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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Kolyma
		It was Kolyma's fearsome reputation that caused Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn to characterize it as the "pole of cold and cruelty" in the GULAG system.
		The Kolyma River (ÐšÐ¾Ð»Ñ‹Ð¼Ð°Ì) is a river in northeastern Siberia, whose basin covers parts of the Republic of Sakha, Chukotka, and Magadan oblast.
		The Kolyma camps were converted to (mostly) free labor after 1954, and in 1956 Nikita S. Khrushchev ordered a general amnesty that freed many prisoners.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Kolyma (844 words)

	[No title]
		The Kolyma is formed from the confluence of the rivers Kula and Ayan-Yurakh, which rise in the Khalkan Range of Russia's Magadan Region.
		The area along the Kolyma is rich in domesticated and wild reindeer and elk.
		The construction of the Kolyma hydroelectric scheme is a gross violation of the sovereignty of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and breaches the right of the indigenous peoples, the Kolyma Evens, Yukagirs, Chukchi and Yakuts, to the possession and use of their ancestral territory, their right to maintain their own way of life.
	www.cwis.org /fwdp/International/94-13040.txt (3975 words)

	Expedition Siberia 2004
		The River Kolyma meanders for 2,500 kilometres to the East Siberian Sea in the north and we intend to follow it as much as possible.
		If it is possible, and if the River Kolyma is free from ice, we may try to travel by boat or canoe if we can find one along the way, doing all the paddling ourselves of course.
		The river is also a source of food that attracts to itself the game that is in the area, of which there is an abundance: brown bears, elks, wild reindeer, wolves, foxes, hares, bighorn sheep and forest birds.
	www.siberia.nu /riskerosvarigheter_en.html (1295 words)

	Kolyma River - Definition, explanation
		The Kolyma is 2129 km long and drains a basin of 679,934 square kilometres (262,209 mile²), making it the sixth largest watershed in Russia.
		The Kolyma watershed consists of extensive mountains in the south and east, rising to 2998 metres (8799 ft) at Mount Chen in the Cherskii Range, and of the vast Kolyma Plain in the north where the river empties into the East Siberian Sea.
		The Kolyma basin is best-known for its Gulag slave labour camps and gold mining, both of which have been extensively documented since Stalin era Soviet archives opened.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/k/ko/kolyma_river.php (242 words)

	Kolyma - The Road of Death
		The Kolyma road known as the "Road of Bones" for all the men that died along the road.
		The road is named for the Kolyma River that flows about 400 kilometers from Magadan through the North Country.
		The Kolyma road was built by the hands of Stalin’s prisoners that had been banished to this cold region.
	www.missionreporter.org /road_of_death.htm (779 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News
		The Kolyma River () is a river in northeastern Siberia, whose basin covers parts of the Sakha Republic, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, and Magadan Oblast of Russia.
		The length of the Kolyma is 2,129 km.
		The Kolyma is known for its Gulag labour camps and gold mining, both of which have been extensively documented since Stalin era Soviet archives opened.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Kolyma_River (163 words)

	Kolyma Snow Sheep :: Ovis nivicola ssp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The eastern boundary is considered to be the large river valley west of the Koryak Mountains of the Koryak Autonomous Region.
		The western boundary is considered to be the border of Yakutia, from the Omolon River to the Kolyma River.
		For all practical purposes, the range of the Kolyma sheep is west of the Koryak Mountains down through the Kolyma range of mountains, which are east of the Kolyma River.
	www.wildsheep.org /sheep/international/kolyma_snow.htm (262 words)

	KOLYMA: The Land of Gold and Death by Stanley J. Kowalski (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		To many Russians, Poles, Lithuanians and Latvians the word "Kolyma" may be synonymous with the horrors of Auchwitz, Buchenwald, Dachau, Tremblinka and others, yet it remains almost unknown in the West.
		The wooden watchtowers were pulled down, the prisoners were not allowed to leave their barracks and not even the least aspect of prison life was exposed to the American visitor.
		Being served with delicious fresh fish from Kolyma River he offered his compliments to the "presiding chef of the mining camp." The deception was total and successful.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/w/x/wxk116/sjk/kolyma8.htm (558 words)

