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Topic: Kivu

	KIVU - LoveToKnow Article on KIVU
		South of Kivu the rift-valley is blocked by huge ridges, through which the Rusizi now breaks its way in a succession of steep gorges, emerging from the lake in a foaming torrent, and descending 2000 ft. to the lacustrine plain at the head of Tanganyika.
		Kivu and Mfumbiro were first heard of by J. Speke in 1861, but not visited by a European until 1894, when Count von Gdtzen passed through the country on his journey across the continent.
		The ownership of Kivu and its neighborhood was claimed by the Congo Free State and by Germany, the dispute being settled in 1910, after Belgium had taken over the Congo State.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /K/KI/KIVU.htm (504 words)

	Lake Kivu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lake Kivu is one of three known exploding lakes, along with Cameroonian Lake Nyos and Lake Moroun, that experiences lake overturns.
		The gasseous chemical composition of exploding lakes is unique to each lake; in Lake Kivu's case, methane and carbon dioxide due to lake water interaction with a volcano.
		Lake Kivu's methane was only originally thought to be a cheap natural resource for export and the generation of cheap power.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lake_Kivu (489 words)

	KIVU - Online Information article about KIVU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The lake fauna is a typically fresh-water one, presenting no affinities with the marine or " halolimnic " fauna of Tanganyika and other Central African lakes, but is similar to that shown by fossils to have once existed in the more northern parts of the rift-valley.
		Kivu and Mfumbiro were first heard of by J. Speke in 1861, but not visited by a European until 1894, when Count von Gotzen passed through the country on his journey across the continent.
		The ownership of Kivu and its neighbourhood was claimed by the Congo Free State and by Germany, the dispute being settled in 1910, after Belgium had taken over the Congo State.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /KHA_KRI/KIVU.html (559 words)

	Congolese flashpoint
		The provinces of North Kivu and South Kivu, bordering onto Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi, are part of the East African cultural and economic region and have always felt isolated from Kinshasa, both geographically and psychologically.
		Kivu, which has not one, but several rival movements, is on the brink of explosion.
		Kivu is on the verge of an explosion and no-one is doing anything to defuse the situation.
	mondediplo.com /1998/07/08kivu (1797 words)

	East Congo, Kivu, Kwilu (Dem. Rep. of Congo) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Kivu rebels have established a Revolutionary Government of the Eastern Congo with headquarters at Bujumbura, the capital of Burundi.
		The Ruzizi Valley in Kivu is controlled by the rebels who claimed to be led by Patrice Lumumba, who in fact was killed in 1961.
		Philippe say that the flags "is the Katanga flag without the three cross because the crosses are a a seccesionist symbol of Katangais, and the Bukavu flag is not Katangais".
	www.fotw.net /flags/cd-kivu.html (320 words)

	AllRefer.com - Kivu, region, Congo (Democratic Republic Of The Congo Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Kivu [k E ´v OO, k E v OO ´] Pronunciation Key, region, c.89,000 sq mi (230,510 sq km), E Congo (Kinshasa).
		Most of Kivu was controlled (1961–62) by the breakaway regime of Antoine Gizenga, which was centered at Kisangani (then Stanleyville).
		Kivu was a base for various rebel groups in the 1990s.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/K/Kivu.html (239 words)

	Kivu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A pond system in a valley in the eastern South Kivu Province of Congo, not far from the city of Bukavu.
		Fish is a very popular food in Congo and fishculture is practiced throughout the country.
		Outside of the North Kivu town of Goma, these Rwandan refugee camps were formed in 1994 as 1.5 to 2 million refugees fled their country due to serious ethnic tensions which resulted in widespread killing.
	www.congo-pages.org /kivu.htm (139 words)

	Democratic Republic of Congo: Deadly conspiracies? - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		At least 100 people from the Kivu region of eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are currently languishing without charge in detention centres in the capital Kinshasa and in the southeastern province of Katanga, suspected of plotting to overthrow the government of the DRC.
		It appears that several key figures from the Kivu region attended the conference and the government may have considered this meeting to have formed part of the alleged coup plot.
		It appears she was arrested because she had been lodging someone from the Kivu region suspected of involvement in the alleged coup plot.
	web.amnesty.org /ai.nsf/Recent/AFR620042001!Open (4422 words)

	PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE SYMPOSIUM ON BIOLOGY, STOCK ASSESSMENT AND EXPLOITATION OF SMALL PELAGIC FISH SPECIES IN THE ...
		Lake Kivu is a mountain lake located between 1°84'38'' and 22°30'S and 28°50' and 29°23'E. Its characteristics are a result of volcanic activity in the region.
		The average depth is 240 m and the maximum of 490 m, is found in the north of the basin.
		Lake Kivu: structure, chemistry and biology of an East African Rift Lake.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/005/V2648E/V2648E18.htm (3018 words)

	Youth and conflict in Kivu: Komona clair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		First, the political economy of social fragmentation in Kivu is the outcome of a long historic process, in which internal and external elements became intertwined to produce a qualitatively different economic use of the available space and the mobility of labour within it.
		In some places in Kivu, the conditions underlying the political economy of the colonial and post-colonial era came together in what was to become one of the triggers of the current conflict, when certain Banyarwanda became Mobutu’s closest allies in the seventies.
		, in the Kivu provinces this was 49% [9].
	www.jha.ac /greatlakes/b004.htm (13084 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Lake Kivu has never had a lake overturn but along with Monoun and Nyos it is one of the three lakes in the world which contain such large amounts of carbon dioxide making it very possible that the lake could overturn at some point.
		This showed that approximately every thousand years an event occurred which caused all living creatures in the lake to be wiped out and huge amounts of vegetation to be swept into the lake, which is consistent with a lake overturn.
		The lava has stopped flowing into the lake and the Kivu has remained stable, but after the eruption a crack opened inside the volcano, forming a tunnel carrying lava deeper under the lake.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /webprojects2002/whitehouse/Kivu.htm (340 words)

	Lake Kivu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Lake Kivu is a lake between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda.
		Kivu empties into the Ruzizi River, which flows into Lake Tanganyika.
		HÃ©ritiers de la justice PrÃ©sentation de cette association des Ã©glises protestantes uvrant pour le respect des droits de l'homme au Kivu.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Lake_Kivu.html (380 words)

	Continuing Instability in the Kivus: Testing the DRC transition to the limit - Paper No 94, October 2004
		The controversial former governor of South Kivu province, Xavier Chirimwami Chiribanya, is known to be one of Nkunda’s close associates.
		Although Mabe’s troops have not crossed into South Kivu in their attempt to re-establish control over their terrain, 28 the attitude of both the civilian and some of the military authorities in North Kivu towards Mabe and his troops is one of suspicion.
		South Kivu’s vice-governor for finance, Thomas Nziratimana, himself a Banyamulenge who was previously the RCD-G’s representative in South Africa and who took up his post only recently, is preparing the way for their return.
	www.iss.co.za /pubs/papers/94/Paper94.htm (14195 words)

	Democratic Republic of Congo: Rwandese-controlled east: Devastating human toll - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The LDF initiative in the Kivus is modelled closely on LDF formed and active in Rwanda,(15) whose members also include many children under the age of 18.
		This method of control was established early on during the RPA occupation of the Kivus, when prominent individuals and students were, reportedly, transferred to Rwanda for several months of politico-military indoctrination.
		In the Kivus most markets are closed, and people cannot work their fields or transport food to market for fear of attack by armed forces.
	web.amnesty.org /ai.nsf/Recent/AFR620112001!Open (18412 words)

	Checklist of the birds of eastern Congo
		and the Kivu highlands to the Ruwenzori Mtn.
		In Congo confined to the Idjwi Island in Lake Kivu.
		Kamituga to west of the Kivu highlands, Epulu, Kisangani and the Sudan border.
	www.tommy777.addr.com /Eastcongo-list.htm (9338 words)

	PATTERNS OF STATE COLLAPSE AND RECONSTRUCTION IN CENTRAL AFRICA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In Burundi, the emergent Hutu-dominant state system born of the transitional elections of June 1993 was virtually blown to bits by the military coup of October 21, a move patently aimed at reversing the verdict of the polls.
		More recently, the withdrawal of their citizenship rights was seen by many Tutsi as perfectly consistent with the threats voiced by the South Kivu authorities against "foreigners" and the exceptionally brutal "cleansing" operations directed against them by the Interhamwe and local units of the Forces Armées Zairoises (FAZ) in early 1996.
		If the situation in the Kivus is any index, many are the civil society organizations (CSO) that could have provided the social ballast needed to reconstruct the new polity, but so far their place in the new dispensation appears extremely nebulous.
	www.udayton.edu /~rwanda/articles/lemarchand.html (8028 words)

