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Topic: Korean Shamanism

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	Christianity, Shamanism, and Modernization in South Korea. - Encyclopedia.com
		Central to Shamanism is the notion that spirits, including those of ancestors, nature, and prominent kings and generals in Korean history, wield power on the shifting fortunes of each individual and that these spirits must be appeased through shamanic rituals to implore their blessings (see Howard 1998; Kendall 1988; Moon 1982).
		For Korean Christianity, therefore, the adoption of the term Hananim as the Supreme God was fundamentally significant in providing an important point of contact between Korean religious culture and the imported faiths, thereby facilitating the people's smooth transition from their attachment to the native concept of God to that of the Christian image.
		Korean prayer books also largely depict God as a wish-granting entity to whom one turns to in times of need: one can be liberated from suffering, attain salvation, be healed or receive consolation through the pow er of God.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-63300897.html (2613 words)

	An Introduction to Korean Shamanism
		Shamanism's ritual context and its concern with domestic and financial security and childbirth, is a religion that is seen as close to nature whereas Confucian ritual is classed as more abstract, focused on the cultural ideas of patrilineage and social hierarchy (see Ortner 1974:77-79).
		Many Korean proverbs reflect the Confucian ethic embodied in the saying "respect man and despise woman." The married woman's devaluation as a woman and a wife is accomplished in the proverbs by casting her as a deceitful creature with a potential for causing trouble and bringing bad luck.
		Korean Shamanism is a complex, deeply-rooted tradition intricately and uniquely adapted to its culture and society.
	www.geocities.com /Area51/Rampart/2627/knives.html (5598 words)

	Shamanism
		Shamanism is a primitive religion which does not have a systematic structure but permeates into the daily lives of the people through folklore and customs.
		Korean shamanism includes the worship of thousands of spirits and demons that are believed to dwell in every object in the natural world, including rocks, trees, mountains and streams as well as celestial bodies.
		Shamans are divided largely into two types according to their initiation process - those who are chosen by the spirits and those who inherit the vocation from their ancestors.
	www.koreanculture.org /06about_korea/symbols/22shamanism.htm (1631 words)

	Korean Aesthetic Consciousness and the Problem of Aesthetic Rationality - Kwang-Myung KIM - Athenaeum Library of ...
		Korean Shamanism generally served as a mechanism by which human resentment brought on by the cultural gap between Shamanism and Confucianism was relieved.
		Korean contemporary art is caught between tradition and imported culture, trapped in a cultural melee resulting from the alternate colliding and diverging of modern and white or fl, it sought to highlight the absoluteness of the painting surface.
		Korean artists are still searching for their own unique identity and struggling to respond to trends toward globalization while at the same time maintaining a sense of their own regional tradition.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /kwang_myung_kim.htm (6031 words)

	Background Essay no. 121 \| Historical and Modern Religions of Korea \| AskAsia.org
		Shamanism in ancient Korea was a religion of fear and superstition, but for modern generations, it remains a colorful and artistic ingredient of their culture.
		Korean Islam's inaugural service was held in September 1955, followed by the election of the first Korean Imam (chaplain).
		The Korean Islamic Society was expanded and reorganized as the Korean Muslim Federation in 1967, and a central mosque was dedicated in Seoul in 1976.
	www.askasia.org /teachers/essays/essay.php?no=121 (2101 words)

	Face of the Koreans
		Korean Shaman Painting is a kind of religious painting which shape gods worshiped by shamans in a human figures, put in a shrine.
		There are many words for Korean Shaman Painting such as Hwan, sugarless painting, but as it is a realistic painting of a god, it is generally called Korean Shaman god Painting Shamanism of Korea, which has the longest history since Kochosun, accepted shaman gods and foreign religions such as confucianism, buddhism and zen.
		It is divided into Korean shamanism (Mu) and godual shamanism and hereditary shamanism depending on whether a shaman is possessed of a god-god or not divides.
	www.sac.or.kr /eng/face/shamanism.html (801 words)

