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Topic: Korean pronouns

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	Korean_language information. LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		The classification of the modern Korean language is uncertain, and due to the lack of any one generally accepted theory, it is sometimes described conservatively as a language isolate.
		Korean is similar to Altaic languages in that they both lack certain grammatical elements, including number, gender, articles, fusional morphology, voice, and relative pronouns (Kim Namkil).
		Vinokurova, a scholar of the Sakha language, noted that like in Korean, and unlike in other Turkic languages or a variety of other languages surveyed, adverbs in Sakha are derived from verbs with the help of derivational morphology; however, she did not suggest this implied any relation between the two languages.
	language.school-explorer.com /Korean (3044 words)

	Korean language - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Korean is similar to Altaic languages in that they both have the absence of certain grammatical elements, including number, gender, articles, fusional morphology, voice, and relative pronouns (Kim Namkil).
		Traditionally, the Korean language has had strong vowel harmony; that is, in pre-modern Korean, as in most Altaic languages, not only did the inflectional and derivational affixes (such as postpositions) change in accordance to the main root vowel, but native words also adhered to vowel harmony.
		The Korean language was originally written using "Hanja", or Chinese characters; it is now mainly written in Hangul, the Korean alphabet, optionally mixing in Hanja to write Sino-Korean words.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Korean_language (3368 words)

	Korean language Summary
		Korean is generally said to belong to the Altaic language group of central Asia, Siberia, and Mongolia.
		Korean nouns are not masculine or feminine, as in French and Spanish.
		Korean is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax.
	www.bookrags.com /Korean_language (4820 words)

	Korean pronouns - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Korean pronouns pose some difficulty to speakers of English due to their complexity.
		The Korean language makes extensive use of speech levels and honorifics in its grammar, and Korean pronouns also change depending on the social distinction between the speaker and the person or persons spoken to.
		For each pronoun there is an informal and a humble/honorific form for first and second person.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Korean_pronouns (464 words)

	"KOREAN" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The anthropological and archeological elements shared by Koreans and the people in other regions of the South Pacific are rice cultivation, tattooing, a matrilineal family system, the myth of an egg as the birth place of royalty and other recent discoveries in paleolithic or preceramic cultures.
		The view that Korean is a branch of the Altaic family is supported by anthro-archeological evidence such as comb ceramics (pottery with comb-surface design), bronze-ware, dolmens, menhirs and shamanism.
		One of the characteristics of the relative clause in Korean is that it lacks relative pronouns.
	ling.kgw.tu-berlin.de /Korean/Artikel01/Korean.htm (6983 words)

	Korean
		Korean is the language of the Korean Peninsula in northeast Asia.There are many theories about the origin of the Korean Language.
		Many small Korean tribal states were established in Manchuria and the Korean peninsula between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD.
		Korean is considered to be a Category III language in terms of difficulty for speakers of English.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/march/Korean.html (1338 words)

	Dr. Alexandrowicz's ESL Web Site - USD
		Korean students are generally quiet, avoid eye contact, and remain silent instead of initiating conversations with a superior, such as a teacher.
		Korean students are encouraged to succeed as they are achieving goals for not only themselves but for their families as well.
		Korean schools do not emphasis writing composition typically because of the large class sizes (about fifty students) and the Korean children are not encouraged to express their own opinions in their writing.
	www.sandiego.edu /esl/cultures/korean/teachingkorean.htm (1364 words)

	Darcy's Korean Film Page - Documentaries
		Lee Hyun-jung in her essay "The 'I' in the Korean Documentarist" (published in Drowning in a Thousand and One Waves by the Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival) notes that from the mid-1990s, Korean documentaries began to undergo a significant change.
		Korean documentaries retain a strong focus on politics, with a large percentage focusing on labor issues.
		An entire subculture in San Francisco is condensed in the Korean case into one lone leather daddy and one drag queen striding down the street, but there is a public community, one with filmmakers and teenage activists and confused 19 year olds.
	koreanfilm.org /docs.html (6293 words)