	Clashes between army factions displace North Kivu residents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The affected areas, located in the province of North Kivu, include Kanyabayonga, a town some 150 km northeast of the provincial capital, Goma, and the locality of Bweremana, on the border with South Kivu Province.
		M'hand Ladjouzi, head of the North Kivu office of the UN Mission in the DRC, MONUC, deplored the clashes.
		The decision to deploy fresh troops in North Kivu followed a spate of insecurity in the area, which is inhabited by Kinyarwanda speakers and other ethnic groups such as the Hunde, Tembo and Nande.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=44642 (867 words)

	The disentrapment of North Kivu
		North Kivu lies on the equator on the eastern boundary of the Congo.
		For North Kivu the model predicted a similar population crash in 2020 - it is the prevention of this crash which is the concern of this project!
		Direct flights from Entebbbe into North Kivu have therefore to be by private charter, by MAF (Mission Air Fellowship) or by hitching a lift from Kampala with a MONUC flight.
	www.leeds.ac.uk /demographic.disentrapment/The%20disentrapment%20of%20North%20Kivu.htm (5578 words)

	ReliefWeb » Document Preview » DRC Monthly Humanitarian Bulletin Jan - Feb 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Furthermore, the concept of negative forces defined in the Lusaka Agreement is undergoing an evolution, whereby Mayi-Mayi warriors become the DRC army’s outpost in the Kivu, while ex-FAR and Interahamwe insurgents remain an element largely rejected by the society.
		Displacement is a new phenomenon in northernmost areas of North Kivu, a region that remained relatively stable since the beginning of the war and local observers attribute it to Mayi-Mayi/Interahamwe clashes.
		Climate of widespread violence prevailing in South Kivu and tensions heightening as military activity approaches large urban settlements incited additional thousands of South Kivu residents to flee across the Lake Tanganyika to Tanzania.
	www.reliefweb.int /w/rwb.nsf/UNID/4D2AA15D738D19E885256887006B5230?OpenDocument (4485 words)

	monuc.org: Kivu Brigade is gradually deploying ::: 16/04/2004
		The deployment of the Kivu Brigade is proceeding, declared the MONUC military Spokesman, Commander Abou Thiam, during the weekly press briefing on Wednesday.
		The Kivu Brigade should be operational by the end of May and will be carrying out wide scale operations along the border between the DRC and Burundi, further said the military Spokesman.
		Earlier, in Goma, General Samaila Iliya met with the Commander of the 8th military region, General Obed Rwibasira, within the framework of the coordination of MONUC troop activities and those of the Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC).
	www.monuc.org /news.aspx?newsID=2287 (812 words)

	Rival military commanders make peace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The spokesman for the 10th Military Region based in South Kivu, Lt Kasanda Wa Kasanda, said the agreement was the result of a weeklong visit to the region by the chief of the nation's land forces, General Major (equivalent to Maj-Gen) Sylvain Buki who is still in the DRC eastern region.
		He is touring in the region in a bid to end clashes between the 8th and the 10th military regions.
		Buki summoned both brigadiers general Mbuza Mabe, commander of the 10th, and Obed Rwibasira of the 8th to the town of Minova, in North Kivu Province, on Monday to broker the agreement.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=43402 (446 words)

	Eastern Congo Ravaged - Civil Society Under Attack
		The governor of South Kivu and the head of the Department of Territorial Administration, Joseph Mudumbi, also accused Groupe Jeremie on the radio of producing subversive pamphlets.
		For March 8, 2000, women's organizations in Kivu decided to organize a "Day without Women" during which the women would stay at home, grieving for their dead husbands and sisters, and praying.
		Political officials such as the governor of South Kivu and Commandant Ondekane have publicly accused clergy of inciting ethnic hatred and of colluding with the Kabila regime and armed opposition groups.
	www.hrw.org /reports/2000/drc/Drc005-05.htm (6429 words)

	Chaos in Eastern Congo: U.N. Action Needed Now (Human Rights Watch Background Briefing, October 2002)
		In South Kivu, violence has been sparked by the withdrawal of Rwandan government troops, formerly dominant in the area, although latest developments indicate their renewed involvement, and also the involvement of Burundian forces.
		In late September and early October Rwanda recalled its soldiers from the Congo under the terms of an agreement signed on July 30 with the Congolese government; in return the Congo was to help disarm and repatriate groups of rebels opposed to the Rwandan government based in the eastern Congo.
		Each drew on ethnic loyalties: Lubanga was associated with locally-based Hema and their ethnic kin the Gegere; Nyamwisi recruited heavily among the Lendu and the related Ngiti peoples, groups that have been sporadically fighting the Hema for control of land and other resources over the last four years.
	www.hrw.org /press/2002/10/easterncongo-bck.htm (3532 words)

