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Topic: Korea Energy Development Organization

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	Financing Sustainable Energy Development abstract
		In North Korea, the power sector's installed capacity is estimated at 11,000 MW and split nearly evenly between coal-fired and hydroelectric plants.
		It is, nevertheless, generally accepted that energy would not be used at an efficient level if (a) energy prices do not reflect the full economic and environmental costs; and (b) imperfect capital markets and deficiency in the availability of information cause under-investment in energy conservation.
		With regard to technical and financial assistance to North Korea, international cooperation can be of mutual benefit because energy efficiency improvement fits in the philosophy of self-reliance to which North Korea adheres religiously, and offers significant potentials for reducing regional and global environmental damages, which appeals to many countries in the international donor community.
	www.nautilus.org /archives/papers/energy/razaviabst.html (2450 words)

	Japan Focus
		It urges the resumption of the supply of heavy fuel oil (HFO) to North Korea in exchange for a verified freeze of the Yongbyon heavy-water reactor, which is capable of producing weapons-grade plutonium, to avoid a further deterioration in the situation.
		North Korea's perception of the EU is well reflected in articles such as: "EU becomes new challenge to U.S. unilateralism"; "Escalating frictions (disagreements) between Europe and U.S."; "European economy (euro) dominating that of the U.S."; "Europe strongly opposing unilateral power play of U.S.," and so forth.
		It is not necessary to read between the lines to recognize North Korea's genuine commitment to engagement with the EU based on its perception of the EU's emerging role on the world stage.
	japanfocus.org /products/details/2090 (909 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: South Korea: Nuclear Chronology
		Diplomats from North and South Korea meet to discuss the details of the upcoming summit between the leaders of the two countries to be held in Pyongyang on 25-27 July.
		South Korea is expected to contribute 50-70 percent of the total expenses needed to construct the light water reactors.
		South Korea and China sign a cooperation agreement on the peaceful use of nuclear energy, as well as a provisional agreement on direct air service between the two countries and a memorandum on the joint development of civilian aircraft.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/SKorea/Nuclear/3045_3118.html (6599 words)

	North Korea zone: Energy
		KEDO, of course, is the Korea Peninsula Energy Development Organization, which according to the 1994 Agreed Framework was funded to build a light-water reactor in North Korea, in exchange for that country's abandoning nuclear weapons development.
		KEDO is the international consortium responsible for building 2 light-water nuclear reactors in Kumho, North Korea as part of the 1994 Agreed Framework deal in which N.Korea agreed to scrap its nuclear weapons program.
		KEDO plans to notify Pyongyang that resumption of construction will be difficult if North Korea remains uncooperative, and if it continues to develop nuclear arms, the sources said.
	www.nkzone.org /nkzone/category/energy (1900 words)

	Asia Times - News and analysis from Korea; North and South
		The US-led international consortium KEDO (Korea Energy Development Organization) responsible for building the two light-water reactors in exchange for the freeze of Yongbyon in 1994, halted work on the project on December 1.
		Other incentives to North Korea are the desperate state of the country's population and its economy.
		One of North Korea's first demands is to be removed from the US list of terrorism-sponsoring nations and to be allowed to join international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Korea/FB10Dg02.html (1101 words)

	onefreekorea: 12/01/2005 - 12/31/2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		North Korea's Changgwang Sinyong, whose name repeatedly emerges in these reports, has a long history of selling missile and UAV technology to A.Q. Khan's network in Pakistan and Yemen (you may recall the So San incident), as well as to Iran.
		U.S. Ambassador to Korea Alexander Vershbow recently drew some shrill responses from North Korea and its friends in the South for calling the North a "criminal regime" when commenting on the latter's counterfeiting of U.S. currency.
		North Korea has moved what to all intents and purposes was its representative office in Macau, the Zokwang Trading Co. The office sign is gone, and North Korean staff of Zokwang Trading across the street from the Macau Department of Transport have disappeared.
	freekorea.blogspot.com /2005_12_01_freekorea_archive.html (11474 words)

