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Topic: Kirkbride Plan

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	THE CASTLE ON THE HILL
		Kirkbride thought the optimal number of patients should be approximately 250, with a maximum of six hundred.
		In Kirkbride's words, "The least excited--what is commonly called the best class of patients--should occupy the upper stories and be nearest the centre building, while the noisy should be at a distance, and the feeble in the lower stories" (Kirkbride 1873, 236).
		Kirkbride pressed for the creation of the best conditions possible to flourish within his institutions, believing that "it is obvious that every State hospital should be made good enough for the highest class of its citizens, for it should not be forgotten that what is good enough for them,.
	ramseursdanversstatehosp.com /dsh2.htm (1351 words)

	Pennsylvania Hospital History: Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital - Finding Aid Arrangement
		The plan, outlined in Kirkbride's 1854 work entitled, On the Construction, Organization and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane, was widely accepted and implemented in institutions throughout the nation.
		Kirkbride, Chapin, Copp, and Strecker, as well as others such as Dr. Kenneth Appel, and Dr. Earl D. Bond, were all instrumental in the effective operation and management of the Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital.
		Kirkbride's reputation grows, as does the reputation of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, and the plan is implemented in many institutions throughout the nation.
	www.uphs.upenn.edu /paharc/collections/finding/iphgeneral.html (3083 words)

	FOREIGN STUDY PLAN
		In January 1921, Professor Raymond Watson Kirkbride, of the Modern Languages Department of the University of Delaware, approached University President Walter Hullihen with an idea conceived by him while studying as a veteran at the University of Grenoble in 1919.
		President Hullihen was impressed with the plan as outlined by Professor Kirkbride and was able to obtain financial support so that Kirkbride could spend a year in France (this being the country selected for the plan) in preparation for the first Foreign Study Group.
		Kirkbride appointed the professors and preceptors, in addition to the regular staff (secretary, bookkeeper, and librarian) of the foreign bureau.
	www.udel.edu /Archives/Archives/forstudy.html (1143 words)

	Trip to France paves way for nation's students
		Kirkbride and his fellow soldier-students studied French and geography, and Kirkbride came to appreciate the value of intense language immersion as the most effective way to master a foreign language.
		At the age of 27, Kirkbride had been on the faculty of the University of Delaware for a little over a year when he approached then University President Walter Hullihen with his plan to send undergraduates (accompanied by a Delaware faculty member) overseas for a year to study French language and culture in French universities.
		Kirkbride's letters to his family, his honors from the French government and other personal momentos are part of the Raymond Watson Kirkbride Collection, maintained in the University of Delaware Archives.
	www.udel.edu /PR/UpDate/98/33/trip.html (1516 words)

	Eastern Hospital for Insane
		The general appearance of the detached wards is similar to that of an English insane asylum upon the " block" plan, except that the wards are wholly detached, and not connected by corridors, as in England.
		All of the buildings have been planned by him, and the Kankakee hospital may be regarded, in years to come, as ill a sense his monument.
		The plans were approved by the Governor and by the State Commissioners of Public Charities, January 9, 1878.
	www.abandonedasylum.com /kankakeehistory.html (1949 words)

	Kirkbride Plan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kirkbride Plan refers to a system of mental asylum design advocated by Philadelphia psychiatrist Thomas Story Kirkbride in the mid-1800s.
		Kirkbride developed his requirements based on a philosophy of Moral Treatment.
		Many Kirkbride Plan asylums still stand, abandoned, neglected, and vandalized, though several are still in use or have been renovated for re-use.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kirkbride_Plan (487 words)

	[No title]
		Thomas Story Kirkbride occupies a prominent position in that story, for he built a hospital for the mentally ill in Philadelphia prior to the Civil War that influenced the construction of similar institutions in thirty-one other states.
		Furthermore, the concept behind Kirkbride's hospital, that the insane should be treated with the same personal consideration as other ill people, motivated a new understanding of, and regard for the mentally ill.
		Built of stone and brick, the hospital was laid out, as Kirkbride expressed, "in echelons."(4) A large rectangular building, 3 1/2 stories tall, with gable roof and central dome, and a 2 story pedimented portico on its western facade, provided the central focus of the hospital and also housed its administrative offices.
	www.uchs.net /HistoricDistricts/kirkbride.html (1346 words)