	Peace Corps Online \| April 18, 2003 - Daily Egyptian: RPCV Robert McCormick arrived 15 years ago in Bukavu, an African ...
		By ensconcing themselves around Lake Kivu with little regard for regional attitudes and conditions, Westerners have found it difficult to improve significantly the lives of local residents.
		No matter how treacherous the existing situation at Lake Kivu appears, the United States and other western countries have an obligation to assist in repairing the damage.
		Some postings on Peace Corps Online are provided to the individual members of this group without permission of the copyright owner for the non-profit purposes of criticism, comment, education, scholarship, and research under the "Fair Use" provisions of U.S. Government copyright laws and they may not be distributed further without permission of the copyright owner.
	peacecorpsonline.org /messages/messages/467/2013168.html (980 words)

	Zaire
		The conflict in North Kivu is complex and involves a series of shifting conflicts among the ethnic groups and the refugee community.
		The spark that reignited ethnic violence in North Kivu was the genocide set into motion in Rwanda after the airplane crash that killed the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi in April 1994, and the renewed fighting between the RPF and Rwandan government forces.
		Continuing violence in North Kivu supports the conclusion that the establishment of monoethnic territories in an historically multiethnic area is inherently unstable.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1996/Zaire.htm (15937 words)

	Zaire: Lawlessness and insecurity in North and South-Kivu
		There are many grounds to believe that the current political and ethnic conflict in Kivu is related to next years elections, as political leaders position themselves for political advantages over their rivals.
		Soldiers sent from the capital, Kinshasa, were reportedly happy to be deployed in the two Kivu regions where the US dollar is used in the local economy, due to the high rate of inflation affecting the value of the national currency
		Some international aid agencies and civilians in North-Kivu claim that the presence of some 800,000 Rwandese refugees in the area has exacerbated the conflict and human rights abuses, because of alleged collaboration between Zairian and Rwandese Hutu and the fact that the refugee presence has led to further deployment of troops to the region.
	amnestyusa.org /refugee/document.do?id=BCD6A84D7F124F81802569000068A2F4 (9949 words)

	monuc.org: UN mission deploys more troops to South Kivu ::: 27/05/2004
		The MONUC liaison officer in the Burundian capital, Bujumbura, Col Francis Janin, said the 52-member contingent would be based in the town of Uvira, and would be deployed between the Fizi and Baraka areas, in the south of the province.
		The troops were expected to reinforce MONUC's presence in South Kivu, a province subject to instability, he said.
		On 26 April, Rwandan President Paul Kagame ordered the deployment of troops along the country's border with Burundi to block incursions by the Hutu rebels who have been using Burundi to stage sporadic attacks against Rwanda.
	www.monuc.org /NewsPrint.aspx?NewsID=2725 (258 words)

	Wildlife News: Lake Kivu could power all of Rwanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The answer is sitting on Rwanda's north-western border, where the deep waters of Lake Kivu are brimming with vast quantities of three dissolved gases: carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and methane.
		The CO2 and hydrogen sulphide come mainly from volcanic activity, while the methane comes from lake bed bacteria.
		For safety, an elaborate system of pipework is draining away the lake's CO2 output (New Scientist, 24 March 2001, p 36).
	www.naturalworldtours.co.uk /articles2003/march/march0103c.htm (454 words)

	afrol News - Congo "fighting Rwandan troops" in Kivu
		One of the factions was said to be ex-rebels from the formerly Rwandan-supported group RDC-Goma, while the other faction was to belong to their long-lasting foes, former rebels of the Kinshasa-supported Mayi Mayi group.
		Yesterday, however, the Kinshasa Information Minister told the press that the incidents in North Kivu were "not a mutiny" but indeed a "war against Rwanda." On a security mission in North Kivu, Kinshasa's regular troops had encountered Rwandan troops and hostilities had taken place.
		Meanwhile, in the areas of North Kivu affected by the new fighting, a new humanitarian crisis seems to be developing.
	www.afrol.com /articles/15001 (665 words)

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