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Topic: Knock resistance

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	Octane rating - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The octane rating is a measure of the autoignition resistance of gasoline (petrol) and other fuels used in spark-ignition internal combustion engines.
		Knocking occurs when the air-fuel mixture autoignites all at once (or sometimes perhaps when the flame front goes supersonic because of early ignition timing), before the flame front from spark plug ignition can reach it.
		Actual compression in the combustion chamber is determined by the compression ratio as well as the amount of air restriction in the intake manifold (manifold vacuum) as well as the barometric pressure which is a function of elevation and weather conditions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Octane_rating (1699 words)

	AutoSpeed - Knock, Knock - Part 1
		Knock is the preferred name given to the noise that results from the spontaneous ignition of one or more portions of the unburned mixture - the "end-gas" - ahead of the normal flame front.
		Because of this, the higher the compression ratio is raised, the greater the tendency to knock.
		The value of the HUCR is primarily a function of the knock resistance of the fuel.
	www.autospeed.com /A_0587/page1.html (1585 words)

	HondaSociety Web Community - Help?? Gasoline Question?
		"Knock" is a harassing trait in engines that is linked to gasoline, characterized by a ping in the motor during operation that results in loss of power, mileage, and smoothness of engine performance.
		A highly knock - resistant isooctane (2,2,4 - trimethylpentane, C8H18) is assigned a rating of 100 on the scale and normal heptane (C7H16), with a very poor knock - resistance, represents zero on the scale.
		Without changing the compression ration, this knock level is then bracketed by running the engine on the primary reference fuel blends, one of which knocks a little more than the test fuel, and the other a little less.
	www.hondasociety.com /board/showthread.php?t=78660 (1422 words)

	Expha// Autos, Design, and Macrame, oh my!
		The resistance of a fuel to detonate is a function of its self-ignition temperature.
		The limit of the advance of ignition timing is called the "knock threshold" and is a factor of many different conditions in the engine as well as the fuel used.
		Manufacturers allow a certain margin in the design between the operating conditions and the knock threshold, breaching this margin without raising the threshold is asking for engine damage.
	www.expha.com /exphabeta/articles/knockresistance (787 words)

	Octane Information Calculator
		Octane rating number is defined as a value used to indicate the resistance of a motor fuel to knock.
		The octane number of gasoline is a measure of its resistance to knock.
		It is an unbranched compound and knocks badly.
	www.anycalculator.com /octane.htm (555 words)

	Department of Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Mutation to glyphosate resistance is uncommon and the opportunity exists for judicious, proactive management to prevent its possible widespread evolution.
		The model assumes that resistance to both herbicides is conferred by mutations at single, but discrete gene loci.
		Probabilities and mean rates of resistance evolution for each strategy, calculated from 100 thirty-year runs of the model are presented in Table 1 and Figure 1, respectively.
	agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au /cropupdates/2000/weeds/Neve.htm (569 words)

	Octane Observations (Those Damn Europeans) - F150online Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		When the mixture is adjusted to the point where knocking "just" occurs (matching the "test" fuel), the octane rating is reported as the percent iso-octane in the mixture.
		This implies that sensitivity to knocking is a combination of fuel and engine - switching to a differnt fuel with the same octane rating may cure a knocking problem with a given engine, despite COMPARABLE knock resistance on standard test engines.
		Knocking isn't a concern in a turbojet and lower-octane fuels, in general, have a higher energy content.
	www.f150online.com /forums/showthread.php?t=26569 (1316 words)

	Fitch Catalyst Asia - Tech Info: Fuel Basics
		Detonation, ping, and knock are all symptoms that the maximum energy is not being extracted from the fuel charge.
		To reiterate, what we're really concerned with is called "knock" and that's the spontaneous ignition of the fuel-air mixture ahead of the flame-front as a result of the rise in cylinder pressure caused by the onset of ignition (caused by the firing of the spark plug).
		Knock in a gasoline engine tends to occur at the end of combustion, when pressures inside the cylinder have reached, as a result of spark ignition, very high values - values high enough to auto-ignite the fuel.
	www.fitchcatalystasia.com /fuelbasics.html (3122 words)

	The Marvelous Knock Out™ Roses - Wayside Garden Knockout™ Roses
		Knock Out™ is also tolerant of shade, a remarkable trait in any Roseand very prized in a Shrub variety, which makes an effective hedge winding through the garden.
		Knock Out™ has been nothing short of a sensation since its introduction, winning a 2000 All-America Rose Selection award.
		Pink Knock Out® has all the disease resistance of the original, plus greater strength against mildew, which makes it a must-have for southern and midwestern climates, where the summers are long and humid.
	www.waysideknockoutroses.com (642 words)

	pinkknockoutrose.com - Pink Knock Out Rose is a tough and hardy shrub type rose (3x4) with outstanding disease ...
		is drought tolerant, Blackspot resistant, mildew tolerant and self-cleaning.
		Knock Out™ is a compact tidy shrub rose and resistant to fl-spot.
		Knock Out™ is drought tolerant and matures to a 3 foot x 3 foot winter hardy shrub.
	www.pinkknockoutrose.com (480 words)