	Korean History:: A Bibliography :::::: [RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY - Shamanism]
		"Korean Shamanism: A Bibliographical Introduction." In Richard W.I. Guisso and Yu Chai-shin, eds.
		Walraven, Boudewijn C.A. "Pollution Beliefs in Traditional Korean Thought." In Hangukhak ui kwaje wa chonmang: Che-5 hoe kukche haksul hoeui segye Hangukhak taehoe nonmunjip II (Yesul - sasang - sahoe p'yon): Korean Studies, Its Tasks and Perspectives II: Papers of the 5th International Conference on Korean Studies.
		Walraven, Boudewijn C.A. "The Root of Evil: As Explained in Korean Shaman Songs." In Daniel Bouchez, Robert C. Provine, and Roderick Whitfield, eds.
	www.hawaii.edu /korea/bibliography/religion_philosophy-shamanism.htm (386 words)

	Dialogue and Antithesis, Yong-Joon Choi
		Korean believers of shamanism are merely interested in enjoying every present moment of their lives and sitting around waiting for a stroke of good fortune, instead of planning and preparing for the future by themselves.
		Korean shamanism as such has not contributed to the unfolding of Korean thought and culture and to the leading of it in a harmonious direction.
		Korean Buddhism driven by the Kyojong has demonstrated its influence on various cultural activities, especially in carved wooden blocks of the Buddhist canon, it has also revealed the problem of corruption in the later period of the Koryo dynasty when many privileges were granted to it by the government.
	www.isi.salford.ac.uk /dooy/papers/choi/ch6.critq.korean.html (20674 words)

	Korean people Summary
		These overseas Koreans fall into two categories: first-generation emigrants, who were born in Korea and are culturally and linguistically Korean; and their descendants, who are ethnically Korean but who have adapted culturally and linguistically to their local environment and often can't speak Korean.
		Koreans are generally believed to be of Tungusic-Altaic linguistic lineage [2], linking them with Mongolians and other Central Asians, as well as with the Japanese.
		As many Korean Americans have prospered economically and dispersed to live in suburban areas, ethnic enclaves in the traditional sense do not exist in many areas, although Korean churches and Korean-oriented commercial districts serving the distributed population can often be found.
	www.bookrags.com /Korean_people (3944 words)

	Buddhist Studies: Mahayana Buddhism: Korea
		Prior to the arrival of Buddhism, the main religious practice in Korea was that of Shamanism which still holds a significant place in Korean life.
		Shamanism holds that human beings as well as natural forces and inanimate objects all possess spirits which must be appeased.
		Since Shamanism was not seen to be morally in conflict with Buddhism, the two religions blended to produce a form of Buddhism that is uniquely Korean.
	www.buddhanet.net /e-learning/buddhistworld/korea-txt.htm (922 words)

	Korean Shamanist Ritual: Symbols and Dramas of Transformation, reviewed by Kang-Nam Oh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Korean Shamanist Ritual: Symbols and Dramas of Transformation, by Daniel A. Kister.
		A kut's effectiveness to heal, Kister argues, depends not so much on whether a shaman is in a state of trance or performs extraordinary feats, but rather on whether the ritual expresses the sympathy of the shaman and "the prayerful concern of the ill person's family and the concern of the praying community."(p.
		This means that for Kister the shaman is above all "a dramatic artist, working often with the simplest of means" to bring about "the transformation of people's lives through the manipulation of their imagination." His analysis of shamanist ritual primarily as a sophisticated form of drama is at least pedagogically stimulating.
	koreaweb.ws /ks/ksr/ksr99-06.htm (1241 words)

	Korean Religious Culture and its Affinity to Christianity: The Rise of Protestant Christianity in South Korea Sociology ...
		Korean Religious Culture and its Affinity to Christianity: The Rise of Protestant Christianity in South Korea
		In particular, Korean Shamanism, the enduring core of Korean religious and cultural thought, is given special attention in order to explain the prominence of its worldview and practices in the uniquely Korean form of Protestantism.
		Examples of convergence between Korean religious tradition and Protestantism abound, but the following themes stand out as the most important: an emphasis on this-worldly life; the concept of Hananim; the image of God as the savior; the primacy of faith-heating; and the centrality of ethics and family values.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0SOR/is_2_61/ai_63912429 (761 words)

