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Topic: Kobe earthquake

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	AGU Web Site: Kobe Earthquake: An Urban Disaster
		The focal mechanism of the earthquake indicates right-lateral strike-slip faulting on a vertical fault striking slightly east of northeast, parallel to the strike of the mapped faults.
		This seismicity contains a sequence of earthquakes between 1891 and 1948 that includes the magnitude 8 Nobi earthquake of 1891, the magnitude 7.3 Tango earthquake of 1927, the magnitude 7.2 Tottori earthquake of 1943, and the magnitude 7.1 Fukui earthquake of 1948 [Kanamori, 1973].
		Kobe is located on a narrow strip of land between Osaka Bay to the southeast and the Rokko mountains to the northwest.
	www.agu.org /sci_soc/kobe.html (1881 words)

	Earthquake Effects in Kobe, Japan
		It is often possible to measure the displacement and length of the exposed fault rupture to estimate the slip and area of the subsurface fault, providing an independent estimate of the earthquake's magnitude.
		Most of the damage done by earthquakes is due to their secondary effects, those not directly caused by fault movement, but resulting instead from the propagation of seismic waves away from the fault rupture.
		The Kobe port, having been constructed on two artificial islands made of relatively loose fill, and always water saturated, suffered widespread liquefaction and settlement, and was incapacitated for two months.
	www.seismo.unr.edu /ftp/pub/louie/class/100/effects-kobe.html (2350 words)

	PUBLIC ROADS On-Line (Autumn 1996) - Aftermath of the Kobe Earthquake
		On Jan. 17, 1995, the Hanshin/Awaji Earthquake struck the densely populated Kobe, Japan, area with a Richter magnitude 7.2.
		At solid ground near the JMA Kobe station in particular, the extremely strong ground motion reached its maximum acceleration of 818 gal in the north-south component.
		Before the Hanshin/Awaji Earthquake, the Kobe area was considered to be a region of low or even negligible risk of moderate earthquakes even though a past earthquake hit the area causing light damage.
	www.tfhrc.gov /pubrds/fall96/p96au17.htm (2996 words)

	Medicine & Global Survival (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Since Kobe is a typical linear city, stretching 35 km from east to west and facing the mountains to the north and the sea to the south, ground access to the affected areas was very limited.
		The Kobe earthquake has demonstrated that this current plan is no longer suitable to meet the needs of the present society, which have changed with rapid urbanization and modernization.
		Experiences after previous earthquakes have shown that coordinated work in the aftermath of an impact would be quite difficult due to the paralysis of key local organizations, the different rules and limitations of different relief teams, the existence among some relief workers of counterproductive individualism, and occasional irresponsibility [30,31,32].
	www.ippnw.org /MGS/V2N4Kunii.html (6637 words)

	kobe
		an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 on the Richter scale struck the city of Kobe (Kobe Earthquake 1).
		Kobe is 20km from Awaji Island and so seismic waves where given the opportunity to increase in speed, hence causing greater destruction (Louie 2).
		Kobe Earthquake 3) Liquefaction was the beginning of the end for the city of Kobe.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~copeland/kobe.html (1653 words)

	Geography Site: Kobe earthquake case study
		The Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake was not only powerful (magnitude 6.9), but with the epicentre only 20km southwest of the city, it resulted in massive damage to property and loss of life.
		Large earthquakes in remote, uninhabited areas can do relatively little damage to the human population, but when they strike in places like the Kobe / Osaka region with a population of 10 million people, the damage levels will always be significant.
		Kobe was no exception and things were made even more difficult because Kobe is situated on a strip of flat land between high mountains and the sea.
	www.geography-site.co.uk /pages/physical/earth/kobe.html (891 words)

	EARTHQUAKE LESSONS
		Similarly, in Kobe, many buildings thought capable of surviving an earthquake of that magnitude (somewhere between 6.5 and 7.0 on the Richter scale) failed to do so.
		Earthquake specialists from the U.S., Italy and other countries are already en route to Kobe to study the damage to structures there.
		As bad as it was, the Northridge quake could have been worse, the scientists say, since the greatest amount of shaking in that quake was actually ten miles north of the epicenter in a less populated mountain area.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SUA04/earthquake_lessons.html (695 words)

