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Topic: Kirkpatrick Doctrine

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Jeanne Kirkpatrick

Jeane Kirkpatrick

Authoritarianism

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Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Communist state

Communist party

Doctrine

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	Doctrine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Doctrine, from Latin doctrina, (compare doctor), means "a body of teachings" or "instructions", taught principles or positions, as the body of teachings in a branch of knowledge or belief system.
		Doctrines of this sort are almost always presented as the personal creations of one particular political leader, whom they are named after.
		Examples include the Monroe Doctrine, the Stimson Doctrine, the Truman Doctrine, the Eisenhower Doctrine, the Brezhnev Doctrine, and the less catchy Bush administration doctrine of military preemption, and the Kirkpatrick doctrine.
	www.sevenhills.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Doctrine (389 words)

	Why War? Keywords: Jeane Kirkpatrick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Jeane Kirkpatrick, born Jeane Duane Jordan in Duncan, Oklahoma, graduated from Barnard College in 1948, and received a doctorate in political science from Columbia University in 1968.
		Kirkpatrick published a number of articles in political science journals reflecting her disillusionment with the Democratic party, and was especially critical of the foreign policy of Democratic President Jimmy Carter.
		She later became a member of Reagan's national security team, where she was accused of accepting bribes, falsifying tapes that implicated Soviet forces in the shooting down of a South Korean passenger jet (Flight 007) on September 1, 1983, and advocating the dismantling of India, all of which she denied.
	www.why-war.com /encyclopedia/people/Jeane_Kirkpatrick (662 words)

	Kirkpatrick doctrine
		The Kirkpatrick doctrine was a political doctrine expounded by United States Ambassador to the United Nations Jeane Kirkpatrick in the early 1980s which attempted to justify American support for third world dictatorships with bad human rights records and opposition to communist governments.
		The doctrine was that the communist states which the United States opposed were totalitarian regimes while the third-world dictatorships which the United States supported were authoritarian ones.
		Interestingly, one of the tenets of the Kirkpatrick doctrine that totalitarian regimes are more stable than authoritarian regimes was quickly proven in error with the collapse of the Soviet Union which occurred unexpectedly within a decade of the invention of the doctrine.
	www.fastload.org /ki/Kirkpatrick_doctrine.html (200 words)

	[No title]
		Rather, the act of state doctrine is based on the need to avoid unprincipled decisions resulting from the absence of legal standards, and the unique embarrassment, and the particular interference with the conduct of foreign affairs, that may result from the judicial determination that a foreign sovereign's acts are invalid.
		In the court's view, the doctrine should not "allow litigants to shield themselves from the consequences of illegal conduct abroad" and should not "in all circumstances foreclose judicial scrutiny of the motivations behind the military procurement decisions of a foreign government" (id. at A16).
		The act of state doctrine thus respects principles of sovereignty and international comity and, where applicable, operates as a choice-of-law principle supplying the appropriate rule of decision in cases in which the validity of the act of a foreign sovereign is questioned in United States courts.
	www.usdoj.gov /osg/briefs/1988/sg880031.txt (5434 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		During the 1970s Jeanne Kirkpatrick, a prominent political scientist and later US ambassador to the United Nations under Ronald Reagan, a position she held for four years, increasingly criticized the Democratic Party, of which she was still a member since the nomination of the antiwar George McGovern.
		Monetarists were placated by tight controls of the money supply; cold warriors, especially neoconservatives like Kirkpatrick, won large increases in the defense budget; wealthy taxpayers won sweeping three-year tax rate reductions on both individual and corporate taxes; and the middle class saw that its pensions and entitlements would not be targeted.
		Under this doctrine, the Reagan administration actively supported the dictatorships of Augusto Pinochet, Ferdinand Marcos and the racist apartheid regime in South Africa.
	www.online-encyclopedia.info /encyclopedia/h/hi/history_of_the_united_states__1980_present_.html (4041 words)