	2005 Korean-American Music Composition Competition
		Korean folk songs clearly reflect the idiom of local region in which they are sung, so there are different versions for songs as popular as "Arirang".
		Seungmu is widely regarded as the pinnacle of traditional Korean dance in which almost all Korean dance movements are integrated with Buddhist philosophy.
		Based partly on "soo-kung-ga" (a Korean pansori), it is a bittersweet performance full of joy and humor.
	www.sejongsociety.org /2005scs_composition/2005scs_composition_korean_theme_hyo.htm (503 words)

	Korean mythology Summary
		During the early ages, when Buddhism was on the rise, Korean shamanism was widely discredited in an attempt to establish Buddhism as the state religion.
		In later years both Korean Buddhism and shamanism were heavily purged, almost to the point of being lost from the consciousness of the general population.
		The Mudang acted both as a story-teller and a shaman, and usually the legends seemed to involve an attempt to justify the powers of the Mudang or to explain the origin of a certain clan.
	www.bookrags.com /Korean_mythology (3587 words)

	Shamanistic Influences In Korean Pentecostal Christianity: An Analysis
		While the Korean church is known for prayer; Cho's Yoido Church being a prime illustration of this point, Lee points out that while there is a lot of prayer for bok, there is little prayer for Biblical repentance (sic).
		Shamanism's primary goal is the happiness of individuals and its practitioners even perform a ceremony to avoid or overcome personal difficulties and problems (Lee 1996).
		This research will now look at the precursor to and the beginnings of Korean pentecostalism, followed by a study of the history of Cho's ministry and then consider whether Cho fits the category of being a Christian shaman and whether his services should be described as shamanistic.
	www.rickross.com /reference/yoidoyonggi/yoido5.html (1195 words)

	SHAMANISM IN KOREA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Korean shamans can be roughly divided into two types: possessed, or charismatic shamans and hereditary shamans.
		Though this type of shaman does not undergo trance possessed and herself, she may cause of a rite.
		the shaman addresses various statements or questions to deceased, and the deceased (the possessed member of his family) responds without saying a word by causing the basket to shake if the answer for the question is affirmative.
	www.sogang.ac.kr /~burns/cult951/shaman.html (548 words)

	NEW AGE SEARCH - S - Shaman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A SHAMAN is A member of certain tribal societies who acts as a medium between the visible world and an invisible spirit world and who practices magic or sorcery for purposes of healing, divination, and control over natural events.
		Shamanism is a set of tools and techniques used to interact with the spirit world and the world around us.
		The shamans of Siberia interact with deities and spirits not only with prayer, ritual and offerings, but also through direct contact with the spirits themselves.
	home.comcast.net /~newagesearch/shaman.html (224 words)

	Official Site of Korea Tourism Org.: Shamanism in Korea
		Shamanism thrived during the time of the Three Kingdoms Period (B.C. 676) and the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392), whereas it was oppressed during the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) and the Japanese Colonial Period (1910-1945).
		One trait which distinguishes Korean shamanism is that it seeks to solve human problems through a meeting between humanity and the spirits mediated by the shaman.
		The 'gut' is a rite in which the shaman offers a sacrifice to the spirits and, through singing and dancing, begs them to intercede in the fortunes of the world.
	english.tour2korea.com /02Culture/ReligionBeliefs/shamanism.asp?kosm=m2_4&konum=4 (597 words)

	Intersections Review: Chongho Kim, Korean Shamanism: The Cultural Paradox" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Instead, he argues that they have tended to convey the impression that Korean shamans, the majority of whom are women, have a greater degree of influence in modern Korean society than is actually the case given the shamans marginalised position.
		Instead, Kim questions why it is that Koreans continue to use shamanistic ritual even though prejudice against shamanism appears to be universal and the practice is widely stigmatised and despised as superstition.
		This section, that is his examination of the life and ritual of the shaman, as well as the people around the shaman, who call on them for rituals of healing form the better part of the book, is fascinating in what it captures.
	wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au /intersections/issue11/boyd_review.html (772 words)

