritual uses. - Journal, Magazine, Article, ...
		Over the past six years, in the course of documenting the grammar of the Thangmi language, I have found the lexicon to be replete with indigenous names for local flora and fauna.
		The Thangmi language is spoken by an ethnic group of the same name, known as Thami in Nepali, who live primarily in the districts of Dolakha and Sindhupalcok in eastern Nepal.
		While the genetic position of the Thangmi language is not the substance of this article, it may interest readers to know that Thangmi shows a certain affinity with the Kiranti languages spoken in eastern Nepal, particularly with regard to the complex and pronominalised verbal agreement system (see Turin 1998 for further details).
	goliath.ecnext.com /coms2/summary_0199-1241678_ITM (8356 words)

	The Rai - Sikkim forum
		The Rai belong to the Kiranti Group or Kirat
		languages and dialects are recognized within the Tibeto-Burman branch of
		as is Kiranti history, but there is no distinct written script.
	www.sikkimonline.info /showthread.php?p=862#post862 (367 words)

	General
		Language Contact and Language Restructuring: A Case Study of Tribal Languages in Central India.
		Ebert, Karen H. “Nonfinite verbs in Kiranti languages - an areal perspective.” In: Yadava and Glover (eds.).
		Robinson, W. “Notes on the Languages spoken by the various Tribes inhabiting the Valley of Asam and its mountain confines.” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
	www.southasiabibliography.de /Bibliography/General/general.html (1509 words)

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