	Kirkbride Kirkyard
		Kirkbride Kirkyard surrounds the ruins of Kirkbride Church.
		The Plan of Kirkbride Kirkyard to the left shows the layout of the burial ground around the ruins of Kirkbride Church.
		Larger image of the plan may be viewed by clicking on the image.
	www.maybole.org /history/Archives/kirkbride/kirkyard.htm (311 words)

	Psychiatric News Main Frame
		Kirkbride, who lived on the grounds, was a frequent participant; he believed that a medical superintendent’s role was paramount in managing the hospital.
		Kirkbride’s innovations and zeal naturally catapulted him into a leadership role in American psychiatry.
		Kirkbride’s devotion to and his name’s synonymity with that of the hospital almost cost him his life in 1849, when an angry patient escaped and returned to shoot Dr. Kirkbride in the head from a tree on the grounds of the hospital.
	www.psych.org /pnews/98-01-02/hx.html (759 words)

	Kirkbride Plan Hospitals (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Kirkbride Plan hospitals came from a Dr. Thomas Story Kirkbride.
		A kirkbride plan hospital can also be called a congregate or liner planned hospital.
		In this plan, the very center of the large building was the administration and branching off to either side of the administration was a set of connected wards.
	www.asylumprojects.org.cob-web.org:8888 /kirkbride.html (197 words)

	Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital
		The asylum building was built on Dr. Thomas S. Kirkbride’s asylum principles known as “The Kirkbride Plan.” Greystone’s patientcare principles and employee attitudes were based on Kirkbride’s philosophy and were firmly established under the first superintendent, Horace Buttolph.
		He was a firm believer in the Kirkbride Plan as demonstrated by his administration at the Trenton Asylum and at Greystone.
		Architect Samuel Sloan and Trenton State Asylum Superintendent Buttolph collaborated and designed Greystone’s internal space in the Kirkbride Plan in accordance with the most advanced philosophy given to asylum patient care of the period.
	www.gpph.net /history.html (1352 words)

	Thomas Story Kirkbride - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kirkbride's influential work, On the Construction, Organization, and General Arrangements of Hospitals For the Insane With Some Remarks on Insanity and Its Treatment was published in 1854, and again in 1880.
		Kirkbride was a founding member of the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII) — forerunner of the American Psychiatric Association — serving first as secretary, then later as president.
		Kirkbride promoted a standardized method of asylum construction and mental health treatment, popularly known as the Kirkbride Plan, which significantly influenced the entire American asylum community during his lifetime.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thomas_Story_Kirkbride (283 words)

	History of Richmond State Hospital
		The hospital buildings were constructed on the "cottage plan" in order to prevent any "disastrous conflagration," and provide for immediate evacuation of a small number of persons in case of fire.
		Although the general layout followed the cottage plan, the main administration building with adjacent buildings extending like wings is very similar to the "Kirkbride" plan which was the model for many "asylums" constructed during this era.
		The primary goal of the hospital continues to be to plan for and, in cooperation with other care providers, develop and deliver a comprehensive and integrated system of mental health services of superior quality.
	www.richmondstatehospital.org /History.htm (673 words)

	Preservation Online: Story of the Week Archives: Historic Asylums at Rest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Kirkbride's plan structured the buildings en èchelons, designing a large building at the center with wings extending from the sides.
		Kirkbride emphasized the use of sunlight, adequate ventilation, and a limited number of patients—never more than 250.
		The last patients left the Northampton State Hospital, one of the oldest Kirkbride institutions, in 1993, as part of a plan to transfer mentally ill patients to private care.
	www.nationaltrust.org /magazine/archives/arch_story/091201.htm (1133 words)