	Reagan Doctrine Third World Rollback
		Because rollback of the USSR itself was not immediately feasible, the Reagan Doctrine came to mean the rollback of the outposts of the Soviet Empire in the Third World as a first step toward global rollback.
		Speaking for the right wing, Jeane Kirkpatrick has said, "The point of departure of Reagan Doctrine...is the idea of freedom." Right-wing presidential candidate Jack Kemp wrote that the guiding force in U.S. foreign policy is to protect freedom where it exists, and to advance freedom where it is denied.
		SOF affords the Reagan Doctrine a distinct advantage over the ClA's covert operations; the Pentagon is not required to report details of the SOF's activities to Congress, and therefore can be used in clandestine activities to avoid Congressional oversight.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Foreign_Policy/ReaganDoctrine_TWRollback.html (5366 words)

	Neoconservatism (United States) Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		During the 1970's political scientist Jeane Kirkpatrick increasingly criticized the Democratic Party, of which she was still a member, since the nomination of the antiwar George McGovern.
		Under this doctrine, known as the Kirkpatrick Doctrine, the Reagan administration initially tolerated leaders such as Augusto Pinochet in Chile and Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines.
		The Bush Doctrine, a departure from previous U.S. foreign policy, is a proclamation on the right of the United States to wage pre-emptive war should it be threatened by terrorists or rogue states.
	www.variedtastes.com /encyclopedia/Neoconservatism_(United_States) (6557 words)

	Neoconservatism (United States) - SmartyBrain Encyclopedia and Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Under this doctrine, known as the Kirkpatrick Doctrine, the Reagan administration actively supported leaders such as Augusto Pinochet in Chile and Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines.
		The Bush Doctrine, a radical departure from previous U.S. foreign policy, is a proclamation of the right of the United States to wage pre-emptive war, regardless of international law, should it be threatened by terrorists or rogue states.
		This doctrine can be seen as the abandonment of a focus on the doctrine of deterrence (in the Cold War through Mutually Assured Destruction) as the primary means of self-defense.
	smartybrain.com /index.php/Neoconservatism_(United_States) (4106 words)

	TOTALITARIANISM FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In her 1979 essay for ''Commentary'', "Dictatorships and Double Standards" (later expanded upon), Jeane_Kirkpatrick argued that a number of foreign policy implications can be drawn by distinguishing "totalitarian" regimes from "authoritarian" ones.
		According to Kirkpatrick, authoritarian regimes are primarily interested in their own survival, and as such have allowed for varying degrees of autonomy regarding elements of civil_society, religious institutions, courts, and the press.
		Kirkpatrick's influence, particularly as foreign policy adviser and United_Nations ambassador, was essential to the formation of the Reagan_administration's foreign policy and her ideas came to be known as the "Kirkpatrick_Doctrine."
	www.witwib.com /totalitarianism (746 words)

	FindLaw Legal News
		The District Court ruled that the suit was barred by the act of state doctrine, which in its view precluded judicial inquiry into the motivation of a sovereign act that would result in embarrassment to the sovereign, or constitute interference with the conduct of United States foreign policy.
		It was agreed that, in the event the contract was awarded to Kirkpatrick, Kirkpatrick would pay to two Panamanian entities controlled by Akindele a "commission" equal to 20% of the contract price, which would in turn be given as a bribe to officials of the Nigerian Government.
		The act of state doctrine does not establish an exception for cases and controversies that may embarrass foreign governments, but merely requires that, in the process of deciding, the acts of foreign sovereigns taken within their own jurisdictions shall be deemed valid.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /scripts/printer_friendly.pl?page=us/493/400.html (2415 words)

	Jewish Law - Legal Briefs ("Bigio v. Coca Cola") (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		W.S. Kirkpatrick explained that the act of state doctrine is not viewed as an expression of international comity.
		Rather, the doctrine is "a consequence of domestic separation of powers" — in other words, it guards against the Judicial branch interfering with the foreign policy prerogatives of the Executive branch.
		In addition, W.S. Kirkpatrick reiterated that a "balancing approach" weighs against application of the act of state doctrine where, as here, "the government that committed the ‘challenged act of state’ is no longer in existence." Id.
	www.jlaw.com /Briefs/cocacola4.html (1468 words)

