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Topic: Kleptoparasitism

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	Sex-biased kleptoparasitism of Hooded Mergansers by Ring-billed Gulls. - Wilson Bulletin - HighBeam Research
		Kleptoparasitism is common in many seabirds (Furness 1987; Duffy 1980, 1982), including gulls (Grace 1980, Spear and Ainley 1993).
		Among Larus gulls differences in kleptoparasitism of conspecifics and other gull species appears to be related to age, with young being pirated more often (Burger and Gochfeld 1981).
		Selective kleptoparasitism appears to be related to host species' size and...
	www.highbeam.com /doc/1G1-17224462.html?refid=ip_hf (157 words)

	Kleptoparasitism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kleptoparasitism (literally, parasitism by theft) is a form of feeding where one animal takes prey from another that has caught, killed, or otherwise prepared it.
		Kleptoparasitism may be intraspecific, where the parasite is the same species as the victim, or interspecific, where the parasite is a different species.
		Diving birds that bring their prey to the surface suffer interspecific kleptoparasitism from gulls, which are unable to fetch fish from the sea floor themselves.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kleptoparasitism (187 words)

	TWO INSTANCES OF KLEPTOPARASITISM IN PASSERINES
		Discussion--Two circumstances were common to the kleptoparasitic in- teractions that we observed: The hosts were feeding fledglings and were disturbed by the presence of an observer.
		We report two instances of kleptoparasitism, one with an adult Worm eating Warbler (Helmintheros vermivorus) acting as a kleptoparasite on a female Black and white Warbler (Mniotilta varia) and one with a male Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) acting as a kleptoparasite on a female Worm eating Warbler.
		Kleptoparasitism, or food piracy, among and on birds in the order Pas- seriformes is relatively rare (Brockmann and Barnard 1979).
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/JFO/v069n01/p0055-p0057.html (2045 words)

	Florida Entomologist, v. 82, n. 2, p. 147
		Kleptoparasites are a special subset of natural enemies that usurp valuable physical resources from the creator or obtainer, and thus fit most closely with our human perspective on theft.
		Thus, facultative kleptoparasitism is inferred as ancestral for the genus Koptothrips, with one inferred shift to obligate kleptoparasitism.
		Second, rates of kleptoparasitism are also quite high in five of the six species of gall-inducing thrips with soldier castes, with on the order of one-quarter to one-third of galls successfully invaded.
	www.fcla.edu /FlaEnt/fe82p147.htm (6330 words)

	KLEPTOPARASITISM BY BALD EAGLES WINTERING IN SOUTH-CENTRAL NEBRASKA
		Interspecific kleptoparasitism was a common food-gathering technique used by Bald Eagles during the 1978-1979 winter, whereas in 1979- 1980 most Mallard prey were disease victims obtained by scavenging.
		Kleptoparasitism on other raptors was one means by which Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) secured food along the North Platte and Platte rivers during the winters of 1978-1980.
		Kleptoparasitism occurs in many species of birds and is a common foraging strategy for some species (for review, see Brockmann and Barnard 1979).
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/JFO/v059n02/p0183-p0188.html (3715 words)

	Auk, The: Does Kleptoparasitism by Glaucous-winged Gulls limit the reproductive success of Tufted Puffins?
		Rates of kleptoparasitism were estimated during two seasons and compared with several spatial and temporal factors that have been predicted to influence kleptoparasitism rates both within and among seasons.
		Kleptoparasitism rates increased from 2% in the first year to 19% in the second, whereas puffin fledging success declined precipitously from 81% in the first year to 11% in the second.
		Gulls typically kleptoparasitize puffins by waiting until a puffin approaches its burrow and then lunging or flying toward it and attempting to grasp it by the wing, tail or head, and then shaking it, sometimes violently, until it drops its fish.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200110/ai_n8962017 (1133 words)

	Patuxent Product Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Kleptoparasitism (food theft) is a tactic used opportunistically by many foraging birds, but little is known about its fitness benefits.
		Here we show that habitual kleptoparasitism by individual parent roseate terns (Sterna dougallii) is associated with consistently superior reproductive performance relative to nonkleptoparasitic ("honest") parents, as measured by growth and survival to fledging among their offspring.
		Our study indicates that kleptoparasitism in roseate terns is an important component of parental quality and provides the first evidence that food stealing is associated with enhanced fitness in a facultatively kleptoparasitic seabird.
	www.pwrc.usgs.gov /prodabs/ab10040305/abs6288.htm (205 words)

