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Topic: Korean Confucianism

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		CONFUCIANISM Although Confucianist teaching has disappeared as a basis for government and administration, it remains the moral backbone of Korea and whilst the young may kick against its rigid rules, anyone who remarks approvingly on the honesty, the courtesy, the dignity and the considerateness of Koreans is to great extent admiring the effects of Confucianism.
		After the deep trauma of Hideyoshi's invasion in the 16th century, reformist Korean scholars began to criticise the bureaucratic corruption and hidebound philosophy of the old order and moved towards a greater awareness of native history and culture.
		During the two centuries of this Korean Rennaissance the leaders of the Silhak (Practical Learning) Movement instigated political and land reforms and encouraged works in the new hangul alphabet, historical and scientific research and painting, which took on a truly Korean flavour.
	www.arts.mcgill.ca /programs/eas/korea/Text/Religion/confuc.txt (762 words)

	REDIE > Vol. 8, No. 1 > Educational Fever and South Korean Higher Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-12)
		In Brief, the Seongkyunkwan was a matrix of Confucian institutions, and the kwa-keo was a spine of Confucian education.
		In this vein, the national Confucian academy, Seongkyunkwan, was a nursery for the state bureaucrats, whereas collectivism was a matrix of egoistic familism for the sustenance of familial fame and the enhancement of social status.
		The tradition of Confucian education, which is the pursuit for the enhancement of socio-economic position limited to the privileged class, after liberation from the Japanese, however, awakened the latent educational fever with the current of democratization in higher education.
	redie.uabc.mx /vol8no1/contents-lee2.html (4881 words)

	Dialogue and Antithesis, Yong-Joon Choi
		Korean believers of shamanism are merely interested in enjoying every present moment of their lives and sitting around waiting for a stroke of good fortune, instead of planning and preparing for the future by themselves.
		Korean Buddhism driven by the Kyojong has demonstrated its influence on various cultural activities, especially in carved wooden blocks of the Buddhist canon, it has also revealed the problem of corruption in the later period of the Koryo dynasty when many privileges were granted to it by the government.
		Korean Confucianism, likewise, was unable to constitute an organized threat to the entrance of Protestantism.
	www.isi.salford.ac.uk /dooy/papers/choi/ch6.critq.korean.html (20674 words)

	Windows on Asia
		It is a mixture of Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism and shamanism.
		Confucian attitudes are still prevalent in the country, and certain features of the modern Korean social system can be attributed to this.
		Confucian social ethics were used by the Park, Chun and in later years, the Japanese in order to strengthen their control over the Korean people.
	www.isp.msu.edu /asianStudies/wbwoa/eastasia/SouthKorea/religion.html (3198 words)

	Traditional Korean thought - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Korean shamanism is distinguished by its seeking to solve human problems through a meeting of humanity and the spirits.
		Korean Buddhism then went on to have strong effects on Buddhism in Japan and the West, though Japanese monks such as Kukai went to China directly to study Buddhism, and in the case of the West, more and more influence comes from Tibet.
		Korean Buddhism consists mostly of the Seon lineage, which is derivative of the Chen(Zen) Buddhism of China.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Traditional_Korean_thought (347 words)

	Korea Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-12)
		Today Korean churches evangelize abroad, and approximately twenty five percent of the Korean population is Christian.
		Confucianism, which was the major philosophy of the Joseon Dynasty, eventually gave rise to Silhak, or practical learning.
		One distinguishing characteristic of Korean shamanism is that it seeks to solve human problems through a meeting between humans and the spirits.
	www.asia-planet.net /korea/religion.htm (375 words)

	World Religions-Confucianism
		Confucian practice became the characteristic world view and practice of the Chinese people for over 2,000 years.
		She never whimpered, but when the work was done, she sat holding her feet in her hands...When she was fully grown, the binder said, her feet would be very beautiful...she would walk like a willow, the binder said, with seductive mincing steps...so as to cause great excitement among all the young men!" (p.
		Confucian practice concerning women--delegating their position to that of subservience to men--stems in part from the following nature of its thought.
	allaboutsikhs.com /religion/confucianism.htm (2875 words)

	Korean Confucianism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Korean Confucianism is the form of Confucianism developed in Korea.
		Korean Confucian schools were built, all of which had foreign educated scholars, large libraries, patronage of artisans and artists, and a curriculum based on Confucian ideals.
		Korean Confucian art and Korean Confucian philosophy had great and deep effects on the Korean culture.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Korean_Confucianism (1070 words)