	LUC-GIS Case study Russian North-East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The orography of Chukotsk is comprised of mountainous regions: the northern spurs of Kolyma (Tudan ridge, 1,797 m), Koryak up-lands and the Anadyr plateau.
		The Anadyr river is 1150 km long with a water discharge of 1680 m³/ sec.
		The river is navigable and the basin is 191,000 km² in size.
	www.iiasa.ac.at /Research/LUC/GIS/case3.htm (488 words)

	Circumpolar Expeditions - Arctic Tours - Russian Travel - Custom Tours
		Southeast of the Selemdzha are the Bureya and Arkhara Rivers, which have the richest remaining forests in the oblast with Korean pine, Limmonik, Mongolian Oak and other Manchurian flora.
		Again, as with the collectivization of reindeer herds, the decline is mainly due to the restructuring and reorientation during the Soviet period.
		Then the river meanders northeast and is joined by the Vitim River, followed by the Olyokma, Aldan, Aniga and Vilui Rivers before flowing out of a wide delta and into the Arctic Ocean.
	www.arctictravel.net /russia.htm (2553 words)

	Britannicaindia.com: Britannica Browse
		Japanese rebel whose attempted coup d'etat against the Tokugawa shogunate led to increased efforts by the government to redirect the military ethos of the samurai...
		It lies south of the Gila River and east of the Colorado River in the extreme southwestern corner of...
		It lies at the eastern foot of the Montana (ridge) de Monserrat near the Choluteca River, at an elevation of 3,379 feet...
	www.britannicaindia.com /britannica_browse/y/y6.html (1341 words)

	KOLYMA: The Land of Gold and Death by Stanley J. Kowalski (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Kolyma's mainland is therefore isolated from the warming influence of the Pacific Ocean and the connecting seas, like the Sea of Japan and the Okhotsk Sea.
		But the Russians, who first explored the land, though they were used to the cold Siberian climate, found Kolyma's climatic conditions to harsh for their liking.
		A road was eventually built after World War II and is presently known as Kolyma Road, connecting Vladivostok and Magadan, the capital of Kolyma.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/w/x/wxk116/sjk/kolyma1.htm (875 words)

	River Systems of the World
		River water is diverted for agricultural irrigation, industry, hygiene, and related uses.
		Where possible, diverted water may be returned to the river clean and near the point of diversion; specifically, some municipal water supplies treat their sewage and return fairly clean water to the river.
		Most rivers are not so lucky: either the water comes back contaminated with pollutants, or not at all.
	www.rev.net /~aloe/river (474 words)

	Welcome To Yakutia! Journey to Kolyma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The river is 2429 kilometers long, has 275 tributaries that are each more then 10 kilometers long.
		The width of the Kolyma ranges from 150 to 170 meters.
		Kolyma is a habitat for pike, perch, white salmon nelma, and grayling.
	www.yakutiatravel.com /eng/travdir/kolyma.htm (488 words)

	Beringia
		Beringia is a landmass including portions of 3 modern nations (Canada, US and Russia) and extending from the Siberian Kolyma River and Kamchatka Peninsula, through Alaska and Yukon Territory, to the Mackenzie River in the Northwest Territories.
		Beringia is a land of great beauty, with the highest mountains in North America overlooking broad plateaus and meandering rivers.
		It extends from frozen arctic coasts on the north to Pacific coasts warmed by the Japanese Current on the south.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0000697 (501 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Northeast Siberian coastal tundra (PA1107)
		The area between the Yana and Indigirka rivers is the breeding ground for a large majority of the world’s population of Steller’s and spectacled eiders (Polysticta stelleri and Somateria fischeri) (Pearce et al.
		Coastal areas of the Kolyma River Delta, Indigirka River Delta, Khromskaya Bay, and the Yana River Delta are protected within existing reserves and within the Kytalyk Reserve, established in 1996 (25,000 km2).
		This ecoregion is a narrow strip of tundra on the coast of the East Siberian Sea extending east of the Lena Delta to the marshy lowland at the mouth of the Kolyma River.
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/pa/pa1107_full.html (778 words)

