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Topic: Konstantin Merezhkovsky

	Konstantin Sergeevich Merezhkovsky (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Konstantin Sergeevich Merezhkovsky was a graduate of St Petersburg University, and curator of the Zoological Museum of Kazan University and Professor of Kazan University.
		Merezhkovsky regarded oomycetes as modified algae devoid of pigment, and placed both of groups in a single division, the "Algenphyta".
		Regarding the cell of a bacterium as analogous to an ascus in the sense that it is capable of forming endogenous spores, Merezhkovsky reasoned that all members of his fungal kingdom had arisen from single-celled ascomycetous yeasts (Saccharomycetes).
	www.cybertruffle.org.uk /people/0016638_.htm (199 words)

	Russian Literature - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Torn by guilt over abandoning her son and unable to subscribe to the social hypocrisies of her circle that would have her hide her illicit relationship, she is eventually driven to suicide.
		In contrast to Anna’s tragic affair in the novel is the marriage of Konstantin Levin to Kitty Shcherbatsky.
		Dmitry Merezhkovsky, a poet, literary critic, and religious philosopher, produced a series of notable historical novels in the symbolist style.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761564269__1/Russian_Literature.html (9280 words)

	Russian Literature - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Some established writers, such as Merezhkovsky, Kuprin, Bunin, and Andreyev, left the USSR when it became clear that the new regime intended to take control of literature.
		Bunin, Kuprin, Merezhkovsky, Zamiatin, poets Viacheslav Ivanov and Marina Tsvetaeva, and many others continued to write in the tradition in which they had begun in Russia.
		After the war, however, the tenets of socialist realism were enforced even more strictly, and the period from 1946 to the death of Stalin in 1953 was the bleakest in Russian literature of the 20th century.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761564269___34/Russian_Literature.html (2509 words)

	Russian God-Seekers
		They penned instead an history of the progressive self-consciousness, which they accepted as the triumph of the positivist world-view, and all the religious cravings, essentially, fell off by the wayside from this history, and they were treated as either individual quirks, or as reactionary.
		Solov’ev, and passed on to Merezhkovsky and the most recent God-seekers; the second sort of consciousness was developed by Katkov, by the state nationalists, and it passed on into reactionary obscurantism and the “Union of the Russian People”.
		Russian God-seekers, perhaps, as no one nowhere, sensed the absolute void of emptiness in the end-point of the natural, the merely human progress, and they were terrified at the shrill vividness of their insight.
	www.berdyaev.com /berdiaev/berd_lib/1907_131_4.html (3975 words)

	SEMP - What Is Endosymbiosis?
		The three biologists are Konstantin Merezhkovsky, Ivan Wallin, and Lynn Margulis.
		Konstantin Merezhkovsky (1855-1921) was a prominent Russian biologist whose research on lichens led him to theorize that larger, more complex cells evolved from a symbiotic relationship between less complex ones.
		Rather endosymbiosis is probably the main source of genetic variation, according to Konstantin Merezhkovsky, Ivan Wallin, and Lynn Margulis.
	www.semp.us /biots/biot_361.html (1982 words)

	Edge: George Dyson Presentation [page 2]
		Lichens, a symbiosis between algae and fungi, sustained life in the otherwise barren Russian north; it was only natural that Russian botanists and cytologists took the lead in symbiosis research.
		Merezhkovsky viewed both plant and animal life as the result of a combination of two plasms: mycoplasm, represented by bacteria, fungi, blue-green algae, and cellular organelles; and amoeboplasm, represented by certain "monera without nuclea" that formed the nonnucleated material at the basis of what we now term eukaryotic cells.
		Merezhkovsky's two plasms of biology were mirrored in the IAS experiments by embryonic traces of the two plasms of computer technology -- hardware and software -- that were just beginning to coalesce.
	www.edge.org /3rd_culture/dyson/dyson_p2.html (1159 words)