	Auk, The: Does Kleptoparasitism by Glaucous-winged Gulls limit the reproductive success of Tufted Puffins?
		There were higher rates of kleptoparasitism when more puffins returned with fish, a finding common to other studies (Rice 1987, Oro and Martinez-Vilalta 1994) and perhaps an extension of requisite host concentration that appears to be necessary for evolution of kleptoparasitic relationships (Brockmann and Barnard 1979).
		When kleptoparasitism rates were tallied spatially, it appeared that gulls concentrated their activity where puffin burrow density-- and thus number of returning puffins-was greatest, an effect found also in Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) and Atlantic Puffins (Hudson 1985).
		Grid-specific kleptoparasitism rates did not influence fledging success and, to the extent that a difference existed at all, it was in the opposite direction; kleptoparasitism rates were higher at the grid squares with higher chick survival, presumably because food deliveries were also more frequent there.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200110/ai_n8962017/pg_4 (1379 words)

	Florida Entomologist, v. 82, n. 2, p. 179 xx
		The mating systems of kleptoparasitic flies are influenced by the type of resource that is stolen; flies associated with predators are mostly female, while those found on scarabs are of both sexes.
		This category is a complex one, and the nearly invariable relationship between phoresy and kleptoparasitism when only adults consume the resources of the host (phoretic adults are kleptoparasites) is not necessarily the case in instances where eggs are laid by phoretic adults in the vicinities of their associates (not all phoretic adults have kleptoparasitic larvae).
		While kleptoparasitism appears to be a means of avoiding competition and unfavorable environmental conditions the benefits of phoresy are more obscure, especially in light of the considerable costs in terms of time.
	www.fcla.edu /FlaEnt/fe82p179.htm (6370 words)

	Seabirds and other Marine Vertebrates - 1988
		Kleptoparasitism appears to provide an important part of the total discard consumption of great fl-backed gulls (table 7.9) and is also an important cause of loss of fish for herring gulls and lesser fl-backed gulls.
		Kleptoparasitism tends to result in unusually large fish being stolen, but it is not clear whether kleptoparasites select victims on the basis of the size of fish they carry (as suggested by Brockman and Bamard 1979), or whether the longer handling times of birds with large fish make them more vulnerable to kleptoparasitism.
		Although great skuas lost more fish to kleptoparasites than they stole (table 7.9) they were the most kleptoparasitic of the species around boats in Shetland, obtaining 17.2 percent of their fish by kleptoparasitism compared to 12.7 percent stolen by adult great fl-backed gulls and 9.6 percent stolen by immature great flbacked gulls.
	www.gla.ac.uk /~gbza22/interact.html (6747 words)

	ESA 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Measures of chick growth and survival between these 10 kleptoparasites and breeding pairs that were never observed stealing fish were similar for first-hatched (A) chicks.
		However, second-hatched (B) chicks with a kleptoparasitic parent were heavier at day 3, and had higher mean linear growth rates and asymptotic masses than B chicks from "honest" parents.
		We conclude that kleptoparasitic roseate terns are among the highest-quality individuals breeding at Falkner Island.
	abstracts.co.allenpress.com /pweb/esa2001/document?ID=26940 (231 words)

	Untitled Document
		Kleptoparasitism is where individuals exploit food made available by others, which is the situation found amongst the capuchin monkeys.
		There are two social foraging models related to kleptoparasitism: information-sharing models and producer-scrounger models (DiBitetti and Janson, 2001).
		Capuchin monkeys exhibit an aggressive type of kleptoparasitism, with the alpha pair regulating the food sources available to subordinate individuals (DiBitetti and Janson, 2001).
	www.bio.davidson.edu /people/vecase/Behavior/Spring2005/Tanner/foraging.htm (1162 words)

