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Topic: Kolkhoz

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Sovkhoz

Agriculture of the Soviet Union

Collectivisation in the USSR

Kulak

CPSU

New Economic Policy

Nomenklatura

Gosplan

Economy of Russia

Russian Constitution of 1906

Serge Diaghilev

Mikhail Vrubel

Vaslav Nijinsky

Igor Stravinsky

1915

	Sovkhoz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Initially, sovkhoz farms were the ones which were created by the state confiscating large estates, while kolkhozes were typically created by combining smaller farms together.
		The distinction between sovkhoz and kolkhoz was not significant in practice most of the time.
		Kolkhozes were typically created by combining smaller farms together they were collective owned farms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sovkhoz (1153 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Kolkhoz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		According to the regulation, kolkhozes are obliged to sell 30% of their target cotton production (notice: not of the actual yield!) to cotton gins at prices set by the government in its special resolution issued each year.
		Meanwhile, although bosses of cotton-growing kolkhozes are obliged to observe the established sowing area quotas, from a personal standpoint they are interested in freeing the land from cotton crops, because the vacated lands can be leased to households or entrepreneurs.
		One woman working in kolkhoz complained that instead of her monthly wage she was given a bottle of cotton seed oil, 5-6 kg of flour and 2-3 kg of meat.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Kolkhoz (508 words)

	Kolkhoz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A kolkhoz (Russian: колхоз) was a form of collective farming in the Soviet Union that existed along with sovkhozes.
		The latter term is a typical translation of the word "kolkhoz".
		In a kolkhoz, a member was paid a share of the farm's product and profit according to the number of workdays (трудодень, trudodien), while sovkhozes employed salaried workers.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Kolkhoz (103 words)

	Document 117
		As soon as the kolkhoz received a truck, the latter organized systematic profiteering with produce that was intended for the kolkhoz.
		Despite the fact that the kolkhoz was behind in its planting, Veshchunov engaged in a drinking spree at Mrykhin's house.
		When the best kolkhoz farmer and shockworker Brovkin was nominated to take his place, the daughter of the member of the White Guard punitive squadron, Beschotnova, began to take revenge on Brovkin for her father.
	www.yale.edu /annals/siegelbaum/English_docs/Siegelbaum_doc_117.htm (1166 words)

	RUSNET.NL :: Encyclopedia :: K :: Kolkhoz
		Conceived as a voluntary union of peasants, the kolkhoz became the dominant form of agricultural enterprise as the result of a state program of expropriation of private holdings embarked on in 1929.
		Operational control was maintained by state authorities through the appointment of kolkhoz chairmen (nominally elected) and (until 1958) through political units in the machine-tractor stations (MTSs), which provided heavy equipment to kolkhozy in return for payments in kind of agricultural produce.
		With the collapse of communism and the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1990-91, the kolkhozy began to be privatised.
	www.rusnet.nl /encyclo/k/print/kolkhoz.shtml (209 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The Polish Miracle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		...But the very fact that it aroused such fierce opposition among the peasants and had to be imposed on them by force, elevated the kolkhoz into a dogma and made any criticism of it heresy of the gravest kind...
		...The kolkhoz, in fact, is a monstrous straightjacket, strapped by Stalin on to the back of Russian agriculture with a disastrous effect that has been repeated outside Russia since 1945...
		...Collectivization, however, threatened to destroy it altogether, and it is only since the retreat from the kolkhoz that the state factory has come into its own, providing by far the most effective incentive to modernization that we saw in Poland...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V35I3P32-1.htm (5924 words)

	Tony Cliff: Russia - A Marxist analysis (Chap.11-2)
		In addition, when one bears in mind the large proportion of the kolkhoz output taken by the state, it will not be surprising to find that the net income of the kolkhoznik from his own plot was more or less equal to what he got for his work on the kolkhoz.
		The severe state exploitation of the agricultural population working in the kolkhozes is a permanent cause of their neglect of kolkhoz work, their preference for their own plot and the permanent resurrection of individualist tendencies in the rural population.
		The replacement of the kolkhozes by sovkhozes is reflected clearly in the decline in the number of peasant households in the kokhozes in recent years: in 1955 there were 19.8 million, falling to 18.8 million in 1958, and to 17.1 million in 1960, a decrease of some 2.7 million over five years.
	www.marxists.org /archive/cliff/works/1964/russia/ch11-s2.htm (5855 words)