	Philosophical Discussions on the Eve of the Revolution
		Only in the beginning of the 20th century would the literati, primarily those who were called the decadents, those who expressed their decadent outlook, and the Symbolists, would remember Dostoyevsky’s sermons.
		Dmitri Merezhkovsky and Zinaida Gippius would once again “go to the people,” to the Sectarians, the schismatics, all who gathered on the shore of the Svetloye lake to the bottom of which, according to legend, the city of Kitezh sank.
		On October 8 1901 Merezhkovsky, Rozanov, Filosofov, the editor of the “Journal for Everyone” Mirolyubov, and the “fervent Orthodox”, in the words of Gippius, Ternavtsev, who was not of the clergy estate.
	www.berdyaev.com /berdiaev/Smirensky/kling_Meetings.html (1253 words)

	Natural History Magazine \| Feature
		The pioneering biologist Konstantin S. Merezhkovsky argued in 1909 that the little green dots in plant cells, which make sugar in the presence of sunlight, were originally separate organisms.
		Famintsyn died in 1918; Wallin and Merezhkovsky were ostracized by their fellow biologists, and their work was forgotten.
		We believe that Wallin and Merezhkovsky were fundamentally correct when they claimed that all nucleated living things evolved by symbiogenesis, generally because of preexisting bacterial genomes physically associated with other organisms.
	www.naturalhistorymag.com /0601/0601_feature.html (1474 words)

	Russian Literature - MSN Encarta
		Their commitment to ill-defined mystical notions, moreover, opened the way for others to steep themselves in such eccentric or esoteric movements as occultism, theosophy, and anthroposophy.
		By the turn of the century a considerable number of Russian writers were devoting their intellectual energies to poetry, among the greatest examples of which are the works of Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Blok, Valery Yakovlevich Bryusov, Konstantin Dmitryevitch Balmont, Andrei Bely (pseudonym of Boris Nikolayevich Bugayev, 1880-1934), and Zinaida Nikolayevna Gippius.
		The poet, novelist, and critic Dmitri Sergeyevich Merezhkovsky abandoned the Russian present entirely to write historical studies.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564269_3/Russian_Literature.html (1564 words)

	EDGE 3rd Culture: George Dyson [Notes]
		Konstantin S. Merezhkovsky, Theory of two Plasms as the Basis of Symbiogenesis, A New Study on the Origin of Organisms (in Russian; Kazan, 1909); Boris M. Kozo-Polyansky, A New Principle of Biology: Essay on the Theory of Symbiogenesis (in Russian; Moscow, 1924).
		The theory is most accessible in English in Liya N. Khakhina's Concepts of Symbiogenesis: A Historical and Critical Study of the Research of Russian Botanists (in Russian; Moscow, 1979) translated by Stephanie Merkel and edited by Lynn Margulis and Mark McMenamin (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
		Merezhkovsky, Theory of two Plasms as the Basis of Symbiogenesis, 8; after Khakina, Concepts of Symbiogenesis, ii.
	www.edge.org /3rd_culture/dyson/notes.html (583 words)

	Epstein The Demonic in Art
		Merezhkovsky concludes his study "Gogol and the Devil" with the words "'Be ye not dead, O living souls!' — this is Gogol's final testament to all of us, not just Russian society but the Russian church as well.
		Indeed, according to Merezhkovsky, even the monastic life of spiritual asceticism is a lie, as is the state, since religiosity and the social drive should not exist in isolation from one another.
		It was irritating, this indifference, even seeming contempt for universal questions."48 But soon even Merezhkovsky sees the light and is moved: it turns out that the hot-pot stood for no more and no less than an entire system of apophatic silence about the most important things.
	www.unlv.edu /centers/cdclv/archives/nc2/epstein_demonic.html (15495 words)

	Reports
		One of these botanists, Konstantin Sergeivich Merezhkovsky, studied lichens during the Kazan period of his career (1902-1914), with special attention to vagrant Aspicilias.
		In the first years of this century, Merezhkovsky argued that: "evolutionary transformation can occur by the integration of symbionts, two or more simple organisms differing in phylogenetic classification".
		Merezhkovsky's views on the significance of symbiosis laid the framework for phylogenetic systematics.
	www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de /ial/321/reports.htm (1911 words)