	Confucian Thought Affecting Leadership And Organizational Culture Of Korean Higher Education
		Based on the Confucian principles with emphasis on self-cultivation and sociopolitical harmony, the Korean people traditionally pursued the perfectibility of human nature, the establishment of a harmonious society, the performance of ritual action, and the achievement of anthropocosmic ways, but they generally despised or ignored scientific inquiries, empirical methods, and utilitarian ways.
		Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine Confucian thought affecting leadership and organizational culture in Korean higher education and to understand leadership behavior and ethical values in Korean higher education from a viewpoint of educational administration.
		Korean postsecondary institutions have shrunk autonomy, idiosyncrasy, and diversity under the direction and supervision on the Ministry of Education.
	radicalpedagogy.icaap.org /content/issue3_3/5-lee.ixml (4246 words)

	Throughout U
		Korean women were then able to have the opportunities to gain social, political, and organization skills through participation in worldwide organizations.
		For these reasons, over 60% of the Korean American church attendants are women, even though the gender composition of the total Korean immigrant population indicates that there are more Korean males than females.
		As a double minority, Korean American women are often lonely due to the conflict that arises between their individual self and the alienation from the outside world.
	eee.uci.edu /faculty/losh/KwanWongResearchPaper.htm (3478 words)

	ThisCanadian: Confucian Thought Affecting Leadership And Organizational Culture Of Korean Higher Education
		Based on the Confucian principles with emphasis on self-cultivation & sociopolitical harmony, the Korean people traditionally pursued the perfectibility of human nature, the establishment of a harmonious society, the performance of ritual action, & the achievement of anthropocosmic ways, but they generally despised or ignored scientific inquiries, empirical methods, & utilitarian ways.
		Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine Confucian thought affecting leadership & organizational culture in Korean higher education & to understand leadership behavior & ethical values in Korean higher education from a viewpoint of educational administration.
		Korean postsecondary institutions have shrunk autonomy, idiosyncrasy, & diversity under the direction & supervision on the Ministry of Education.
	thiscanadian.typepad.com /this_canadian/2006/09/confucian_thoug.html (4592 words)

	Culture
		Korean culture is rapidly changing from its traditional ways to modern ones.
		Indeed, it is commonly said that to be Korean is to be Confucian.
		The main effect of Confucianism on Korean business has been the stringently hierarchical working conditions in which workers are dedicated and industrious.
	members.tripod.com /FORCE2020/MBAPages/Projects/south-korea/culture.htm (326 words)

	Confucianism in Korea
		Although Confucianism was introduced to Korea before Buddhism, its ideological flowering occurred later through the introduction of Neo-Confucianism during the late-Koryo and early-Choson periods.
		In his teachings, he elucidated Confucian orthodoxy, claiming that Buddhism and Taoism stood outside of the Confucianism orthodoxy and were thereby heterodox.
		According to Chong, li (principle) was the basic concept of Confucianism, ki (material force) the basic concept of Taoism and mind, that of Buddhism.
	www.asianinfo.org /asianinfo/korea/rel/confucianism.htm (1079 words)

	Koreana - Korean Cultural Heritage - Korea Foundation
		Korean Cultural Heritage is a series of four splendidly illustrated photobooks.
		From Buddhism and Confucianism to modern day Christianity and Catholicism, with various indigenous ones and even shamanism and village rites, there exist as many religions in Korea as any other places on earth.
		Those are : The relationship between the individual and the community; the Korean concept of nature; Korea's religious and philosophical tradition; and the importance of family.
	www.koreanbook.de /BookServices/books/KoreaFoundation.html (550 words)

	Asian EFL Journal: English Language Teaching and Research Articles
		Korean financial crisis, and that it is ever more inherent and visible particularly in the educational sphere.
		A comparison of contemporary Korea and China shows the Korean economy and standard of life far in advance of China's, and it is argued therefore, that the Confucian education principles influence, inter alia, significantly changed the course of Korean history.
		Korean children can attend but their English proficiency must be very high as classes are in English, and based on the U.S. schooling system.
	www.asian-efl-journal.com /june2002.conf.php (4188 words)

	The Seoul Times
		Lee Hwang was in the vanguard of the "Yongnam" School of neo-Confucianism, which focused on the 'li'(principle and reason) in contrast with 'ch'i'(vital force or matter), which was advocated in the rivalling Cholla Province.
		Since Lee Hwang established Dosan Seowon in 1561 for the education of his disciplines, a number of top Korean Confucian scholars including Yu Sung-Ryung, Jung Goo, and Kim Sung-Il were able to keep studying the theory of 'li' and integrate the philosophy into the mainstream of Korean Confucianism.
		Confucian family culture is well preserved in these Chongtaeks which have weathered hundreds of years.
	theseoultimes.com /ST/db/read.php?idx=318 (695 words)