	Kobe Earthquake
		The earthquake caused 5100 deaths, mainly in Kobe.
		The cities of Kobe and Osaka are connected by an elevated highway.
		The earthquake caused several portions of this highway to collapse.
	www.vibrationdata.com /earthquakes/kobe.htm (395 words)

	Japan Remembers The Devastating Kobe Earthquake - Earthquakes
		Kobe will be in the spotlight again on Tuesday, when it hosts a United Nations conference on disaster reduction, an event that has been retooled after the Asian disaster to focus on the creation of a tsunami-warning system in southern Asia.
		To Demonstrate the national impact of the Kobe quake, Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko were in the port city on Sunday for a series of commemorations.
		The destruction in Kobe, which was followed two months later by a nerve gas attack on the Tokyo subway by religious fanatics, quickly took on a larger significance in Japan as a symbol of the country's economic and social decline in the 1990s.
	www.ktvu.com /earthquakes/4087243/detail.html (883 words)

	Kobe - Earthquake
		Although this earthquake occurred in a MEDC, it was not properly prepared so there were many deaths.
		Kobe is a city housing 1.4 million people.
		The Earthquake measured 6.9 on the Richter scale.
	www.projectgcse.co.uk /geography/kobe.htm (99 words)

	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 17 \| 1995: Earthquake devastates Kobe
		The earthquake measured 7.2 magnitude and was the biggest to hit Japan for 47 years.
		But the Kobe earthquake was one of the worst in the country's history - 6,433 people died.
		Kobe struggled to overcome the huge impact of the 1995 earthquake.
	news.bbc.co.uk /onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/17/newsid_3375000/3375733.stm (495 words)

	The January 17, 1995 Kobe Earthquake
		The demands for a severe earthquake are amplified for structures with large configurational irregularities, and reductions in demand are made to account for the ductility of the construction type.
		Many of the mid-rise structures in Kobe were reinforced concrete-frame buildings of two types: The older ones were of nonductile concrete frame and the newer ones were of SRC frame.
		This structure was located a significant distance (32 kilometers west of Kobe) away from the area of greatest destruction, and the intensity of shaking near the building's location was not nearly as severe as the level of shaking in downtown Kobe.
	www.hewett.norfolk.sch.uk /curric/NEWGEOG/Tectonic/Earth/Building.htm (2975 words)

	GeoResources - Geography website
		Close to Kobe, the denser oceanic Philippines Plate is being subducted beneath the lighter continental Eurasian Plate at a rate of about 10 centimetres per year.
		Earthquakes are very common here and happen because of the friction resulting from the two plates colliding along this destructive margin.
		Most new buildings and roads have, in the last 20 years, been designed to be earthquake proof, schools and factories have regular earthquake drills, etc. As it turned out, however, things did not go according to plan.
	www.georesources.co.uk /kobehigh.htm (1045 words)

	Kobe Earthquake Investigation
		The causes of the earthquake are described using appropriate vocabulary.
		The causes of the earthquake are described and an explanation of the effects of the earthquake is attempted.
		The report demonstrates how the earthquake effected the rest of Japan and reaches conclusions about the lessons that should be learned from the earthquake that reflect the evidence in the report.
	www.geography.ndo.co.uk /kobenew2.htm (436 words)

	Earthquakes in Japan
		This is the cause for frequent earthquakes and the presence of many volcanoes and hot springs across Japan.
		The worst earthquake in Japanese history hit the Kanto plain around Tokyo in the year 1923, when over 100,000 people died in the Great Kanto Earthquake.
		In January 1995 a strong earthquake hit the city of Kobe and surroundings.
	www.japan-guide.com /e/e2116.html (477 words)