	USATODAY.com - China, U.S. come at N. Korea from different angles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		China's growing economic stake in North Korea is complicating U.S. efforts to isolate that country as it increases its nuclear arsenal.
		South Korea is also increasing investment in North Korea, setting up factories in a special industrial zone near the border between the two countries, but it is inhibited by restrictions on the export of machinery with U.S. content.
		Scott Snyder, a North Korea expert at the Asia Foundation, a group that promotes peace and prosperity in the region, says the administration, which also sent 15 stealth bombers to South Korea last week, is acting "out of frustration and concern that China will not deliver" North Korea back to the table.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2005-06-02-nkorea-china_x.htm (942 words)

	Global Beat: Mark Hibbs' Nuclear Watch
		EU representatives on the board of the Korea Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) agreed in late June to KEDO's internal agreement on cost sharing for the $4.6-billion project.
		KEDO officials have said that the agreement would finalize the cost-sharing arrangement once it is officially approved by the EU, the U.S., South Korea, and Japan.
		KEDO has declined to give details on how the rump costs for the project, said to be about $350-million, are to be paid for.
	www.bu.edu /globalbeat/nucwatch/nucwatch081498.html (701 words)

	Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		KEDO's principle activity is to construct a light water reactor nuclear power plant in North Korea to replace North Korea's Magnox type reactors, with an original target date for completion of 2003.
		KEDO discussions take place at the level of a U.S. Assistant Secretary of State, South Korea's deputy foreign minister, and the head of the Asian bureau of Japan's Foreign Ministry.
		KEDO ensured that the nuclear power plant project assets at the construction site at Kumho, 30 km north of Sinpo, in North Korea and at manufacturers’ facilities around the world ($1.5 billion invested to date) were preserved and maintained.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Korea_Energy_Development_Organization (387 words)

	East Asia Bureau: 95/01/31 SPEECH: T. HUBBARD ON "NUCLEAR ACCORD WITH NORTH KOREA"
		North Korea's effort to develop nuclear weapons was a clear and present danger.
		North Korea has agreed to allow the IAEA to do whatever it deems necessary to clear up doubts about the past, including special inspections at the two waste dumps -- an idea it steadfastly refused until the last weeks of the negotiations.
		The KEDO consortium provides the vehicle for such support and participation by the international community with respect to one critical element of the problem of a divided Korea.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bureaus/eap/950131HubbardNorthKorea.html (2519 words)

	A Questionnaire for Prime Minister Murayama: Is Crisis Management in the Far East Adequate?
		Internationally, North Korea had been labeled as a "supporter of international terrorism." It was the target of the anti-terrorism headquarters of the U.S. State Department, but for the Defense Department the country's military threat was considered extremely low.
		Furthermore, North Korea was defined as a "country providing a nuclear problem." The reason was that the country was attempting nuclear development by using outdated Chernobyl-type graphite-moderated reactors and was being watched as a "developing country likely to cause environmental problems to the earth -- lethal radioactive fallout -- because of nuclear accidents.
		Furthermore, North Korea proposed a counter motion to oppose the removal of Japan from the enemy clauses, which was rejected by a vote of 103-3 (North Korea, Cuba, and the Sudan) with seven abstentions (China, Iran, and others).
	www.fas.org /news/japan/eas95044.htm (6774 words)

	KEDO: Promoting Peace and Stability on the Korean Peninsula and Beyond (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		On March 9, 2005, the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) marked ten years of service to its member and contributing states and organizations.
		Established to advance the implementation of the October 1994 Agreed Framework between the United States and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), KEDO has served as a unique vehicle for implementing energy-related projects in the DPRK and, more broadly, for supporting international nuclear non-proliferation efforts and peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula.
		A year later, KEDO suspended work on the light-water reactor (LWR) project to ensure that the LWR project assets at the construction site in North Korea and at manufacturers' facilities around the world were preserved and maintained.
	www.kedo.org (271 words)

	STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE U.S.-DPRK FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT: Part I
		Nonetheless, the LWR power plants to be constructed in North Korea will have a greater capacity than the graphite-modulated reactors in operation (5 MW) and under construction (50 MW and 250 MW) at Yongbyon.
		When the supply contract between KEDO and the DPRK is signed, Pyongyang must permit the IAEA to resume ad hoc and routine inspections on nuclear facilities initially declared to the IAEA by North Korea which were not subject to the freeze under the agreement.
		KEDO was established on March 9, 1995, with a membership of six: the United States, Japan, the ROK, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand.
	www.milnet.com /korea/usdprkp1.htm (3466 words)