	Korean language (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Korean language is the most widely used language in Korea, and is the official language of both North and South Korea.
		Korean classification is often debated, but most Korean and Western linguists recognize Korean's kinship to the Altaic languages.
		Korean is similar to Altaic languages in that they both have the absence of grammatical elements such as number, genders, articles, fusional morphology, voice, and relative pronouns (Kim Namkil).
	korean-language.mindbit.com (2673 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Korean Language Korea — the “hermit” kingdom 900 invasions over 5000 year history Literacy rate is very high Lots of conflict with outsiders in their history — Japan, European, Russia Control by Japan caused much conflict and tensions.
		Korean Information About 38,000 square miles Seoul is the capitol city 44,600,000 population 287 billion GNP Buddhism, Christianity are the main religions Comparison of Education: Korea vs. U.S. Compulsory grades 1-6 in Korea.
		Korean children in U.S. very sensitive about their grades Strategies to help Korean Students in U.S. schools Little composition taught in Korea and Korean teachers have large classes hard to focus on writing Korean students usually not direct — to the point help them be direct.
	rigel.csuchico.edu /mickie/c/558Z/558Z-3.doc (457 words)

	Lee, SYNTAX OF SOME NOMINAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN KOREAN: Abstract
		This study explores syntactic aspects of three types of Korean nominal constructions: embedded sentences having the three complementizers, and functioning as subjects or objects of their matrix sentences; noun phrases which contain substantive nominals; and relative nominal constructions which comprise relative clauses followed by their head nouns.
		Korean complementizers (Comp) and their English counterparts (COMP) are shown to be very different in that COMP in English admits the movement of WH-phrases, while Comp in Korean has no empty category in itself.
		Korean anaphors need not to be bound in their governing categories.
	ling.wisc.edu /abstracts/swlee.htm (307 words)

	Emptybottle.org: Linguistic Relativism and Korean
		Although Korean is not related to Chinese, as a result of history and geography more than 50 percent of the words in the Korean dictionary are of Chinese origin.
		Although some basic words for body parts, clothing and agriculture are shared between Korean and Japanese, and other similarities exist, including grammatical structures similar enough that word-for-word translations between the languages is relatively easy, it is still uncertain whether the similarities are genetic or come as a result of historical borrowing between the two.
		But Korean is an extreme example (in a sense) and is one I'm reasonably familiar with, and one that raises some interesting questions to which I don't know the answers....
	www.emptybottle.org /glass/2003/04/linguistic_relativism_and_korean.php (4729 words)

	CRL Language Resources: Korean
		Korean is likely an Altaic language (along with Turkic, Mongolian, Tungusic languages) spoken by some 65 million people in the Korean penninsula, northeast China, Russia, Japan and North America.
		To describe Korean morphological features for a machine translation system, inflected words must be treated properly, because they reveal abundant grammatical functions and meanings.
		Korean morphology developed at CRL takes as input Korean text and output a list of morphological features for each word in the text.
	crl.nmsu.edu /Resources/lang_res/korean.html (496 words)

	Seattle Language Academy, Korean Classes Seattle, Study Korean Seattle, Learn Korean Seattle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Korean Alphabet, Hangul - as it is called in South Korea - was created in 1443 by a group of appointed scholars under the auspices of King Sejong.
		Before the creation of the Korean alphabet, only a small percentage of the population was literate as education was limited to high-class families.
		Almost all Korean dialects are intelligible to Koreans speakers, with the exception of the dialect of the Jeju-do province.
	www.sealang.com /flp/flp_korean.asp (405 words)

	Quia - Spanish
		future & conditional; direct & indirect object pronouns
		Indirect Object Pronouns & Irregular Verbs Decir & Dar
		Match pronoun with the correct form of ser
	www.quia.com /shared/spanish (729 words)