	Why Auschwitz? Why Kolyma? Why Kosovo?
		As all losses were routinely offset by the steady influx of new arrivals, the overall headcount increased from 90.700 in Jan. 1938 to 138.200 in Jan. 1939.
		Owing to the override on the "admissible mortality rate" amongst the camp inmates in conjunction with the failure to meet the mining output quotas for gold and other mineral resources, Pavlov and Garanin were sacked from their posts; Garanin was also charged with espionage and subsequently shot.
		Mass releases of the camp inmates commence and the Kolyma camps are gradually closed down.
	www.3pytania.pl /english/calendar.html (3386 words)

	Endangered Languages of Siberia - The Yukagir language
		Yolyuyone (Йолюйонэ), Eliene (Элиэнэ) < Yukagir Yoyl-enu(ng)) “the river with abrupt coast”) and lake Baikal (Байкал) (Russian Baikal, Mongol, Buryat Baigaal (Байгаал) < Yukagir Vayguol (Йойл-эну(нг)) “fin laying on the shore”).
		The Kolyma Yukagirs or Forest Yukagirs live mainly in Upper Kolyma ulus of the Republic Sakha (Yakutia), in the villages Nelemnoye, Verkhnekolymsk and Zyrianka, also in the villages Balygychan and Seimchan in Srednekansky districts of Magadan province; a small number of Kolyma Yukagirs lives in village Omolon of Bilibinskiy district of Chukotka.
		The language of Upper Kolyma Yukagirs has traces of the Russian influence, certain Russian influence is traced also and in the language of Lower Kolyma Yukagirs, where there are some old as well as the number of new loan words.
	lingsib.iea.ras.ru /en/languages/yukagir.shtml (2084 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Kolyma River
		Its mean discharge of 4060 cubic metres per second (143,400 cubic feet per second) is also the sixth largest in Russia after the Yenisei, Lena, Ob, Amur and Volga.
		The Kolyma is frozen to depths of several metres for about 250 days each year, becoming free of ice only in early June, and freezing up again by early October.
		The Kolyma basin is best-known for its Gulag slave labour camps and gold mining, both of which have been extensively documented since Stalin era Soviet archives opened.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Kolyma (343 words)

	Trekking World Tours - Kolyma - Siberia
		The river is 2429 kilometers long and has in its basin many islands.
		Kolyma plays a notebly role in the history of the geographic discovery of oriental Siberia.
		It was the last of these who gave his name to the river Zyryanka, and in 1937 to the city Zyryanka, administrative center of the territory Verhnekolymsky, which was created as one of the Island of “Archipelago Gulag“.
	www.trekkingworld.com /dx_kolyma_home_en.htm (260 words)

	homepage of Vladimir Dinets-Kolyma Highway
		The main access route is the so-called Kolymsky Trakt (Kolyma Highway) - a dirt road from Magadan city on the Sea of Okhotsk to the infamous gold mines in Kolyma River valley and surrounding mountains.
		Driving on frozen rivers is dangerous here: they often freeze all the way to the bottom, and then break through ice barriers, instantly flooding canyons downstream.
		The maze of small lakes and willow-covered lowland tundra west of Kolyma is known as the main breeding area of Siberian crane (Grus leucogeranus) and Ross' gull (Larus roseus).
	dinets.travel.ru /kolyma.htm (2685 words)