	SIGHTINGS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		KEDO was established under a 1994 agreement signed by the United States and North Korea, which the West suspected was trying to develop a nuclear weapon.
		South Korea and Japan are also financial contributors to the U.S.-led KEDO consortium.
		Japan had repeatedly said it would halt all funding for KEDO after North Korea's surprise launch at end-August of what Tokyo said was a long-range ballistic missile that flew over Japan.
	www.rense.com /political/japanwarnskorea.htm (262 words)

	NPR : North Korea and the Nuclear Threat
		And South Korea said it was prepared for a "worst-case scenario" that would include war on the Korean peninsula.
		Then, in November, the United States, South Korea, Japan and the European Union -- in the form of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization -- agreed to suspend fuel-oil shipments to North Korea.
		North Korea, saying it needed to produce more of its own power in the absence of the fuel aid, responded by announcing plans to restart a nuclear plant that had been closed in 1994 by agreement with the United States.
	www.npr.org /news/specials/nkorea/index.html (857 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: South Korea: Introduction
		South Korea is an executive board member of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) and is providing most of the financial support for the construction of two light water nuclear reactors in North Korea under the Agreed Framework.
		Citing a biological threat from North Korea, South Korea conducts defensive BW research and development, including the development of vaccines against anthrax and smallpox.
		In 1979, South Korea entered into a bilateral agreement with the United States that limited South Korean ballistic missiles to a range of 180km with a 500kg payload.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/SKorea (617 words)

	A Questionnaire for Prime Minister Murayama: Is Crisis Management in the Far
		Concerning the joint Japan-U.S. development of the TMD system proposed to Japan by the United States, early development of the system would have been unnecessary if the eradication of the Nodong-1 nuclear missile had been included in the agenda of the U.S.-North Korea talks.
		The U.S. has asked Japan and South Korea, which are exposed to the threat of such weapons, not only to share the cost of switching to light-water reactors, but also for development of new weapons for modernization of their defense capabilities, as well as a change in their arms systems.
		After the conclusion of the U.S.-North Korea accord, it was thought that North Korea's feeling toward Japan would change for the better because Japan expressed its intention to give aid for the construction of the light-water reactors.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/japan/eas95044.htm (6782 words)

	North Korean News
		Originally organized after the 1994 agreed framework to help North Korea develop nuclear energy for peaceful means, further work was suspended in 2003 after North Korea admitted that it had been processing enriched uranium.
		Rather was also treated to one of North Korea's famous patriotic functions at the enormous First of May stadium in front of over 150,000 citizens and soldiers commemorating their nation's birth and the late leader Kim Il Sung.
		North Korea failed to qualify for the World Cup after losing in Pyongyang 2-1 to Bahrian on March 26th, 2-0 to Iran on March 30th, and 2-0 to Japan in Bangkok in early May. North Korea has not qualified for the World Cup since 1966.
	www.uga.edu /globis/Templates/news_northkorea.html (2418 words)

	CNN.com - U.S. rejects North Korean demand for direct talks - Feb 14, 2005
		North Korea stunned the world Thursday when it publicly admitted to having nuclear weapons and announced it was withdrawing from the multilateral negotiations.
		As a result of direct talks, North Korea and the United States signed a 1994 agreement in which Pyongyang pledged to freeze and eventually dismantle its nuclear weapons program in exchange for international aid to build two power-producing nuclear reactors.
		In the six-party talks since 2003, the United States, the two Koreas, China, Japan and Russia have held three rounds of talks aimed at persuading North Korea to abandon its nuclear weapons development in return for economic and diplomatic rewards.
	edition.cnn.com /2005/WORLD/asiapcf/02/11/nkorea.talks (925 words)

	North Korea
		Ten years ago, in the summer of 1995, it was fashionable in Washington and Seoul to predict the imminent collapse of North Korea’s political and economic systems, and even the state itself.
		It was likewise clear that North Korea’s industry had shut down; night imagery of the peninsula showed, quite literally, that the lights were out in North Korea.
		Most attest that economics, commerce, and integration—all areas in which slow progress is being made—may be the most powerful forces for change on the Korean peninsula and beyond.
	www.brookings.edu /press/books/clientpr/aprc/northkorea.htm (485 words)