	Korean-Chinese Bilingual Code-Switching
		Korean, however, is canonically an SOV language, with various degree of other combinations as well, such as, VSO, VOS, OSV, and OVS, depending on the discourse or pragmatic purpose of a speaker (Park 1990).
		A Korean verb consists of a stem, and a sequence of inflectional suffixes.
		Accordingly in Yanbian, where the Korean language and writing system are widely used alongside the Chinese language and writing system, both languages are used in documents and announcements of government meetings, in business and commerce, and in describing titles and writing authorizations to technicians, and workers.
	www.msu.edu /~machunhu/mathesis.htm (3523 words)

	Yookyung Kim's Research (Site not responding. Last check: )
		I investigated the semantic difference between zero pronouns and overt pronouns in Korean.
		I propose that unbound overt pronouns should be translated as definite descriptions, which carry uniqueness/maximality implications, whereas zero arguments should be translated as indefinite descriptions.
		I exploited the ``argument structure sharing'' analysis in the morpho-syntactic study of Korean verbal compounding and case-marking alternation in the post-verbal negation.
	www-csli.stanford.edu /~yookyung/research.html (488 words)

	The Historical grammar of Lithuanian language
		The Lithuanian pronoun system is very rich with several classes of pronouns: personal, demonstrative (of 3 grades), interrogative, attributive, negative, definite and indefinite.
		The 1st and 2nd person pronouns derived from the same forms of Proto-Indo-European; but the 3rd person ones did not exist in the Proto-language and usually it is demonstrative pronouns or the anaphoric pronoun that took their place in late Indo-European language.
		Korean, for example, uses three different systems of numerals, so there are different words for "one" when it is used with tables, men and days.
	members.tripod.com /~babaev/archive/grammar12.html (3874 words)

	Tips for ESL
		Korean attaches suffixes to a verb stem to indicate tense (past, present, or future), aspect, and honorification.
		With respect to pronunciation, Koreans typically have difficulties with the following phonetic sounds: [f], [z], [v], and [I]; as well as [r] as the initial phoneme in a word.
		Since Korean is monotonic, drama is a practical way to focus on a particular aspect of pronunciation.
	www.lerc.educ.ubc.ca /LERC/courses/489/worldlang/Korean/tip.htm (642 words)

	Pegasus Nest // conlang // naracze: pronouns and demonstratives
		There is no gender, and in fact even the 3rd person does not distinguish between "he" and "she" as in English (though like speakers of Korean, you can get by just fine using context or circumlocutions).
		As with all nouns, pronouns decline according to the 6 cases: in/voluntary actor, in/voluntary actee, genitive, and locative.
		As with Korean or Japanese, pronouns are often omitted in everyday dialogue.
	pegasus.cityofveils.com /nara-pronouns.phtml (631 words)

	Week 2 Thursday October 14 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When and why the ellipsis of lexical pronouns can occur, and the relations of the ellipsis with discourse topics and the episode boundaries are not presented.
		In Japanese, as well as Chinese and Korean, a lexical subject and object are often omitted in spoken discourse, especially in natural occurring discourse.
		For example, although Korean has pronouns, such as na (I), ne (you), ku(she/he), or ku-tul (they), the actual use of some of these pronouns (3rd person) is limited only to cases which require certain stylistic variation to get special effects such as poetic impression.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /humnet/al/clrl/Wk02b.html (2483 words)

	ABSTRACT
		The paper discusses the linguistic structure of Korean honorifics in terms of both the speaker-addressee perspective and the speaker-referent perspective.
		Due to the lack of the lexical stress, the intonational patterns of Korean (Standard Korean) are quite predictable, and for this reason, the importance of teaching intonation was never addressed in the classrooms.
		One difficulty learners of Korean may encounter is correctly determining a way to highlight the most important information in utterances, which corresponds to the function of pitch accent driven by lexical stress in English.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /humnet/ealc/aatk2k/abstracts.htm (9069 words)