	Patuxent Product Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		We describe the kleptoparasitic behavior of ten adult Roseate Terns (Sterna dougallii) breeding at a colony at Falkner Island, Connecticut, USA between 1995 and 1998.
		These birds were considered habitual kleptoparasites because they stole fish repeatedly from other terns in every year they were observed at the site.
		Kleptoparasitic techniques included aerial piracy, ground-based attacks, and deceptive behavior, but with one exception, each individual used one method exclusively.
	www.pwrc.usgs.gov /prodabs/ab10020303/abs5978.htm (167 words)

	Auk, The: Kleptoparasitism by Brown Skuas on albatrosses and giant-petrels in the Indian Ocean
		We also report an attempted kleptoparasitism by a Brown Skua on a Light-mantled Albatross (Phoebetria palpebrata) in the Kerguelen Archipelago, and four attempts by Brown Skuas (the Amsterdam Island [Indian Ocean] form, which is similar in size to the Tristan Brown Skua [C. a.
		The kleptoparasitism attempts on the Wandering Albatross and Northern Giant-Petrel were observed while we surveyed seabirds from the R/V Marion Dufrense in the southwestern Indian Ocean.
		The skua stooped on the albatross from 60 m asl at an angle of about 40 deg as the albatross was flying 25 to 30 m asl along an island ledge 300 m inland from the sea.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_199904/ai_n8842457 (1277 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Kleptoparasitism by conspecifics was more common than by gulls (Larus argentatus, L. marinus) but was not density dependent.
		Kleptoparasitism by gulls increased as the number of gulls on the oyster bed increased, and the presence of gulls significantly depressed intake rates and sizes of mussels taken by oystercatchers during autumn.
		The presence of conspecific and gull kleptoparasites changed the oystercatchers' relative preference for oysters over mussels in their diet.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/09670653/articles/44/8/S096706539787304.abstract.en (104 words)

	To Catch a Thief (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Kleptoparasitism, the practice of stealing food to feed oneself, one’s young or a mate, was first noticed in terns in 1973.
		Shealer found that kleptoparasitism is indeed a way of life for two males and eight females, or 4 percent of what was then Falkner Island’s nesting roseate population.
		Shealer says, "I believe that kleptoparasitism is not just a matter of opportunism." Nor, he says, is it laziness—'a way to avoid the up to an hour-long, 25-mile round-trip flight out to sea to search for their favorite fish, sand lances.
	www.smithsonianmag.si.edu /smithsonian/issues03/dec03/terns.html (582 words)

	The adaptive significance of stealing in a marine bird and its relationship to parental quality -- Shealer et al. 16 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Kleptoparasitism (food theft) is a tactic used opportunistically
		In broods of two, both chicks of kleptoparasitic
		Facultative response to a kleptoparasite by the cooperatively breeding pied babbler
	beheco.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/16/2/371 (341 words)

	Reader, T (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In order to understand the role that interspecific competition plays in phytophagous insect communities, we need to consider the ways in which the nature of competition between species can be complicated by interactions with members of other trophic levels.
		Kleptoparasitism in this system is mediated by the host plant and by the principal parasitoid of L.
		These results show how facultative kleptoparasitism can modify the ecological consequences of interspecific competition for both individuals and populations.
	www.oikos.ekol.lu.se /Oikos.103.1.abstracts/12575Reader.htm (219 words)

	News-Star OnlineWhen good terns go bad 12/12/03
		New research suggests that kleptoparasitism, or food stealing (a roseate tern demonstrates), is carried out not by the laziest roseates but by the most skilled.
		The practice of stealing food to feed themselves, their young or a mate -- common to other bird species -- was first noticed in roseate terns in 1973.
		Over the course of four years and 774 hours of observation, Shealer found that kleptoparasitism is indeed a way of life for some roseates, if only for two males and eight females, or 4 percent of what was then Falkner Island's nesting roseate population.
	www.news-star.com /stories/121203/lif_14.shtml (496 words)

	bird12abs
		Previous studies on mixed-species insectivorous bird flocks argued that kleptoparasitism was the main advantage of social foraging to forktailed drongos.
		Only seven forktailed drongos were observed to behave indirectly kleptoparasitically: all corrupted their vigilant function in mixed-species bird flocks by using alarm calls to distract insectivorous birds at the crucial moment of prey detection.
		Kleptoparasitism occurred only during drought, or exceptionally cold weather, when abundance of flying insect prey was low, indicating a high threshold for interspecific kleptoparasitic behavior.
	www.cognizantcommunication.com /filecabinet/Bird/bird12abs.html (1358 words)