	PLACES IN PERIL Alabama Heritage - Find Articles
		Its design, the then-unique linear plan, was the result of architect Samuel Sloan's collaboration with Dr. Thomas Kirkbride, a leading physician in mental health care.
		Kirkbride sought to express in concrete form the current philosophy of moral treatment.
		More so than other hospitals using Kirkbride's ideas, Bryce Hospital retained many features of the plan and, therefore, was the leader among the Kirkbride linear plan hospitals.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4113/is_200310/ai_n9255667 (853 words)

	The Ridges - Athens Mental Health Center
		Thomas Story Kirkbride's designs centered around the idea that it was therapeutic for patients to be housed in a facility that resembled a home--a much more humane approach than bleeding, freezing, and kicks to the head, which were thought to be ways to "shock" the illness out of the brain.
		In a Kirkbride building the less disturbed patients were housed closer to the center, where the administrative offices and employee housing were.
		The downside of the progress accomplished by the Kirkbride plan was the increasing popularity of the asylums.
	www.forgottenoh.com /Ridges/ridges.html (1835 words)

	Forgotten Photography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The bulk of these asylums were constructed using Dr. Thomas Kirkbride's linear plan.
		This plan consisted of a large central administration building flanked by two wings comprised of tiered patient wards.
		This plan gave the asylums a "bat wing" appearance.
	www.forgottenphotography.com /why/why_history.html (218 words)

	Joshua Johnson
		Huey's new paintings are based upon her recent research into 19th century psychotherapy-- specifically American Psychiatrist Thomas Kirkbride's theory of "moral treatment." Kirkbride's major innovation was to produce a new "winglike" architecture that segregated the different populations of the sanitarium, while allowing the patients some privacy and comfort.
		Kirkbride's institutions were weighted with the expectations of utopia, and like all utopias, they eventually failed.
		Kirkbride's intentions were essentially benevolent, but by the 1950's many of the asylums he had fostered had become understaffed and over-populated.
	www.joshuaj.net (1769 words)

	Architecture and Landscape (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The architecture for the Athens asylum was modeled after the Kirkbride plan, a style designed for acceptance by the community and to provide comfortable custodial care.
		The intent of Thomas S. Kirkbride was to create the ideal atmosphere to treat inmates using unique practices and physical surroundings.
		Below the hillside, the excavated clay pits were made into designs that resembled the four suits of cards (heart, spade, club and diamond), and filled with water forming the lakes which were a part of the landscape until the relocation of Route 682 in 1966 and the Hocking River in 1968.
	www.ohiou.edu /~ridges/archnland.html (889 words)

	Worcester State Hospital History - Abandoned Photography : opacity.us
		When overcrowding became a problem, a new hospital was to be built - a massive structure laid out in the Kirkbride plan.
		A massive fire engulfed the Kirkbride building on July 22, 1991, destroying almost all of the roof and floors, save for the right most wing and the administration building.
		The burned out shells of the other areas were bulldozed and the extra stone was used to seal up the gaping holes left by the connections to the remaining sections.
	www.opacity.us /site56.htm (252 words)

	Megan Norman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		[11] The hospital was built of brick using the Kirkbride plan; this plan was used in constructing many of the mental hospitals throughout the United States.
		In the 1880s and 1890s, when several new hospitals were opened, they were built on the cottage plan of detached quarters for patients and centralized dining areas.
		[22] The original colony plan required the acquisition of a large tract of land in a farming community near the main institution, the erection of suitable cottages, each not exceeding a capacity of thirty patients, a residence for the physician, a chapel, an amusement hall, and all the other small farm out-buildings.
	toto.lib.unca.edu /sr_papers/srhistory_2005/norman_megan.htm (6817 words)

	Fergus Falls Photo Page: Fergus Falls Regional Treatment Center
		The 100-year-old Kirkbride tower is the centerpiece of a complex of buildings on the northern end of Union Street.
		The Kirkbride building was designed based on a model developed by Dr. Thomas Kirkbride, which featured curving or staggered wings with natural light and windows in all patient rooms.
		Kirkbride's concepts included narrow widths in buildings so that every room had outside windows, and construction was to be of fireproof materials.
	www.fergusphotos.com /rtc (2016 words)