	Korean Language School: Korean Course & Classes - Boston Language Institute
		The quality of instruction provided in our Korean language classes are on a par with the best native Korean language school.
		We consider it to be the major goal of our program to have you use Korean in as large a variety of real-life situations as possible.
		Since communication in a foreign language requires an understanding of the cultural context, our aim is to teach you the living language through carefully selected textbooks, newspaper and magazine articles and other relevant materials, rather than have you repeat and memorize tourist phrases.
	www.boslang.com /fl/korean.htm (517 words)

	languagehat.com: PROBLEMS WITH PRONOUNS.
		Korean has no fewer than six speech levels — each with a unique set of verb endings to indicate the degree of formality, ranging from extremely polite to actively impolite — and many gradations in between...
		I watch Korean TV and rarely hear any "You" word, except maybe Tangshin said by the wife in a drama (like Japanese "Anata"--an interesting parallel, although my Japanese wife calls me informal "kimi", and indication of how younger generations are getting more informal in Japanese).
		Korean seems a little different here as in first person singular reference is (largely) limited to a small closed class (na, je) both of which have irregular case forms (and some other anomolies).
	www.languagehat.com /archives/002431.php (3336 words)

	Elementary Korean 574-70 (Fall 2001)
		This is a survey course of Korean language in relation to its culture and society.
		As an important window through which one understands the culture and society of the people who use it, language reflects people’s social-cultural behaviors, attitudes, thoughts and world-views.
		Kim (1997) “A Cognitive study of metaphorical expressions for life and death in Korean.” The Korean Journal of Linguistics.
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~yucho/korean-syllabus/k250-syllabus.html (345 words)

	Constructing Performance Traditions
		Yet certain efforts to adapt to the ears of contemporary Korean audiences may just be conceeding to on-going cultural imperialism of the West.
		This institute is the official proprietor and transmitter of Korean music, and its mission is to continue the performance of "authentic" traditional music and to educate the Korean people to once again recognize and celebrate indigenous art forms.
		I will focus on possible ways in which the use of these pronouns constructs the song's listeners as both atomistic consumers and citizens of an Indonesian nation state, and how love songs in general that circulate publicly help people negotiate between public and private domains of experience.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/ealac/gradconf/abstracts96/18performance.html (1125 words)

	languagehat.com: MALAY PRONOUNS.
		Instead, the main division within the class of nominals appears to be between a subclass that encompasses impersonal nouns, placenames, and demonstrative and interrogative pronouns, on the one hand, and a subclass that includes personal proper names and pronouns, on the other.
		However, pronouns are rare in normal speech with the exception of certain pronouns such as kye (a 3rd person singular pronoun used to refer to an individual with the same or lower social rank) and kukes (it).
		Wow I'm really surprised to see the pronouns used between Malays and Chinese in the colonial period, because as far as I know in Bahasa Indonesia today 'gua' and 'lu' are extremely casual/informal forms of address, and when misused are considered really rude.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/001951.php (3062 words)

	Amazon.com: The Korean Language (Suny Series in Korean Studies): Books: Iksop Lee,S. Robert Ramsey (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Iksop Lee is Professor of Korean Language and Linguistics at Seoul National University and former Director of the Korean National Language Research Center.
		I have been trying to learn Korean for the past twenty-five years and have had all kinds of questions about the language that average Koreans have simply been unable to answer.
		This book discusses the differences between English and Korean and focuses on answering the nitpicky questions that native English speakers are likely to have when learning Korean.
	www.amazon.com /Korean-Language-Suny-Studies/dp/0791448320 (1742 words)

	William O'Grady
		I maintain an ongoing interest in case-related phenomena, and I have co-authored a bilingual ‘root dictionary’ of Korean (The Handbook of Korean Vocabulary, University of Hawai‘i Press, 1996) as well as a book on Korean phonology for second language learners (The Sounds of Korean, University of Hawaii Press, 2003).
		Korean negation and the licensing condition on negative polarity items.
		L2 acquisition of transitivity alternations and of entailment relations for causatives by Korean speakers of English and English speakers of Korean.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /faculty/ogrady (484 words)

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