	NSM KnowledgeBase - #10066 - The Spiritual Life of Korean Housewives
		From very early on in the history of Korea, shamanism (in Korea, this is a possession cult characterized by a belief in a pantheon of gods that must be pleased in order to maintain health and prosperity) has been a way of life.
		Historians suggest that the roots of current Korean shamanism began when Tangun, Korea's mythological founder was born of a bear who became a human, and Heaven's son.
		This paper seeks to explore the world of the Korean housewife, as she seeks to meet her felt needs to maintain the health and stability of her household through interaction with the mansin, or shaman.
	www.strategicnetwork.org /index.php?loc=kb&view=v&id=10066& (419 words)

	Chapter 2, Christianity and Shamanism: Korean Shamanism.
		Shamanism is one of the oldest religions in Korea.
		In the early Chosun Dynasty, shamanism was driven to become a religion for the marginalized under disdain and suppression; and it finally came to be oppressed itself during the period of Japanese colonization.
		In shamanism, the blessing that is given for the restoration of relationships and of balance is a blessing that lasts long when it is shared with neighbors.
	oxfordu.net /seoul/chapter2 (5304 words)

	Korean Quartely Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Tan-gun myth is closely associated with the origins of Korean shamanism, with its world of spirits, magic ritual and emphasis on nature.
		It is important to note, however, that Korean tourists to the Paektu-san area go not just to see the mountain of their mythical origins or to gaze into North Korea, but also to visit ethnic Koreans living in northeast China, including relatives and friends.
		North Korean lore, for example, holds that Kim Il-Sung fought against the Japanese at the foot of Paektu-san, and that his son Kim Jong-Il was later born there.
	www.koreanquarterly.org /Spring98/sapaektu.asp (891 words)

	Songs of the Shaman; The Ritual Chants of the Korean Mudang; Boudewiljn Walraven
		Shamanism, commonly regarded as the oldest religion in Korea, is still a force in the modern industrial society of today.
		Korean shamans, performing their rituals, sing and dance for the gods they worship as they have done for centuries.
		In this study, after a brief general introduction to Korean shamanism, the ritual uses, transmission, style and contents of the songs are examined, so that their place among the other genres of traditional literature may be determined.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/cup/catalog/data/071030/071030403X.HTM (273 words)

	Chapter 1, Christianity and Shamanism.
		Even though the mudang and Shamanism were studied as academic subjects during the twentieth century, the spirit-world of the mudang was seen as a superstition from the viewpoint of the new values of the world.
		According to the ancient beliefs of Korean Shamanism, an illness that afflicts a person or a misfortune that befalls a household is thought to have been caused by the spirit of a deceased family member who has been killed unjustly or caused by an unclean spirit intent on revenge and residing in the house.
		Considerable elements of Shamanism are found in the traditional rites and customs that have shaped the social environment, the ways of living and the ways of thinking, throughout the history of Korea.
	www.oxfordu.net /seoul/chapter1 (3445 words)

	Korean Religion : Tour2Korea.com
		Today Korean churches evangelize abroad, and approximately twenty five percent of the Korean population is Christian.
		Confucianism has deeply permeated the consciousness of Korean people and can be seen today in many forms, including two ceremonies that continue today: Jongmyo Jerye, the royal ancestral service at Jongmyo Shrine and Seokjeon Daeje, the worship rites at the Seonggyungwan in honor of Confucius, his disciples, and other celebrated Chinese and Korean Confucian scholars.
		One distinguishing characteristic of Korean shamanism is that it seeks to solve human problems through a meeting between humans and the spirits.
	english.tour2korea.com /01TripPlanner/KoreaInBrief/religion.asp?kosm=m1_1&konum=6 (430 words)

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