	Paramonov Literature and Christianity
		The notorious theory of “government and land” was developed in greatest detail by one of the so-called Slavophiles, Konstantin Aksakov.
		Merezhkovsky insisted that all Russian revolutionaries, even the most extreme terrorists among them, were unconscious Christians.
		Dmitri Merezhkovsky did not challenge Pushkin’s “Russianness” in vain when he energetically insisted that all Russian literature that followed Pushkin was an uninterrupted revolt against its forefather and first genius.
	www.unlv.edu /centers/cdclv/archives/nc2/paramonov_christianity.html (10083 words)

	The Beast With Five Genomes - most organisms contain multitudes of other organisms Natural History - Find Articles
		This composite fabric, or living consortium, has evolved in the nearly oxygen-free closed system of the termite's abdomen for probably 100 million years; without the living, wood-degrading factories that have become their digestive systems, these termites starve.
		The pioneering biologist Konstantin S. Merezhkovsky first argued in 1909 that the little green dots (chloroplasts) in plant cells, which synthesize sugars in the presence of sunlight, evolved from symbionts of foreign origin.
		Recent studies have demonstrated, however, that the cell's most important organelles--chloroplasts in plants and mitochondria in plants and animals--are highly integrated and well-organized former bacteria.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_5_110/ai_75247893 (772 words)

	[No title]
		Merezhkovsky (1865-1941) was one of the first to take up this comment and to identify Vvedensky's "external force" with Fate or Destiny as it appears in Greek tragedy.
		Finally, Konstantin Mochulsky analyzed the structure of the novel in such a way as to reveal that it was essentially a dramatic work and could be broken down into a prologue, five acts, and an epilogue, thus offering a further parallel to classical drama.
		Among Soviet critics, Crime and Punishment fared the best of any of Dostoevsky's novels, because it lends itself better than any other to the view that it is an attack on the evils of capitalist society-- poverty, recognition of birth or class rather than ability, and so on.
	www1.umn.edu /lol-russ/hpgary/Russ3421/lesson9.htm (2668 words)

	20th WCP: Main Trends of Contemporary Russian Thought
		Russia's second philosophical awakening occurred in the first two decades of the 20th century, following in the wake of the unsuccessful revolution of 1905 and disenchantment of the most refined part of intelligentsia with the low intellectual level of populism, Marxism and other socialist theories.
		Such outstanding scientists as the father of Soviet cosmonautics Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and the pioneer of biogeochemistry Vladimir Vernadsky are considered the major authorities in Cosmism.
		Cosmism is a philosophy of active evolutionism, presupposing the possibility and necessity for the human mind to regulate and transform the laws of nature.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Cont/ContEpst.htm (5175 words)

	Andreev, revised
		The epic scope of Homer, the visionary gift of Dante, the religious heroism of Milton, the universality of Goethe indissolubly merged in the creativity of D. Andreev." (0) However exaggerated this opinion may be, it conveys accurately the rising influence of Andreev.
		Like Rozanov and Merezhkovsky, he sought the "sanctification of the flesh," and vehemently opposed the ascetic contempt for sensuality.
		Bulgakov developed sophiology as a specific division within Eastern theology but his deliberately vague doctrine of Sophia as a separate hypostasis outside the Trinity was condemned by the Orthodox hierarchy (1935), even though Bulgakov did not assert directly that Sophia is the fourth hypostasis of Divinity.
	www.emory.edu /INTELNET/fi.andreev.html (12786 words)

	The cost of conscience.(Calendar ... playwright Alexander Galich died in exile)(Biography) - Journal, Magazine, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		His early death was brought on by a tragic accident--he was electrocuted while trying to fix a stereo system--and he was buried at Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois cemetery, alongside other famous Russians who died far from their homeland--Ivan Bunin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Viktor Nekrasov and Andrei Tarkovsky.
		Alexander Ginzburg was born on October 19, 1918, into the family of an economist and a musician.
		From the 1940s to the middle of the 1960s, Galich's name was primarily associated with plays and film scripts.
	goliath.ecnext.com /coms2/summary_0199-3185407_ITM (930 words)