	Kobe Earthquake
		Earthquake faults, damages to roads and railways, liquefaction at reclaimed lands, fires, crushed houses, landsides were all manifested in this very destructive seismic shift.
		Seismologists have a growing conviction that a phenomena wherein the amplitude of the wave is magnified at the border between soft and hard ground increased the damage.
		Kobe, which suffered much of the damage, is built on a complex formation of various hardnesses of ground, ranging from the solid Rokko Mountain to the soft reclaimed land of Port Island.
	vathena.arc.nasa.gov /curric/land/kobe.html (1238 words)

	Shaky recovery - earthquake striken Kobe, Japan Reason - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The toll of the Kobe earthquake was stunning: 6,400 dead, $100 billion in damage.
		An earthquake is a special case, one that brings to light usually subterranean organizing principles even as it brings down buildings and roadways.
		A post-quake report issued by the Kobe YMCA is filled with anecdotes such as this one: Three days after the quake, two women from Kobe Citizens Central Hospital appeared at city hall asking for 10 volunteers to help carry water at the hospital, located about a mile away.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1568/is_n8_v29/ai_20201375 (837 words)

	Kobe Travel Guide
		Kobe is the capital of Hyogo Prefecture and one of Japan's ten largest cities.
		Kobe Port was one of the first Japanese ports to be opened to foreign trade in the late Edo Period, and the city remains one of Japan's more cosmopolitan cities.
		In January 1995, Kobe was hit by the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, which killed over 5000 people and destroyed tens of thousands of buildings.
	www.japan-guide.com /e/e2159.html (157 words)

	Japan/Kobe earthquake images
		The government response during the Kobe earthquake was not very good, and from what I hear, it hasn't gotten much better since, unfortunately.
		This www home page was mentioned in several US newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle and the LA Times, as it happened to be one of the first Kobe earthquake resources on the net.
		The earthquake happened early morning 5:45am JST January 17 near Kobe, epicenter was at Akachi.
	www.niksula.cs.hut.fi /~haa/kobe.html (961 words)

	Kobe Earthquake essays (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An earthquake is defined as a shaking or trembling of the earth that is volcanic or tectonic in origin.
		This devastating earthquake which occurred on the 17th of January at 5:46 a.m measured at a whopping 7 (7.2) on the Richter scale.
		The main reason for the big earthquakes in west part of Japan are the tectonic activities of the Eurasian, the Pacific, the North America and the Philippine plates.
	megaessays.com /viewpaper/44474.html (526 words)

	Kobe disaster shakes up earthquake codes - Kobe, Japan Real Estate Weekly - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Because the Kobe quake, measured at 7.2 on the Richter scale, was shallow in the ground, there were many splits in the earth and the shaking was intensified.
		Marshland, sand and landfill can liquify during an earthquake, so "there are much more expensive requirements for the foundation and the ways it is supported, as well as the interconnects," said Beck.
		Research conducted after the Mexican earthquake and the recent California quakes determined the amount of movement and the severity of movement are significantly different, up to a factor of six depending on the soil conditions.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3601/is_n27_v41/ai_16625550 (961 words)

	Kobe
		At the time of the earthquake, Setsuko Hara lived in the Higashi Nada area of Kobe, one of the city's most severely damaged areas, with the second largest death toll.
		She thought it must be an earthquake and pulled the blanket over her head and held her breath.
		Mr Nishimura of Kobe University, who examined the dead for a couple of days almost without sleep, realized that there was something common to all the victims.
	www.mcn.org /1/Miracles/kobe.html (1896 words)

	Kobe Index
		At 5:45 AM on January 17th, 1995, a violent earthquake struck the city of Kobe.
		However, to this day, specialists say that Kobe was lucky.
		The fear is engraved, and the sorrow is to remain.
	www.icpress.com /Gallery/kobe/index.html (122 words)