	Gasoline - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The most important characteristic of gasoline is its octane rating, which is a measure of how resistant gasoline is to premature detonation which causes knocking.
		The mixture known as gasoline, when used in high compression internal combustion engines, has a tendency to ignite early (pre-ignition or detonation) causing a damaging "engine knocking" (also called "pinging" or "pinking") noise.
		Early research into this effect was led by A.H. Gibson and Harry Ricardo in England and Thomas Midgley and Thomas Boyd in the United States.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gasoline (3483 words)

	Fuel injection parts and fuel injection kits - ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION (EFI) SYSTEMS. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This utilises the signal from the knock sensor on the engine block to adjust the ignition advacne angle in order ro take full advantage of the avaible fuel quality.
		The result is a reduction in fuel consumption while at the same time ensuring that the engine cannot be damaged by combustion knock.
		But it is precisely in this range that knocking may lead to engine damage and it must thus be avoided by finding an optimum combination of suitable fuel and ignition point.
	www.techlusion.com /glossary/K.htm (507 words)

	S280 Science Matters - Leaded Petrol Revision
		Engine knock results from premature explosive chemical reactions which occur in front of the advancing flame front durin gthe ignition stroke.
		It is the percentage of TMP by volume in a heptane-TMP mixture which has the same susceptibility to knocking as the fuel.
		If engine knock of a petrol under standard engine conditions is identical with that of a mixture of 1 litre heptane with 4 litres of TMP, octane number of that petrol = 80.
	www.frances.plus.com /lead.html (3327 words)

	Malaria Journal \| Full text \| A simplified high-throughput method for pyrethroid knock-down resistance (kdr) detection ...
		However, the increasing prevalence of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae, the major vector of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, threatens to compromise the successful use of insecticide-treated materials [4].
		Whilst much of the observed resistance is thought to have been selected for by the use of pesticides in agriculture [7], there is already some evidence in East Africa that the introduction of treated bednets has selected for reduced susceptibility to permethrin [6].
		One allele commonly associated with resistance to permethrin is the knock-down resistance or kdr allele.
	www.malariajournal.com /content/4/1/16 (2647 words)

	WA Country Hour - 04/05/2005: Benefits of double knock down to reduce risk of glyphosate resistance
		Rick Llewelyn from the WA Herbicide Resistance Initiative says the early break to the season, is the perfect opportunity to minimise the risk of glyphosate resistance by using a double knock down strategy.
		He says glyphosate resistance has been a threat for a couple of years now and it co-incides with a trend to reduce tillage - and the double knock down is the way to replace that tillage with another weed control method that will keep the risk of glyphosate resistance low.
		He says in no-till systems, the risk of glyphosate resistance is increased, as is the risk in high ryegrass populations.
	www.abc.net.au /rural/wa/stories/s1359922.htm (436 words)

	KOTS2000
		Knock damage accumulates until it hits 280, at which point your victim's knock damage resets to 0, and they may drop their weapon.
		Every second that goes by, your victim's knock damage decreases, so you must do damage quickly to succeed in knocking their weapon.
		Armor Knock - for every 200 damage done, there is a 25% chance to knock off a large armor shard.
	kots2000.planetquake.gamespy.com /player.html (2376 words)

	Pokemon Trading Card Game Walkthrough - IGN FAQs
		Retreat: C Weakness: G Resistance: None ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Graveler B30 - Uncommon Type: Fighting Evolution: Stage 1 Evolution (Evolves from Geodude) Level: 29 HP: 60 FF - Harden Effect: During your opponent's next turn, whenever 30 or less damage is done to Graveler (after applying Weakness and Resistance), prevent that damage.
		Retreat: C Weakness: F Resistance: None ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Onix D26 - Common Type: Fighting Evolution: Basic Pokemon Level: 12 HP: 90 F - Rock Throw (10) FF - Harden Effect: During your opponent's next turn, whenever 30 or less damage is done to Onix (after applying Weakness and Resistance), prevent that damage.
		Retreat: None Weakness: L Resistance: F ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Dodrio D41 - Uncommon Type: Colorless Evolution: Stage 1 Evolution (Evolves from Doduo) Level: 28 HP: 70 Pokemon Power - Retreat Aid Effect: As long as Dodrio is benched, pay C less to retreat your Active Pokemon.
	faqs.ign.com /articles/387/387653p1.html (15451 words)

	Fuel System
		The two most important features of gasoline are volatility and resistance to knock (octane).
		Resistance to knock or octane is simply the temperature the gas will burn at.
		While a higher octane of gasoline indicates resistance to ignition, the higher cetane rating of diesel fuel indicates the ease at which the fuel will ignite.
	www.fredsgarage.com /fuel.htm (1127 words)