	Phoenix of Philosophy F
		The greatest Russian thinkers of the 19th century, including Petr Chaadaev, Alexander Herzen, Mikhail Bakunin, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Vladimir Soloviev, Konstantin Leontiev, Leo Tolstoi, and Nikolai Fedorov, were writers, journalists, critics, politicians, librarians, not university professors and academic scholars.
		Another self-styled prophet, Dmitry Merezhkovsky, was greeted coldly and even with an undertone of hostility, perhaps because his revolutionary rhetoric and messianic proclamation of a new religion of the Third Testament placed him in direct opposition to the official Orthodox Church.
		Nikolai Lossky and Semyon Frank attracted respect, but not too much excitement, since their writings, in particular those devoted to the theory of knowledge, are elaborated in a technically philosophical language and are restrained in their ideological and eschatological claims, which tend to appeal to a wider audience.
	www.emory.edu /INTELNET/ar_phoenix_philosophy.html (11685 words)

	Rachmaninoff.co.uk - Works - All (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		When he completed the draft, Rachmaninoff sent a copy to Konstantin Igumnov, asking for suggestions, some of which he incorporated into the published score.
		According to Igumnov the recapitulation of 1 was reworked and shortened by over 50 bars, cuts were made in 3, mostly in the recapitulation, shortening that movement by about 60 bars, while 2 was unchanged.
		There are some differences between the chorus parts in the full and vocal scores published by Gutheil in 1920.
	www.rachmaninoff.co.uk /biography/works.php (2424 words)

	Russian Opera and the Symbolist Movement: INTRODUCTION
		The core of this drama might best be described as an impossible song intended to transport its hearers, willingly or unwillingly, into a trance-like state.
		The Russian Symbolist movement is often divided into two generations of writers: the first, "decadent" generation includes the poets Konstantin Balmont (1867-1941), Valeriy Bryusov (1873-1924), Zinaida Hippius (1869-1945), and Dmitriy Merezhkovsky (1865-1941); the second, "mystic" generation includes Andrey Belïy (1880-1934), Alexander Blok (1880-1921), and Vyacheslav Ivanov (1866-1949).
		The list is far from complete, and the division between the generations is inherently artificial, since the "decadents" and "mystics" worked with each other and Symbolism occupied only part of their careers.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/9385/9385.intro.html (11986 words)

	Cell Evolution - Serial Endosymbiosis, Bibliography
		The most widely accepted explanation is known as the Serial endosymbiosis theory (SET), articulated and championed by scientist Lynn Margulis.
		In 1905 Russian scientist Konstantin Merezhkovsky proposed that new organs or organisms could form through symbiosis ("the living together of different kinds of organisms").
		In the 1920s researcher Ivan Wallin suggested that organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria originated as symbiotic bacteria.
	www.biologyreference.com /Ce-Co/Cell-Evolution.html (739 words)

	The Orthodox Content in Slavic Literature
		According to many of its adherents such as D.N. Merezhkovsky (1865-1941), a synthesis between a corrupt, material world and eternal values was not possible.
		Yordan Yovkov's (1880-1937) work incorporates not only the spirituality of the common man but also the part animals play in helping humanity fulfill its "natural role".
		The necessity of active suffering can also be found in Yovkov's Heroes' Heads (where revolution and renewal of nature in spring parallel each other) as well as in the work of an author such as Konstantin Konstantinov (1890-).
	www.goarch.org /en/ourfaith/articles/article7111.asp (3460 words)

	Biomechanics Overview @ Thr w/Anatoly
		Rudnitsky, Konstantin: Meyerhold, The Director Ardis Ann Arbor 1981
		Merezhkovsky: "mind of the brain and mind (intellect) of the soul (emotion)." Very Russian!
		This show -- the first presentation of Masquerade -- was on Saturday, February 25, when the Revolution already was in full swing.
	members.tripod.com /~afronord/biomx/biomech.html (4064 words)

	List of Russians - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935), rocket scientist and pioneer of astronautics
		Konstantin Merezhkovsky, biologist, one of the creators of theory of endosymbiosis
		Konstantin Chernenko (1911-1985), general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/List_of_Russians (1125 words)

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