	I'm Mental For Kirkbride \| MetaFilter
		These massive structures were conceived as ideal sanctuaries for the mentally ill in the latter half of the nineteenth century.
		I used to live on the grounds of that institution as a small child (my father was a psychiatrist on staff) and I think the experience gave me a high creep-out threshold for life.
		alms, I believe every plan to renovate the hospital has fallen through, and it is slated for demolition, after which I'd expect Smith College to erect some new stuff, which will pale in comparison to the beauty that was the hospital.
	www.metafilter.com /mefi/47908 (1552 words)

	The Ridges: A Self-Contained City with a Character all its Own (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Thomas Story Kirkbride, superintendent of the Philadelphia Hospital for the Insane and ground-breaking researcher, advocated asylums based on "the tenants of moral treatment." He wanted "attractive asylums" because they were more acceptable to host communities and there was little hope of patient recovery.
		The corner stone for the facility was laid on Nov. 5, 1868, and it opened on Jan. 9, 1874, with the ability to house 572 patients.
		The plan was implemented in March of 1993 when the remaining staff, patients, and equipment from the former asylum moved to the new Southeast Psychiatric Hospital facility next to O’Bleness Hospital.
	www.ohiou.edu /~jour430/SPECTRE/history.html (1787 words)

	Hours of Darkness - Modern Ruins Photography - Dixmont State Hospital
		However, fire has severely damaged the administration part of the Kirkbride but the wings are still affixed.
		I must say this was one of my most nerve racking adventures I have ever been on due to the lack of windows, the weather conditions and the constant rhythmic slamming of doors.
		It appeared I had arrived there just in time because plans of demolition were beginning to take place.
	www.hoursofdarkness.com /Dixmont.htm (231 words)

	National Register of Historic Places - Fergus Falls State Hospital Complex
		Kirkbrideâs plan called for a central administration area and superintendentâs residence, flanked by patient dormitory wings with setbacks to allow maximum light and ventilation.
		The Fergus Falls facility, still used as a state hospital, is dominated by an eight-story central tower, flanked by two four-story octagonal towers with mock balustrades.
		The St. Peter, Rochester and Fergus Falls facilities were all built on the Kirkbride plan; the Fergus Falls facility is the only remaining example in Minnesota.
	nrhp.mnhs.org /property_overview.cfm?propertyID=18 (175 words)

	Grand Traverse Pavilions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Cottages were planned from the inception of the main building on the sylvan campus.
		The development of the Grand Traverse Commons property on which The Cottages rest was a result of multiple design efforts that were implemented over time at the hand of both professionals and dilettantes.
		Up through 1927, the principles of the Kirkbride Plan, the picturesque movement, agrarian development, were consistent.
	www.gtpavilions.com /programs_cottage_history.asp (226 words)

	The Fergus Falls Daily Journal. Your source for local news and entertainment. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The college would use half of the Kirkbride, as well as the nurses’ cottage and the memorial building (a small house located in back of the Kirkbride’s west wing), Broen said.
		Friends of the Kirkbride requested, and were granted by the city, a delay on the implementation of the master plan identifying options for the RTC, from December 2006 to May 1, 2007.
		The plan called for demolition of some RTC buildings to begin as soon as December.
	www.fergusfallsjournal.com /articles/2006/10/17/news/news01.txt (474 words)

	Kirkbride Buildings - Dixmont State Hospital (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In response to a lack of appropriate accomodations in western Pennsylvania, the Western Pennsylvania Asylum for the Insane at Dixmont was founded in the late 1850's and began taking patients in 1862.
		Dorothea Dix was personally involved with many aspects of founding the asylum — including the adoption of the Kirkbride plan — and the institution was named in her honor.
		There are plans to build a department store on the grounds once the hospital buildings are gone.
	www.kirkbridebuildings.com.cob-web.org:8888 /dixmont.html (284 words)

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