	New difficulties, new tasks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Central Committee decided upon the immediate startup of the construction of two new tractor factories with a capacity of 50,000 units each and of two new combine factories, the expansion of factories making complex agricultural equipment and of chemical factories, and the development of Machine Tractor Stations.
		`Kolkhoz construction is unthinkable without a rigorous improvement in the cultural standards of the kolkhoz populace'.
		`(T)he Central Committee plenum warns against underestimating the difficulties of kolkhoz construction and in particular against a formal and bureaucratic approach to it and to the evaluation of its results'.
	www.plp.org /books/Stalin/node45.html (161 words)

	Remarks on Totalitarianism and Revisionism
		This is because she wrongly amalgamates the newly state-created kolkhoz to the age-old peasant institution of the mir.
		The kolkhoz, in sharp contrast, responded to the interests of a dictatorial state, and peasants fled it whenever feasible.
		Kolkhoz officialdom came and went but the kolkhoz remained, the institutional sign of the peasantry's ultimate defeat, and of the Stalinist state's ultimate victory.
	www.h-net.org /~russia/threads/marot01.html (3509 words)

	description of village (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		At the time of the American researchers' first visit to the village, the chairman of the kolkhoz was very eager to show the collective's positive financial balance and their growing trade with western European partners.
		The dependence of a large proportion of households on the economic success of the kolkhoz, as well as the absence of alternative sources of economic support, was essential in producing the "sense of community" which pervaded Latonovo in 1991.
		The kolkhoz managers were very much aware of their dependence on village households to provide an effective labor force.
	www.ssu.missouri.edu /Rural_Transitions/desclato.htm (2196 words)

	Soviet Union - POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although in theory the kolkhoz was self-directed, electing its own managing committee and chairman, in reality it remained under the firm control of state planning and procurement agencies.
		Nevertheless, the income of the kolkhoz resident was usually lower than that of the sovkhoz resident.
		The kolkhoz was constrained to produce a variety of crops and livestock, which decreased efficiency.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-12746.html (855 words)

	Document 113
		The Voroshilov Kolkhoz in Mytishchi Raion, Moscow Oblast, was established in 1930.
		The kolkhoz had 107.6 hectares of land, it had work animals, agricultural equipment and, finally, most important, the kolkhoz farmers had a fervent desire to forge, through harmonious, collective labor, a new happiness for themselves.
		The outraged kolkhoz farmers ejected the bankrupt leaders Markov, Zhiganov and Zhiganova from the kolkhoz leadership.
	www.yale.edu /annals/siegelbaum/English_docs/Siegelbaum_doc_113.htm (724 words)

	RS Eckert - Elwert (Uzbekistan): Chapter 4.2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In one case a man from the city had promised his whole first harvest to the chairman of a kolkhoz in order to be allotted a plot.
		In one case village members complained that the chairmen of the kolkhoz, his family and relatives as well as members of the kolkhoz administration had appropriated waste land unofficially.
		Therefore he did not comply with role of a kolkhoz chairman according to the the expectations of the kolkhoz members and his bribery was heavily criticised.
	www.mekonginfo.org /mrc/html/eckert/eck4_2.htm (1237 words)

	Problems in Implementing Soviet Agricultural Policy in the Estonian Countryside: The proceeding of ...
		The "kolkhoz- propaganda" was restricted to the printing of an Estonian version of the "kolkhoz-rules".
		Since from 1948 on "quantity" had become more important than ideological "quality," the kolkhozes were more and more composed of those, being the main victims of a dramatic rise of the taxes that took place from 1947 on: the bigger farms.
		A comfortable and ideologically confirmed ["acceptable"?] explanation for the inability to gain control on the countryside was to claim that the problems were due to sabotage acts by the so called "kulak"-farmers.
	home.nikocity.de /feest/nidden/03.html (1719 words)

	COLLECTIVIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
		On the kolkhoz, in contrast to the sovkhoz, the land is socialized but parts of it are allocated to individual kolkhoznik households for private use.
		Until recently kolkhoz members were obliged to work for their collective farm a minimum number of days a year, which generally varied between 100 and 150 days (60 to 100 prior to 1954).
		In the 1960's kolkhoz members were assured partial payment of their salary in advance of the harvest.
	www.fatih.edu.tr /~enderboyar/collectivefarms.htm (5996 words)

	Letter from Feigin
		In the kolkhozes which I observed I attempted to learn how much the livestock had diminished in comparison with the years 1927-28.
		The situation of the kolkhoz livestock farms is a bad one, primarily because of lack of feed.
		The regional [Party] workers firmly believe that the sovkhozes and the com-modity farms of the kolkhozes will be able to supply the nation already this year with the necessary production and express the idea that private ownership of livestock by the kolkhozniks should cease.
	www.ibiblio.org /expo/soviet.exhibit/aa2feig1.html (1033 words)

	Collectivization
		Other leaders favoured rapid industrialization and, consequently, wanted immediate, forced collectivization; they argued not only that the large kolkhoz could use heavy machinery more efficiently and produce larger crops than could numerous small, individual farms but that they could be controlled more effectively by the state.
		As a result, they could be forced to sell a large proportion of their output to the state at low government prices, thereby enabling the state to acquire the capital necessary for the development of heavy industry.
		Between October 1929 and January 1930 the proportion of peasant households forced into kolkhoz rose from about 4 percent to 21 percent, although the government's main efforts in the countryside were concentrated on extracting grain from the kulaks.
	www.faits-et-documents.com /bilan_communisme/collectivization.htm (705 words)

	The St. Petersburg Times - Business - Large Farming Idea Hurts Little Farmers' Big Dreams (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Back when the country's kolkhozes were transformed from state enterprises into joint-stock companies in the early 1990s, farm workers were granted a share of land that was only a fraction of the land they worked, much as the urban population was given privatization vouchers.
		The sizes of the plots varied with the region and the kolkhoz, but in Stavropol individuals were given 10 hectares on averge.
		Observers said that the Stavropol law came about due to the lobbying efforts of inefficient kolkhozes worried that their survival was threatened by the potential exodus of independent-minded farmhands.
	www.sptimes.ru /story/10632 (1723 words)

	Witness to a Jewish Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		When kolkhozes [10] started, my father heard there was going to be a Jewish kolkhoz [11] in Dnepropetrovsk region and that the Agro-Joint [12] was constructing houses for future kolkhozniki.
		The kolkhoz sent her to different congresses where she was a delegate.
		The chairman of a kolkhoz came to see me. He said he was to report that the kolkhoz had fulfilled the plan, and that I could inspect the wool afterward.
	www.centropa.org /archive.asp?mode=bio&DB=HIST&fn=Lev&ln=Mistetskiy&country= (15210 words)

	BHHRG
		The Soviet-era collective farms (kolkhoz) and state farms (sovkhoz) have become “joint-stock companies” (cooperatives), in which the farm chairmen and their control boards distribute land to members of the farm on a rental basis.
		Under this system, the kolkhoz is supposed to provide communal services — including machinery, seeds, and social welfare — to its members with the money it receives from rented land and with the portion of the farmers’ production (20%) contractually due to the kolkhoz.
		The khakims (chiefs of regional government administrations) are directly appointed by the President, and the khakim, kolkhoz chairman (who distributes the land to the members), police and security apparatus all answer to him.
	www.bhhrg.org /CountryReport.asp?CountryID=23&ReportID=5&ChapterID=29&next=next&keyword= (472 words)