	North Korea's Missile Program Remains Shrouded In Secrecy
		South Korea intelligence believe the rocket fired over Japan in 1998 was a three-stage Taepodong I missile with a maximum range of 4,500 kilometres (2,800 miles).
		Other South Korean estimates say North Korea has stockpiled 1,000 tonnes of chemical warheads and in 1998 was capable of producing up to 100 Scud missiles a year.
		North Korea has always maintained the 1998 launch was a peaceful attempt to put a satellite into orbit.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/korea-00s.html (539 words)

	STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE U.S.-DPRK FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT: Foreword and Summary
		In this study, the author argues that it also places the United States, South Korea's historic ally and partner with South Korea in the Combined Forces Command, in a new and unfamiliar role as mediator of conflict on the peninsula.
		For South Korea, in addition to the explicit benefits of the provisions, it will facilitate more frequent and meaningful communication between the two halves of the now divided peninsula and a gradual, rather than chaotic, path to unification.
		Therefore, to see that North Korea's nuclear weapons program is terminated, North-South dialogue is resumed, and all of the other requirements of the Agreed Framework are met, Washington necessarily will be involved in sensitive and extremely difficult negotiations.
	www.milnet.com /korea/usdprkss.htm (704 words)

	CNN.com - Goss: North Korea's nuclear capability grows - Feb 16, 2005
		North Korea is looking for new customers for its ballistic-missile technology, Goss said, now that "traditional customers" such as Libya have stopped trading with North Korea.
		The CIA also believes North Korea has "active chemical weapons and biological weapons programs," and may even have chemical and biological weapons at their disposal, Goss said.
		The CIA director told the committee he believes the main reason for nuclear proliferation in countries such as North Korea and Iran is not so much to stage an attack as to keep up with their nuclear neighbors.
	edition.cnn.com /2005/ALLPOLITICS/02/16/intel.nkorea/index.html (613 words)

	Asia Society - Policy & Business
		The companies are the Hanwha Group, the Tongyang Group, the Sinwon Group, and the Daewoo Group.DPRK ambassador and permanent representative to the UN Park Gil Yon is granted permission to travel to Atlanta for discussions with CNN, Coca-Cola, and the Carter Center.
		According to a U.S.-DPRK statement, "experts from the DPRK and United States had a second meeting in P'yongyang from January 18 to 20, 1995, to discuss the safe storage and ultimate disposition of the spent fuel discharged from the 5-megawatt experimental reactor power plant.
		The DPRK proposes "a great national meeting of the Korean people" to be held on August 15, 1995, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of liberation from Japanese colonial rule.
	www.asiasociety.org /policy_business/chron15-korea.html (767 words)

	OneFreeKorea » 2005 » December
		Mine Would Ask Why He’s the Only Fat Man in the Entire Country: “Open North Korea Broadcasting, a private radio station, says it is giving people a chance to send a message to Kim Jong-il.
		Ragan said his organization faces a choice between withdrawing and shifting the focus of its work in the North from food aid to longer-term agricultural development programs.”
		For the first time in The Korea Times poll track, Seoul City Mayor Lee Myung-bak [link to OFK bio of Lee], a GNP member, received the strongest approval among the presidential aspirants for 2007.
	freekorea.us /?m=200512 (2502 words)

	OneFreeKorea » Joe DiTrani Stepping Down
		Foster has a history of shadowing DiTrani at quasi-social events where the North Koreans also appear (this is how the New York channel works).
		This could either mean that State wanted Foster to develop his own relationship with the North Koreans, or that Foster was placed there to keep an eye on DiTrani, a practice the State Department tends to employ to give itself some extra security that its senior officials are toeing the line.
		Member, North Korean Freedom Coalition since 2003, and of Liberty in North Korea since 2004.
	freekorea.us /?p=1762 (887 words)

	The Korean nuclear crisis : LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
		In response, the United States has stated its intention to seek a multilateral formula based on the interests of the countries in the region, including South Korea, Japan, China and Russia.
		However, this multilateral coalition already exists in the form of the Korea Energy Development Organization, in which the United States plays a major role and the stakes of the other major countries in the region are represented.
		The extensive but underutilized working channels of the organization should be used as leverage in helping to resolve this crisis.
	www.iht.com /articles/2003/02/04/edlet_2.php (181 words)

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