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Topic: Korotkoff sounds

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Systolic blood pressure

Sphygmomanometer

Blood pressure

Mean arterial pressure

Pulse pressure

Arterial hypertension

Manometer

Cardiac output

Pulse

Brachial artery

Shock

Radial artery

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	Korotkoff sounds - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Korotkoff sounds are the sounds that medical personnel listen for when they are taking blood pressure using a non-invasive procedure.
		The second sounds are the murmurs heard for most of the area between the systolic and diastolic pressures.
		Traditionally, the systolic blood pressure is taken to be the pressure at which the first Korotkoff sound is first heard and the diastolic blood pressure is the pressure at which the fourth Korotkoff sound is just barely audible.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Korotkoff_sounds (598 words)

	Korotkoff sounds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Korotkoff sounds are the sounds that medical personnel listen for when they are taking blood pressure.
		The second Korotkoff sound are the murmurs heard for most of the area between the systolic and diastolic pressures.
		The systolic blood pressure is taken to be the pressure at which the first Korotkoff sound is first heard and the diastolic blood pressure is the pressure at which the fourth Korotkoff sound is just barely audible.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/k/ko/korotkoff_sounds.html (475 words)

	Sphygmomanometer - Patent 4326536
		Korotkoff's sounds are detected during an interruption of the pressurized air feeding.
		In these measuring instruments, the appearance and disappearance of the Korotkoff's sounds are detected with one's auditory sense using a microphone or stethoscope, and the pressure indicating value of a mercury or aneroid sphygmomanometer is traced with eyes to be memorized and measured, while increasing and decreasing the pressure to the cuff.
		In the case of detecting the Korotkoff's sounds to recognize the systolic/diastolic blood pressure values, the gate pulses are delayed for a fixed time from the starting point of the arterial pulse wave and lasting for a predetermined time period so that the Korotkoff's sounds will be detected during the period of these gate pulses.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4326536.html (4043 words)

	In vivo analysis techniques - Auscultation of body sounds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		“a sound of crackling”] : a crackling pericardial or pleural bruit.
		“sound of rustling”] : a rustling murmur from a pericardial or pleural friction rub.
		“sound of a grater”] : a rasping, cardiac, valvular murmur.
	focosi.altervista.org /invivo_sounds.html (5999 words)

	Sphygmomanometer with an arrhythmia detecting mechanism - Patent 4262674
		A sphygomomanometer claimed in claim 1, wherein said means for detecting the Korotkoff sounds comprises a logic circuitry for recognizing the Korotkoff sounds and an indicating means for indicating the blood pressure value in response to the output from said logic circuitry.
		This instrument is capable of indicating, for example, the pulse sound signal in red and the Korotkoff sound signal in blue, i.e., indicating by color the appearance and the disappearance of Korotkoff sounds, the diastolic and systolic blood pressure being indicated on a visually readable numerical display.
		As Korotkoff sounds recognizing or separating mechanism (logic circuit 108, etc.) for blood pressure measurement, and as arrhythmia detecting mechanism (judging circuit 114), any kinds of well-known mechanism or circuit may be selected and used for this invention.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4262674.html (3707 words)

	About Us
		In 1935 these sounds were correlated with the extremes of the pressure waveform and also nowadays the pressure of the cuff is measured synchronously with these sounds, in order to get the systolic and diastolic pressure.
		He justifies this statement assessing that the sounds occur in a low-blood-flow situation, while the peak of the flow is successive to sound* occurrence as demonstrated by Doppler ultrasound measurements[1].
		Korotkoff sounds are characterised by a particular frequency content (20-300 Hz), which varies in a specific way as the sounds change in time (see previous paragraph).
	www.dsp.pub.ro /leonardo/upatras/mne/korotkoff.htm (2113 words)

	Blood pressure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Listening with the stethoscope to the brachial artery at the elbow, the examiner slowly releases the pressure in the cuff.
		When blood just starts to flow in the artery, a "whooshing" or pounding sound (first Korotkoff sounds) is heard.
		The pressure at which this sound is first heard is the systolic blood pressure.
	en.wikipedia.org /?title=Blood_pressure (2885 words)