	Insulin resistance definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Insulin resistance: The diminished ability of cells to respond to the action of insulin in transporting glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream into muscle and other tissues.
		The pancreas makes more insulin, which increases insulin levels in the blood and causes a louder "knock." Eventually, the pancreas produces far more insulin than normal and the muscles continue to be resistant to the knock.
		Insulin Resistance - Insulin resistance is associated with obesity, fatty liver, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, skin tags, polycystic ovary disease, and growth abnormalities.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=18822 (408 words)

	Octane determination in Piston Engines
		The octane number assigned to a motor fuel has very little to do with the actual chemical "octanes" in the fuel and everything to do with how well the fuel resists detonation (which is directly related to the amount of energy (heat) required to get the fuel burning in the first place).
		The octane value of a fuel is an empirical measure of its ability to resist detonation and, to a limited extent, preignition.
		To reiterate, what we're really concerned with is called "knock" and that's the spontaneous ignition of the fuel-air mixure ahead of the flame-front as a result of the rise in cylinder pressure caused by the onset of ignition (caused by the firing of the spark plug).
	www.prime-mover.org /Engines/GArticles/octane.html (3086 words)

	blushingknockoutrose.com - Blushing Knock Out Rose is a tough and hardy shrub type rose with outstanding disease ...
		Blushing Knock Out™ Rose is a tough and hardy shrub type rose with outstanding disease resistance.
		Blushing Knock Out™ will bloom early in the Spring and continue blooming until the first hard frost in the Fall.
		Red Knock Out™ is a compact tidy shrub rose and resistant to fl-spot.
	www.blushingknockoutrose.com (408 words)

	fuel octane vs power.html
		The amount of resistance that a fuel has to detonation.
		It has a knock resistance value of 100 RON.
		It is very prone to knock and has a value for 0 RON (zero/naught).
	www.factorypro.com /tech/octane_measurement.html (341 words)

	[No title]
		Since they don't use a knock sensor for each cyl., this must be how they determine whether or not a cylinder is detonating.
		My guess is that they only "listen" to the knock sensor during a period a little before and a little after TDC on the firing stroke of each cylinder.
		After you have established which cylinder is firing and if it is indeed knocking, then changing the timing on a cylinder by cylinder basis is no big deal anymore.
	www.diy-efi.org /diy_efi/archive/archive_num_21 (1998 words)

	fuels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The octane rating specifies the knock resistance of the fuel, isooctane, which is defined as having an octane rating of 100, and n-heptane, which has a defined octane ratong of 0, are used as a comparison mix to determine the octane rating.
		The knock resistance of the fuel in the CFR test engine is determined.
		Motorcycle oils are generally designed to be far more resistant to thinning (for use with integrated gears), and thermally-stable, but they are less suitable for operation in extremely cold weather.
	kawasakiw650.co.uk /Nestextension/Reallly_Useful_Index/Fuels/fuels.htm (2781 words)

	Heat: Combustion engineering - Methane Number Calculation
		The knock resistance of gaseous fuels is often evaluated by the methane number.
		Methane, which has high knock resistance, is given the index 100.
		If a certain gas mixture has a methane number of 70, its knock resistance is equivalent to that of a gas mixture of 70 % methane and 30 % hydrogen.
	www.eng-tips.com /viewthread.cfm?qid=29669 (503 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Gasoline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The most important characteristic of gasoline is its octane rating, which is a measure of how resistant gasoline is to premature detonation (knocking).
		An 87-octane gasoline has the same knock resistance as a mixture of 87% isooctane and 13% n-heptane.
		The mixture known as gasoline when used in high compression internal combustion engines, has a tendency to explode early (pre-ignition pre-detonation) causing a disturbing "engine knocking" (also called "pinging") noise.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Gasoline (2732 words)

	Knock Resistance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A simplified high-throughput method for pyrethroid knock-down resistance (kdr) detection in Anopheles gambiae Amy Lynd1, Hilary...
		A method for calculating knock resistance ratings for various blends of non-commercial grade natural gas involves the use of a computer model derived
		Abstract Background A single base pair mutation in the sodium channel confers knock-down resistance to pyrethroids in many insect species.
	www.knockresistance.info (372 words)

	Define Gas Octane
		It is a measure of how resistant the fuel is to premature detonation (knocking).
		So an 87-octane gasoline has the same knock resistance as a mixture of 87% isooctane and 13% n-heptane.
		Short-term shutdowns because of power outages knocked out two major on-shore pipelines, and at least 10% of the nation's refining capacity was not operating in the wake of the storm.
	defineoctane.com (3139 words)

	[No title]
		Methane Number Correlation The knock resistance of a fuel is determined by comparing the compression ratio at which the fuel knocks to a reference fuel blend that knocks at the same compression ratio.
		The reference fuel blend used for comparison to the natural gas for the MON is composed of iso-octane, with an octane number of 100, and n-heptane with an octane number of 0.
		However, since natural gas has a higher knock resistance than iso-octane, tetraethyl lead (TEL) must be blended with the reference fuel to increase the reference MON., The MON for CNG fuels range from approximately 115 to over 130.
	www.arb.ca.gov /regact/cng-lpg/appd.doc (1362 words)

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