	Still Waiting 7
		As it stands, the findings of the mission indicate that Kobe's citizens have not been afforded sufficient opportunities to participate in the housing process or in the development of housing plans, nor have they been fully consulted concerning their housing circumstances since the Great Hanshin Earthquake.
		Despite the fact that the Kobe reconstruction plan declares that "We will support restoration-related activities initiated by the citizens", and "We will create a people-first community where each of the citizens, even though the will to contribute by those affected by the earthquake was clearly evident.
		The normal procedure internationally after a disaster of this magnitude is that a detailed socio-economic survey of the affected population is undertaken to enable the effective planning of the rehabilitation and tracking of its performance.
	www.kobe.ywca.or.jp /sinsai/waiting/7.html (3542 words)

	Kobe Earthquake
		An earthquake is defined as a shaking or trembling of the earth that is volcanic or tectonic in origin.
		This devastating earthquake which occurred on the 17th of January at 5:46 a.m measured at a whopping 7 (7.2) on the Richter scale.
		The earthquake, which proved to be a combination of a number of worst case scenarios, again reminded us that fight against natural disasters is an endeavour where one cannot afford to relax.
	www.freeessays.cc /db/23/gci57.shtml (1153 words)

	Quake: Kobe Earthquake - Jan 17, 1995
		Note that the Hanshin-Awaji ground motion data are preliminary, the contours are very general and represent a sparse dataset, and the background geology is derived from a generalized map of Japan prepared at the country scale of 1:1,000,000.
		The prominent dumbbell-shaped high in the acceleration contours is centered over the Bay-margin fringe of Holocene sediment in the Kobe City area adjacent to the northeastern end of the source fault.
		In its representation in the poster-sized image, the Kobe region of the geologic map is enlarged about twofold (to a scale of 1:425,000), a process that adds no detail but simply makes room for the other data that are included.
	quake.wr.usgs.gov /recent/reports/kobe (773 words)

	BBC News \| ASIA-PACIFIC \| Kobe remembers quake disaster
		The Japanese port of Kobe has marked the fifth anniversary of the devastating earthquake which killed nearly 6,500 people and destroyed 250,000 homes.
		At exactly 0546, the moment the earthquake struck, the area fell quiet as a minute's silence was observed.
		The BBC Tokyo correspondent, Juliet Hindell, says the centre of Kobe has been completely rebuilt and there is now little physical evidence that an earthquake took place.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/asia-pacific/606278.stm (505 words)

	Earthquake Museum-Kobe Earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This 6.9 Magnitude earthquake on January 16, 1995 in Kobe, Japan caused extensive damage and loss of life.
		Many buildings in Kobe were older and had heavy tile roofs that collapsed on the occupants.
		The City of Kobe webpage on the disaster and reconstruction.
	www.olympus.net /personal/gofamily/quake/famous/kobe.html (140 words)

	Kobe Earthquake: Effectiveness of Seismic Isolation Proven Again
		Exactly one year after the Northridge earthquake, seismic isolation proves, once again, to be the best insurance against loss of life, structural damage, content damage and business disruption.
		On April 25, 1992, a Surface Wave Magnitude (Ms) 7.0 earthquake occurred in Petrolia (Northern California) and produced the largest peak acceleration ever recorded: 2g.
		Consequently, the earthquake safety of a bridge can be improved significantly, at a similar or less cost than that of conventional construction.
	www.dis-inc.com /br137.htm (594 words)

	The great Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) earthquake January 17, 1995 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It was caused by an active fault running along Kobe's urban area, which led to the destruction of practically the entire area.
		In Kobe, members of the staff who were not on duty had difficulties to return to their jobs and were then also used for fire fighting and rescuing people out of buildings.
		The victims of Kobe staying close together in the shelters facilitated infections to be spread.
	www.sos.se /sos/publ/REFERENG/9603012E.htm (892 words)

	Kobe's Hanshin Earthquake - Eyewitness Account (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Damage to the port of Kobe (World's second largest container port and Japan's largest) is estimated at between 9.5 and 10 Billion dollars.
		Kobe was quite heavily bombed during the war, and much of the city dates from the post-war period.
		Kobe was a beautiful city, a nice mix of ancient and modern.
	www.paulzilla.org /japanese/quakkurt.htm (2192 words)

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