	Wild dogs & spotted hyaena interactions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It has been suggested that this is because hyaenas act as 'kleptoparasites' and steal food from dogs.
		As hunting is energetically costly, a small loss of food to kleptoparasites has a large impact on the amount of time that dogs must hunt to achieve energy balance.
		This may explain why there are low populations of wild dogs in regions where the risk of kleptoparasitism is high.
	www.abdn.ac.uk /~nhi600/zoo/wilddogs.htm (250 words)

	AS_4_2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It has been suggested - but never confirmed - that the maintenance of this polymorphism may be related to their role as specialist kleptoparasites of other birds, through either predator apostatic selection, or selection for cryptic advantage.
		No differences were found in relation to chase success rates, methods of attack, or the response of their victims.
		It is concluded that the polymorphism of this species is unrelated to its kleptoparasitic behaviour.
	www.seabirdgroup.org.uk /Journal/Contents/AS_4_2/as_4_2.htm (659 words)

	Dr. Erika Iyengar
		kleptoparasitism by the marine snail Trichotropis cancellata (Mollusca, Gastropoda) on
		Iyengar, E.V. The evolutionary ecology of kleptoparasitism and suspension feeding in
		Iyengar, E.V. Incidence and importance of kleptoparasitism to the marine snail
	www.wooster.edu /biology/eiyengar (498 words)

	Parasitic Jaeger
		The distinguishing behavior of the Parasitic Jaeger, and the source of its common name, is its relentlessly aggressive practice of “kleptoparasitism” — stealing food from other birds.
		The species is also notable for its impressive long-distance migration, efficient cooperation in foraging, and attentive care of mates and young.
		Migrant Parasitic Jaegers engage in kleptoparasitism on the open sea during fall, winter, and early spring.
	www.shawcreekbirdsupply.com /parasitic_jaeger_info.htm (719 words)

	Avian Predation Project Update
		This past week, gull kleptoparasitism rates at East Sand Island were 3% of all known fates of fish delivered by terns.
		At Crescent Island, gull kleptoparasitism rates were 6% of all known fates of fish delivered by terns this past week.
		At the East Sand Island tern colony, kleptoparasitism is by glaucous-winged/western gulls, while at Crescent Island kleptoparasitism is by the smaller California gull.
	www.columbiabirdresearch.org /Past_Weekly_Reports/2005/April25-May01.htm (1041 words)

	Large bodied carnivores, with extensive home ranges, often utilize a mosaic of patch types in their search for prey
		Lions and spotted hyenas are the most common endemic carnivores found traversing along the edge of reserves, and commonly scavenge on the carcasses of these feral dogs, many of which had died from infectious disease (Butler et al.
		In fact, kleptoparasitism by hyenas at wild dog kills can account for as high as 86% of carcasses lost in an open habitat setting (Creel 2001, Creel and Creel 2002).
		Wild dogs are able to persist in closed habitats, such as deciduous woodlands, in part because of a decrease in both competitive exclusion and kleptoparasitism by the other large-bodied African carnivore guild members (Creel 2001).
	deathstar.rutgers.edu /courses/lse/Web_Patch/final/Keri/Kero_Final.htm (3051 words)

	Age Differences in Ring-billed Gull Kleptoparasitism on Starlings
		Interspecific kleptoparasitism has been reported for Com- mon Terns, Roseate Terns (S. dougallii; Hays 1970, Hopkins and Wiley 1972, Hulsman 1976), Laughing Gulls L. atricilla, Hatch 1970), and Silver Gulls (L. novaehollandiae, Hulsman 1976).
		These reports are from breeding colonies, but interspecific kleptoparasitism occurs at other times of the year (Bartlett 1957, Siegfried 1972).
		In this paper we report on age differences in kleptoparasitism of Ring-billed Gulls on Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) observed at the Edgeboro Sanitary Landfill in East Brunswick, New Jersey, and consider if young or subadults compensate for lower success rates.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v096n04/p0806-p0808.html (1032 words)

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