	Jeane Kirkpatrick biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		An ardent anticommunist, she is famous for her "Kirkpatrick Doctrine," which advocates U.S. support of anticommunist governments around the world, including rightwing dictatorships.
		Kirkpatrick's political turn seems to have corresponded with a religious turn.
		She was one of the strongest open supporters of the Argentina's military regime following the March 1982 Argentine invasion of the British-held Falkland Islands (in Spanish: las Malvinas), which triggered the Falklands War (in Spanish: Guerra de las Malvinas).
	jeane-kirkpatrick.biography.ms (716 words)

	Doctrine - TheBestLinks.com - Blitzkrieg, Brezhnev Doctrine, Common law, Education, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Doctrine, Blitzkrieg, Brezhnev Doctrine, Common law, Education, Fair use...
		Doctrines of this sort are almost always presented as the personal creations of one paticular political leader, whom they are named after.
		Examples include the Monroe Doctrine, the Stimson Doctrine, the Truman Doctrine, the Eisenhower Doctrine, the Brezhnev Doctrine, and the less catchy Bush administration doctrine of military preeminence, and the Kirkpatrick doctrine.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Doctrine.html (388 words)

	Jeane Kirkpatrick - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An ardent anticommunist, she is famous for her "Kirkpatrick Doctrine," which advocates U.S. support of anticommunist governments around the world, including authoritarian dictatorships.
		She was one of the strongest open supporters of Argentina's military dictatorship following the March 1982 Argentine invasion of the United Kingdom's Falkland Islands (the Argentinian name for the islands is las Malvinas), which triggered the Falklands War (referred to in Argentina as: Guerra de las Malvinas).
		She became a fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, a think tank.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick (793 words)

	Anti-communism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A main critique of communism concerns the lack of individual freedom and democracy in communist states, democracy which is not denied by the communist theory itself (although interpretated in a very different way than that of liberal democracy).
		Yet another objection to anti-communism which became more widely advanced in the 1970s was that in pursuit of anti-communism, the United States was conducting a foreign policy in which it supported people and governments that sometimes egregiously violated human rights, which it saw as lesser evils than communism.
		In order to justify these actions, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Jeane Kirkpatrick stated the Kirkpatrick doctrine which argued there was a difference between totalitarian regimes and authoritarian regimes.
	www.northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Anti-Communism (4803 words)

	BrothersJudd.com - Review of Jeane Kirkpatrick's Dictatorships and Double Standards : Rationalism and Reason in Politics
		In it she argued that it was incumbent on the United States to differentiate between authoritarian regimes and totalitarian regimes.
		Kirkpatrick's theory was ultimately vindicated at least in this regard as this was basically the process which occurred in places like Spain, the Philippines, South Africa, Chile, and so on.
		The fact that Kirkpatrick became a major player in the administration the defeated Communism and won the Cold War, the degree to which her ideas were turned into official U. policy, and the prophetic quality of much that she wrote, makes them well worth your while.
	www.brothersjudd.com /index.cfm/fuseaction/reviews.detail/book_id/608 (1679 words)

	Bush Doctrine
		The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq are the defining aspects of what has become known as the Bush Doctrine, a foreign policy marked by strategic military preemption and unilateralism, and making no distinction between terrorists and those who harbor them.
		These neo-conservative tendencies represent a marked change from previous foreign policy doctrines, and have given rise to serious questions about the role of America as the dominant power in a modern, globalized world.
		The Washington Post reported (June 2004) that the "Bush doctrine could become the biggest casualty of U.S. intervention in Iraq," as "the occupation of Iraq has increasingly undermined, and in some cases discredited, the core tenets of President Bush's foreign policy" (Washington Post: Iraq Ocupation Erodes Bush Doctrine).
	zfacts.com /p/677.html (199 words)