	Joseph Hansen: Peasant and Bureaucrat (Spring 1955)
		Theoretically he is supposed to be taken care of by the kolkhoz – he cannot be fired without official permission and he is also supposed to have his needs and those of his family taken care of by the production of the kolkhoz.
		But the first call on kolkhoz production is the government, and this is a government over which the peasant, like the worker, has no control, this having been usurped by the Stalinist bureaucracy.
		The peasant is inclined to favor his own piece of land against the kolkhoz in choice of seed, care in use of fertilizer and stock, and intensity of cultivation.
	www.marxists.org /archive/hansen/1955/xx/peasant.htm (1524 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Khrushchev's "Flexible Communism" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		...The share of "kolkhoz peasants' among the 8.2 millionmembers and candidate-members of the Soviet Communist party (CPSU) has in recent years increased considerably at the expense of the share of "workers" (as both terms are officially defined), and at present probably far exceeds that of the industrial workers...
		...but the statistical balance was thoroughly upset by last year's transfer to the kolkhoz payrolls of the machine-tractor station personnel, including about a quarter of a million party members, who were thus transformed from state-paid "workers" into "peasants...
		...the part of kolkhoz revenue which, under statutory rules, must not be distributed among the members but reinvested, is to grow steadily...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V27I4P7-1.htm (4296 words)

	SovLit.com - Chonkin by V.Voinovich (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As a result, the kolkhoz is the only one in the area which gathers the harvest in on time, resulting in positive reports about the kolkhoz chairman Golubev being sent all the way to Moscow and to Stalin himself.
		Kolkhoz chairman Golubev was always racked by doubts - whether to have eggs or potatoes for breakfast; whether to wear his blue shirt or white shirt, his old shoes or new shoes.
		Back in the kolkhoz office, Kilin is busy writing the agenda for the upcoming meeting: who speaks when and what type of applause they will get (stormy, prolonged, or simple).
	www.sovlit.com /chonkin.html (6987 words)

	Document 118
		The Komsomol organizer of the kolkhoz, Yazykova, who was present at the kolkhoz meeting, failed to give an appropriate rebuff to the kulak-type assault and abuse by Iliushchikhin against Kharitonova.
		The actual food situation on the kolkhoz is so grim that a number of kolkhoz farmers on the kolkhoz are starving.
		The kolkhoz board, instead of taking measures through the appropriate organizations and improving the situation by obtaining a food loan, deemed it necessary to "sustain" the needy segment by handing out to needy kolkhoz farmers makukha that had previously been delivered for hogs.
	www.yale.edu /annals/siegelbaum/English_docs/Siegelbaum_doc_118.htm (1019 words)

	Zygmunt Frankel: SIBERIAN DIARY - The Kolkhoz
		If the manager of the kolkhoz as much a saw you looking in its direction he would grab a stick and be after you, trying to preserve what could still be saved from the white horse's tail to keep the flies away.
		The kolkhoz slaughtered a cow, baked a lot of bread and a pile of cookies, and lined up some bottles of vodka on tables put up in the square outside the school.
		Half a dozen kolkhoz women also took some meat, bread, cookies, a bottle of vodka, and a balalaika, and said they were going to cheer her up.
	www.inch.com /~ari/zf520.html (7398 words)

	What should be done with the kulaks?
		The president of the kolkhoz was a Socialist Revolutionary; the leadership included former traders, the son of a priest and four other former Socialist Revolutionaries.
		Molotov summarized the affair by; `kulak-SR elements will often hide behind the kolkhoz smokescreen'; a `merciless struggle' was necessary against the kulak, as was the improvement of the organization of the poor peasants and of the alliance between the poor and middle peasants.
		The Central Committee resolution of January 5, 1930 drew conclusions from these debates and affirmed that it was now capable of `passing in its practical work from a policy of limiting the exploitative tendencies of the kulaks to a policy of liquidating the kulaks as a class....
	www.plp.org /books/Stalin/node49.html (521 words)

	BHHRG
		In 1999, one mother of five children burnt herself alive in protest on the Navoyi Kolkhoz when the cooperative chairman charged her husband, Assat Nuraliyev, with stealing potatoes and refused to listen to her pleas for food and medicine for her children.
		Kolkhozniki (kolkhoz members) spoken to by BHHRG blamed corruption for the disappearance of half of the already miserable earnings paid by BAT to the kolkhoz under the system in place since 1999.
		While cooperative members at the Navoyi Kolkhoz who have fulfilled the terms of their contracts but not received payment from the cooperative have filed a legal case, on the Samarkand Kolkhoz in Urgut Region payment of the second 40% is dependent on fulfillment of the production targets in the plan.
	www.bhhrg.org /CountryReport.asp?CountryID=23&ReportID=5&ChapterID=30&next=next&keyword= (1768 words)

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