	Ëåíñêîå ïàðîõîäñòâî. Òóðèçì. Îõîòà è ðûáàëêà íà Êîëûìå. General information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Kolyma River is situated on the North-East of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
		On the banks of the Kolyma River there are several settlements such as Seymchan, Zyryanka, Srednekolymsk and Chersky.
		In 1937 at the mouth of the Zyryanka River, the settlement of the same name was founded as part of the notorious GULAG, today it is an administrative centre of the Verkhnekolymsky Region of Sakha [Yakutia].
	www.lorp.ru /kolyma/Info-eng.asp (323 words)

	A high-resolution time series of oxygen isotopes from the Kolyma River: Implications for the seasonal dynamics of ...
		Intensification of the Arctic hydrologic cycle and permafrost melt is expected as concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases increase.
		Quantifying hydrologic cycle change is difficult in remote northern regions; however, monitoring the stable isotopic composition of water runoff from Arctic rivers provides a means to investigate integrated basin-scale changes.
		O and δD to partition the river flow into snow and rain components in the Kolyma River basin.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2005/2005GL022857.shtml (395 words)

	Kolyma. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Its upper course crosses the rich Kolyma Gold Fields, which supplied much of the gold for Soviet foreign trade.
		Gold mining was begun in the 1930s, and both the fields and the surrounding area were developed using the labor of prisoners from Stalin’s Gulag.
		The Kolyma Range (or Gyda Range), E of the Kolyma River, extends NE from Magadan and rises to c.6,000 ft (1,830 m).
	www.bartleby.com /65/ko/Kolyma.html (160 words)

	Everest - Mount Everest by climbers, news
		In a ten month, 3500km long odyssey, the expedition traveled through deepest Siberia, along the infamous Kolymna river, the feared place of the Kolyma Gulag.
		There, the permafrost is one and a half kilometers deep and the remains of mammoths over 10,000 years old have been found, almost perfectly intact.
		These were measures which had to be taken at the time, to construct the land we have today.
	www.mounteverest.net /news.php?id=1324 (2470 words)

	The Azadovsky Affair - The New York Review of Books
		To simplify your search of this place on the map of the USSR, you may be advised to find first the Kolyma River that flows into the Arctic Ocean at approximately 62°NL.
		This name makes every Russian shudder, and not so much because of the temperatures peculiar to this region as because the permafrost basin of this river is the burial ground for millions of Soviet citizens who perished during Stalin's reign.
		Even if the charges against Professor Azadovsky were real, he'd never end up in the said parts as a result of them, if only because the main principle of the Soviet penal policy in regard to petty criminals is that they should serve their terms within the administrative confines of their actual habitation.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/6877 (1030 words)

	[No title]
		Sampling began on the Yukon River and then progressed to the Mackenzie, Ob', Yenisey, Lena, and Kolyma rivers.
		Scott Hayden and Sergei Davidov on the Kolyma River.
		Jim McClelland in the Kolyma River laboratory at the Northeast Science Station.
	ecosystems.mbl.edu /partners/kolyma.html (81 words)

	magadan
		Magadan oblast is an area in northeastern Russia, better known as 'the Kolyma', after the largest river flowing through the area.
		Especially in the Stalin era millions of forced laborers where brought to the Kolyma to extract the gold from the rivers and the rocks.
		This is however Berelelekh river in northern Yakutia, close to the estuary of the Ingidirka river.
	maurice.strahlen.org /Magadan/magadan.htm (1413 words)

	"KULU Safaris" hunting company - ABOUT COMPANY
		The amazing thing is that three of these sheep have boundaries that come together in the Magadan area (sort of like a state) of Siberia.
		This sheep is found only in the Magadan Region, and predominantly in the Kolyma Mtn.
		The Magadan region is so big and is split up geographically by different rivers and mountains that three different subspecies of snow sheep can be found there.
	www.kulu.magadan.ru /eng/exp.shtml (779 words)

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