	Blood Pressure Measurement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		sounds produced by the flow of the blood as the constricting blood pressure cuff is gradually released.
		Korotkoff sounds may be difficult to hear and arterial pressure difficult to measure when arterial pressure rises at a slow rate (as in aortic stenosis), when the vessels are markedly constricted (as in shock), and when the stroke volume is reduced (as in severe heart failure).
		After the last Korotkoff sound is heard the cuff should be deflated slowly for at least another 10 mmHg to ensure that no further sounds are audible and then rapidly and completely deflated, and the subject should be allowed to rest for al least 30 seconds.
	www.indegene.com /Gen/FeatArt/indGen_Fet_13-10-2000_3.asp (4054 words)

	lifeclinic.com - Related Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The 'Korotkoff sounds' are the sounds that a doctor or nurse listens for when they are taking your blood pressure.
		As the cuff pressure reaches systolic pressure, the blood starts to flow, and a whooshing sound is heard (the first phase of the Korotkoff sounds).
		Systolic pressure is registered as the pressure at which the sounds are first heard, and diastolic as the pressure at which they disappear (phase 5 of the Korotkoff sounds).
	www.lifeclinic.com /focus/blood/articleView.asp?MessageID=187 (191 words)

	sBMJ \| Korotkoff sounds
		I was taught that the Korotkoff sounds are due to turbulent blood flow.
		Evidence from Ur and Gordon showed that a sharp sound recorded with a microphone corresponded to the transient pressure drop and also confirmed that changing different properties such as the length of the artery or the material of the tube would affect the quality of the sound produced.
		However Chungcharoen replaced an arterial segment with a glass tube and managed to produce noises similar to Korotkoff sounds, challenging the hypothesis that the sounds are produced by movements of the artery wall.
	www.studentbmj.com /issues/03/07/education/234.php (1071 words)

	[No title]
		Furthermore, as given in the BioPac Lesson 16, the Korotkoff sounds should follow the QRS wave of the ECG as the QRS wave corresponds to the contraction of the ventricles, which pumps blood into the aorta and through the body.
		Baseline noise was eliminated from the Integrated Korotkoff sound channel (The integrated channel was found to be the setting that minimized undesired signals while maximizing the desired signals.) by defining the noise to be all data below the threshold of the mean plus 2 standard deviations of the integrated channel data.
		Firstly, a time interval between Korotkoff peaks does not need to be statistically approximated from the peaks themselves (which may include noise, before or after the Korotkoff sounds, which have a large effect on the mean value).
	www.seas.upenn.edu /courses/belab/LabProjects/2002/be309f02m3p2.doc (3396 words)

	Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitoring
		At the turn of the century, in 1905, Dr. Korotkoff of Russia learned the importance of using a stethoscope during cuff deflation to listen to arterial blood flow.
		Korotkoff sounds occur when cuff pressure rises to a level where circulation is occluded in the lower arm.
		Korotkoffs have a low frequency that cannot be heard by the physician without an aid such as a stethoscope.
	www.medicaldistribution.com /Rep/Rep_2001_July/Rep_72018323155.htm (1168 words)

	Blood pressure measurement apparatus - Patent 4768519
		In the detection of Korotkoff sounds according to the prior art, the most widespread approach is a discrimination method using a filter and comparator.
		However, the frequency component of Korotkoff sounds not only varies from one patient to another but also differs for one and the same patient depending upon such measurement conditions as the time at which measurement is made and cuff pressure.
		When the frequency component of the Korotkoff sounds is small in comparison with the sound of the patient's pulse, it is difficult to distinguish between the pulse sound and the Korotkoff sounds.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4768519.html (5140 words)

	AH130 - Blood Pressure Measurement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Korotkoff sounds are detected using a TSD108 physiological sounds transducer.
		At this point the Korotkoff sounds stop completely, because the blood is now flowing unrestricted through the artery.
		The TSD108 Korotkoff signal is recorded by a DA100C amplifier set to AC, 5000 Hz LP and a gain of 50 to 200.
	biopac.com /AppNotes/app130BP/BPCuff.html (515 words)

	Human Cardiopulmonary Physiology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Auscultation of heart sounds means to listen to and study the sounds arising from the heart as it pumps blood.
		Sounds may be heard by using a stethoscope, or monitored more accurately using a phonocardiogram.
		The sounds become louder again and have a sharper, thudding quality during the next 10 to 15 mm Hg of drop in pressure.
	www.susqu.edu /FacStaff/r/richard/ECGlab.html (3103 words)

	DynaPulse - DynaPulse 200M Monitoring System, Curriculum and Services for Companies
		The most common indirect technique is the auscultatory method, in which a clinician determines systolic and diastolic pressures by listening to the characteristic Korotkoff sounds of the blood flow during cuff deflation.
		The DBP criteria is further complicated by the fact that some patients may not have audible phase IV sounds, whereas in others, the beginning of phase V (silence) may be difficult to determine.
		Since the auscultatory technique is based on the ability of the human ear to detect and distinguish sounds, there is a possibility for measurement error due to individual levels of auditory acuity and sensitivity.
	www.dynapulse.com /company/tech_bp_today.cfm (1505 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Sounds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Bomb (These Sounds Fall Into My Mind) is a song by the Bucketheads.
		The Full Custom Gospel Sounds of the Reverend Horton Heat is the second album by The Reverend Horton Heat.
		It was released in April of 1993 on Sub Pop.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Sounds (187 words)