	Consortiumnews.com
		In Kirkpatrick’s theory, right-wing “authoritarian” governments were preferable to left-wing “communist” governments because authoritarian governments could evolve toward democracy while communist governments couldn’t.
		But the problem with the Team B analysis and the Kirkpatrick Doctrine was that both were wrong.
		Along with the miscalculations of Team B's strategic analysis, the Kirkpatrick Doctrine failed to stand the test of time.
	www.consortiumnews.com /2004/060704.html (1870 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A Justice Department investigation of the 1981 contract between Kirkpatrick and the Nigerian government led to Kirkpatrick's pleading guilty to one count of violating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.
		A federal judge dismissed the suit, relying on the so-called ``act of state doctrine.'' It precludes U.S. courts from inquiring into the validity of a foreign government's acts committed within its own territory.
		``The traditional justification for invoking the doctrine _ avoiding a judicial determination of the legal validity of a state's act within its own borders _ is not present in this case,'' the appeals court said.
	ils.unc.edu /~viles/172i/users/big/docs/AP881031-0090 (226 words)

	ANTI-COMMUNISM FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		They believe that capitalism gives economic freedoms to everyone (whereas the communists believe only the bourgeoisie Marxism have economic liberties over the proletariat), and regard the lack of property_rights under communism as taking away a fundamental of human_rights.
		Democratic socialists as George_Orwell or Bertrand_Russell and anarcho-socialist theorists such as Noam_Chomsky see communism as a doctrine whose aims are noble in theory but which fails to attain them in practice.
		The central part of Karl_Marx's communist theory is historical_materialism, a methodology for studying history using dialectical reasoning which concludes that human society has grown or evolved through several historical stages due to the contradictions inherent in each stage, with each transition to the next stage involving the overthrow of the existing socioeconomic order.
	www.amysflowershop.com /Anti-communism (5013 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Letters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		...Kirkpatrick ignores a far more plausible rationale for em- phasizing human rights in American foreign policy, a rationale whose prime concern is identical with the conservative agenda: na- tional interest...
		...Kirkpatrick has apparently made this distinction in order to differentiate the Communist from the non-Communist world...
		...Kirkpatrick seems to mean is that the expansionism of the Soviet Union and Cuba represents a potential threat to the security of the United States, while such dictatorships as Brazil and Chile pose no such threat...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V73I2P4-1.htm (9384 words)

	Monthly Review: 1984: looking backward at Orwell's novel of the 1940s
		The Kirkpatrick doctrine has it that no totalitarian regime, once installed, has ever yielded to democratic rule.
		What Orwell envisioned as a universal system, and what Dr. Kirkpatrick ritually conjures up as a universal threat, is more of a locally based phenomenon than either of them was capable of imagining.
		It is the doctrine of infinite pluralism, taught by virtuoso humanists at Yale and Johns Hopkins universities, whose baroque ahistoricism and over-wrought relativism pay highest respects to believing in nothing at all.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1132/is_v36/ai_3244432/pg_2 (1120 words)

	Reclaim the Media
		Along with the Team B analysis came the theories of academic Jeane Kirkpatrick, who made a name for herself with an analysis that differentiated between “authoritarian” and “totalitarian” governments.
		These two factors — the Team B take on the military rise of the Soviet bloc and the Kirkpatrick Doctrine’s view of immutable communist regimes — guided Reagan’s foreign policy.
		The evidence is now clear that by the 1970s, the Soviet Union was in sharp decline both economically and militarily.
	www.reclaimthemedia.org /print.php?story=04/06/07/3388109 (1755 words)

	www.GreatControversy.org—A Positive Place on the Web for The Third Angel's Message (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Caught Between Alpha and Omega, a sermon by Larry Kirkpatrick, January 1, 2005.
		Seeking the Glory of the Sender, a sermon from December 11, 2004, by Larry Kirkpatrick.
		A Deadly Doctrine, by Andre Hayman, provisional president, Northeast Youth Conference, August 2, 2004.
	www.greatcontroversy.org (1005 words)

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