	UH Press Journals: Korean Studies, vol. 24 (2000)
		The Confucian intellectual tradition supported these activists' collectivist definition of kukka by establishing the concept of kukka-as-family, by providing a holistic connection between individual self-cultivation and the condition of the larger kukka, and by validating the efforts of sagely activists, such as the enlightenment thinkers, in working to save the kukka.
		The reviews for Korean history are written by specialists and introduce and direct readers to publications in many fields, including archaeology, economic history, and social history.
		The summaries are not as lengthy as those prepared for Japanese and Chinese histories, but a glance at those written since 1949 shows the growth of Korean history studies in Japan, the emergence of successive generations of scholars, the breadth of topics being investigated, and the diversity of methodologies and interpretations.
	www.uhpress.hawaii.edu /journals/ks/KS24.html (1421 words)

	New Page 1
		Leadership of the Confucian school centers around its foremost teacher, K'ung Fu-Tzu (kuhng foo-dzuh, 551-479 B.C.).
		She never whimpered, but when the work was done, she sat holding her feet in her hands...When she was fully grown, the binder said, her feet would be very beautiful...she would walk like a willow, the binder said, with seductive mincing steps...so as to cause great excitement among all the young men!"
		In South Korea, the cumulative effect of the Confucian tradition led Harvard professor Tu Wei-ming to write, the "blatant insensitivity in deprecating gender equality reflects an East Asian mentality with deep Confucian roots."
	confucianism.freehostingguru.com (2802 words)

	confucianism - Ask.com Web Search
		A brief historical overview of Confucianism and description of basic Confucian beliefs, by Meredith Sprunger.
		Confucianism is humanism, a philosophy or attitude that is concerned with human beings, their achievements and interests, rather than with the...
		An excerpt from A Synopsis of the Ethics of Confucianism by Fritz G. Cohen...
	search.ask.com /web?q=confucianism (235 words)

	The Useless Tree: Koeans, Stem Cells and Sincerity
		If your objective is to create a modernized Confucianism, based on the purportedly non-Legalist and thus [sic!] less hierarchical confucianism of the original Analects, perhaps you should stick to adumbrating what that might look like.
		The principal problem with your views on the connection, or lack thereof, between Confucianism and [pick a dysfunctional element of] Korean society, is that it flies in the face of too much history.
		But the facts remain that Confucianism, in particular a particular brand of neo-Confucianism, was very deliberately adopted by the founder of the Chosun dynasty as the new state ideology and forcibly imposed on what previously had been in many fundamental respects a matrilineal tribal society.
	uselesstree.typepad.com /useless_tree/2005/12/koeans_stem_cel.html (1356 words)

	Korean Confucianism Summary
		REN AND YI are basic terms in Confucian thought.
		While Confucianism did not achieve status as a dominant thought system in Korea until the founding of the Yi dynasty (1392–1910), the introduction of the Confucian classics to the peninsula predates the common era.
		Get the complete Korean Confucianism Summary Pack, which includes everything on this page.
	www.bookrags.com /Korean_Confucianism (140 words)

	CONFUCIANISM
		There are approximately 6 million Confucians in the world.
		The Confucius Publishing Company has published the full text of the Lun Yu (499 sayings) and other quotations from Confucius.
		If you see a generic Amazon.com ad here, please click on your browser's refresh key.
	www.religioustolerance.org /confuciu.htm (1029 words)

	Confucianism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-12)
		Buddhist concepts of the afterlife, to form a set of complementary, peacefully co-existent and ecumenical religions.
		P.J. Ivanhoe, "Confucian Moral Self Cultivation", Peter Lang, New York (1993).
		A site dealing with Chinese philosophy, which contains many links to other Confucian sites is at: http://www.chinesephilosophy.net
	www.chaplaincare.navy.mil /Confucianism.htm (922 words)

	Korea Philes Religion Page
		Confucianism's Influence On Marriage In The Choson Dynasty Of Korea
		Page of Korean Embassy in Washington, D.C. Shamanism in Korea
		There are unlimited approaches to practice, but compassion and patience are the foundation for all the others.
	www.redshift.com /~bul2mun/religion.html (83 words)

	Korean Architecture: Jongmyo (Chongmyo) Shrine, Seoul
		Image adapted from Jongmyo Shrine by Kim Won, c.
		Like the Chinese, Koreans have traditionally believed that the soul separates from the body at the time of death.
		The soul does not disappear, but roams the earth for a period of months or even years, causing all manner of mischief.
	www.orientalarchitecture.com /seoul/JONGMYO.htm (397 words)

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