	Physiological Sounds Microphone - TSD108
		Most commonly, the TSD108 is used to measure heart sounds or Korotkoff sounds.
		When the TSD108 signal is recorded along with the TSD120 blood pressure cuff signal, the Korotkoff sounds vividly mark the systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
		To listen to the physiological sounds with headphones as they are recorded, pipe the TSD108 signal through the STM100C stimulator module.
	store.transducersales.com /tsd108.html (128 words)

	Automatic sphygmomanometer (US5135003)
		Preferably, the sphygmomanometer is provided with two amplifying/filtering circuits and two discriminating circuits using threshold values suited to each of the frequency characteristics of Korotkoff sound signals in the vicinity of the systolic and diastolic blood pressures.
		Korotkoff sound detecting means for detecting Korotkoff sounds and outputting Korotkoff sound signals;
		Korotkoff sound signal processing means for performing amplifying and filtering processing based on the Korotkoff sound signals to produce processed Korotkoff sound signals and for comparing the processed Korotkoff sound signals with a predetermined threshold value to obtain extracted Korotkoff sound signals which exceed the predetermined threshold value;
	www.delphion.com /details?pn10=US05135003 (400 words)

	BE513 Bioinstrumentation Projects
		Most of these sounds are very low frequency, and this is a challenge for the design of an electronic stethoscope.
		Sounds occur at systolic pressure, which later disappear when diastolic pressure is reached.
		This technique is important because Phase I sounds sometimes disappear as pressure is reduced and reappear at a lower level (the auscultatory gap), resulting in underestimation of the SBP.
	www.univie.ac.at /cga/courses/BE513/Projects (2232 words)

	Volume 111
		In this circumstance, the clinician may measure blood pressure from a cuff placed on the forearm and listening for sounds over the radial artery (although this may overestimate systolic blood pressure)85 or use a validated wrist blood pressure monitor held at the level of the heart.
		Phase 1 (systolic) and phase 5 (diastolic) Korotkoff sounds are best heard using the bell of the stethoscope over the palpated brachial artery in the antecubital fossa, although some studies have shown that there is little difference 90,95 when using the bell or the diaphragm.
		The disappearance of Korotkoff sounds or fifth Korotkoff sound (K5, the last sound heard) is the definition of diastolic pressure in adults.
	www.saha.org.ar /articulos/Recomendaciones.htm (12978 words)

	History of stethoscopes and sphygmomanometers
		The use of the stethoscope led to better descriptions of heart sounds and improved ability to distinguish among various murmurs and rhythmic disturbances.
		This sound is created when the heart tissue vibrates when blood is thrown into turbulent oscillations as it is pushed against the heart valves and bounces back.
		In 1905, Russian surgeon Nikolai Korotkoff developed the modern technique of using a stethoscope to listen for the sounds of blood flowing through the artery.
	www.hhmi.org /biointeractive/museum/exhibit98/content/b6_17info.html (860 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The auscultatory technique relies on the detection of Korotkoff sounds (named after NC Korotkoff who described these sounds in 1905) during release of the occluding cuff to determine blood pressure.
		The measurer watches the pressure gauge connected to the occlusive cuff and the cuff pressure that correlates to the onset of the first sharp sound (Phase I K-sound) is considered the systolic blood pressure.
		Because auscultation techniques use the sound generated by the pulse to estimate blood pressure, systolic and diastolic estimations are necessarily made on different pulses.
	www.sportsci.org /encyc/drafts/Blood_pressure_measure.doc (2551 words)

	Blood Pressure Units and Accessories
		In 1905, Korotkoff described the auscultatory sounds which became the foundation for the auscultatory technique.
		The clinician uses the stethoscope to listen for the Korotkoff sounds as the cuff deflates.
		This situation is complicated by the fact that some patients may not have audible Phase IV sounds, and in others Phase V may be difficult to determine.
	www.mohawkmedicalmall.com /bloodpressure.php (226 words)

	90th Anniversary of the Development by Nikolai S. Korotkoff of the Auscultatory Method of Measuring Blood Pressure -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Korotkoff died in 1920; the cause of his death is unknown.
		sounds could be heard during the decompression of the arteries.
		Korotkoff considered the tones and murmurs in the vessel to
	circ.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/94/2/116 (1814 words)

	[No title]
		When the cuff reaches systolic pressure, a clear tapping sound is heard in time with the heart beat.
		The point at which the sounds disappear is the diastolic pressure.
		The job of the smaller cuff is basically to amplify the pulsations which occur as the larger cuff is deflated, so that instead of listening for the Korotkoff sounds, they are seen as oscillations of the needle on the pressure gauge.
	www.marquette.edu /courses/phys/buxtoni/DW/bloodpressurelab.htm (818 words)

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