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	Kovno, Russia (Government) - LoveToKnow 1911
		KOVNO (in Lithuanian Kauna), a government of northwestern Russia, bounded N. by the governments of Courland and Vitebsk, S.E. by that of Vilna, and S. and S.W. by Suwalki and the province of East Prussia, a narrow strip touching the Baltic near Memel.
		The climate is comparatively mild, the mean temperature at the city of Kovno being 44° F. The population was 1,156,040 in 1870, and 1,553,244 in 1897.
		In 1569 it was annexed, along with the rest of the principality of Lithuania, to Poland; and it suffered very much from the wars of Russia with Sweden and Poland, and from the invasion of Charles XII.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Kovno%2C_Russia_%28Government%29 (0 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - MUSARNIKES
		When Lipkin removed to Kovno in 1848 he organized there a similar society on a larger scale, and the study of ethical works assumed the proportions of a regular movement which threatened to split the community like the Ḥasidic movement a century before.
		The strongest opponents of the movement were the rabbi of Kovno, Aryeh Löb Shapira, Joshua Heschel, rabbi of Yanova, and Isaiah, rabbi of Salant.
		Süssel, who later went to Kovno and was considered one of the leaders of the movement, did not possess Lipkin's practical knowledge of the world, and did not interest himself, like the latter, in the spread of morality and integrity among the masses.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=1018&letter=M (0 words)

	Kovno
		Between 1920 and 1939, Kovno (Kaunas), located in central Lithuania, was the country's capital and largest city.
		On July 8, 1944, the Germans evacuated the camp, deporting most of the remaining Jews to the Dachau concentration camp in Germany or to the Stutthof camp, near Danzig, on the Baltic coast.
		Of Kovno's few Jewish survivors, 500 had survived in forests or in bunkers; the Germans evacuated an additional 2,500 to concentration camps in Germany.
	www.ushmm.org /wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005174 (0 words)

	Welcome to the Kovno Site
		#kovno-48: Jakov was born in the Kovno Ghetto to Sonia and Meir Goldsmidt.
		Kovno merchants had once again forbidden any merchants from Trakai to come to Kovno and, furthermore, took control of their merchandise, in spite of commerce permits given to the Jews by the king of Poland and the prince of Lithuania.
		Leib Garfunkel was the son of Tsvi Hirsch, born in Kovno in 1896.
	www.eilatgordinlevitan.com /kovno/kovno.html (0 words)

	Storia del Ghetto di Kovno
		KOVNO (Lith., Kaunas; Pol., Kowno) capitale della Lituania indipendente tra il 1920 ed il 1939, venne annessa nel 1940 all'Unione Sovietica.
		Nel 1943 il ghetto venne trasformato in campo di concentramento e quattromila abitanti vennero trasferiti in campi di lavoro intorno a Kovno.
		Nel settembre 1943 dal ghetto di Kovno che ora era formalmente il Konzentrationlager Kaunas, furono evacuati 4.000 abitanti e trasferiti in piccoli campi intorno alla città.
	www.olokaustos.org /geo/ghetti/kovno/kovno.htm (1089 words)

	First World War.com - Memoirs & Diaries - The Fall of Warsaw and Kovno
		The loss of Kovno, strange as it may appear, produced in Petrograd a far deeper impression than the fall of Warsaw.
		Apart from sentimental reasons, Kovno represented an immense quantity of war material, guns, ammunition, and provisions of every kind, which had accumulated within its walls from the beginning of the campaign.
		The retreat was a necessity in consequence of the lack of ammunition.
	www.firstworldwar.com /diaries/fallofwarsaw.htm (0 words)

	Explore
		Kovno (the Russian name; Kaunas in Lithuanian and Kauen in German) was, from 1920 to 1939, the capital of independent Lithuania.
		In 1940 Kovno was annexed by the Soviet Union and during the period of Soviet rule (1940-41), most of the Jewish cultural, social and educational institutions were closed down.
		And on 8 July, as the Red Army approached Kovno, about 4,000 Jews were transferred to concentration camps in Germany, mainly to Dachau, Kaufring and Stutthof.
	art.holocaust-education.net /explore.asp?langid=1&submenu=201&id=6 (488 words)

	Tak for Alt, Part One, page 6
		The Kovno ghetto was located in Slabodka, a suburb of Kovno that had been a Jewish neighborhood for hundreds of years.
		Shortly after the Germans invade, Kovno's Jews are forced to move into the Kovno ghetto, where Judy and her family live for the next three years.
		Judy's displacement to the Kovno ghetto was dictated by political circumstances that gradually stripped Lithuanian Jews of their citizenship and civil rights.
	www.holocaust-trc.org /TFAPart1-6.htm (0 words)

	A Doomed Ghetto Lives
		Nearly all of the Kovno’s Jewish prisoners – painters, doctors, lawyers, diarists, photographers, graphic artists, even children – worked surreptitiously to preserve their stories in secret archives in the expectation that a few of them would survive.
		Kovno, a cultural and religious center where Jews had lived for more than 500 years, was occupied by the Soviet Union under terms of a German-Soviet pact.
		The organizers of Kovno’s secret archival project were members of the Jewish council, which was set up by the Germans to administer the ghetto’s daily life.
	www.fscwv.edu /users/pedwards/a_doomed_ghetto_lives.htm (826 words)

	Kovno Ghetto Diary (Pages 86-138) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In Kovno hundreds of people were captured and shot, a sizeable "action" against half-Jews (children of mixed marriages) was carried out, as well as against non-Jews married to Jews.
		The ghetto was turned into a concentration camp and in all official documents referred to as "Kovno concentration camp" thus passing from the control of the gestapo into the control of the SS.
		In the period between 1941 and 1942 the territory of the fort was used by the German command to perform mass killings by shooting.
	www.jewishgen.org /yizkor/kaunas/Kau086.html (9627 words)

	Holocaust Survivors: Encyclopedia - "Kovno" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		On June 24, 1941, the third day of the invasion of the Soviet Union Kovno was occupied by the Germans.
		The Kovno ghetto was sealed off in August 1941.
		On July 8, 1944 as the Red Army approached Kovno the remaining Jews were transferred to concentration camps inside Germany, to Kaufering or Stutthof concentration camps.
	www.holocaustsurvivors.org /data.show.php?di=record&da=encyclopedia&ke=123 (246 words)

	This Month in Holocaust History
		In the autumn of 1943, the Kovno Ghetto became a central concentration camp, KL (for Konzentrationslager) Kauen.
		On July 8, 1944, as the Red Army was approaching Kovno, the German authorities began transferring the Jews to concentration camps inside Germany.
		When the camps were liberated, nearly 2,000 Kovno Jews remained alive; together with those who had held out in various hiding places in Kovno and the vicinity, they accounted for 8 percent of the 30,000 Jews who had made up the original population of the ghetto.
	www1.yadvashem.org /about_holocaust/month_in_holocaust/july/july_lexicon/KOVNO.html (1452 words)

	Holocaust History - The Ghettos - free Suite101 course
		One of the largest Lithuanian ghettos was in the city of Kovno, an industrial center which lies just 80 kilometers from the German border.
		Kovno is located at the intersection of the Neman and Neris rivers and was named after the Lithuanian Prince Koinas when it was first settled in 1030.
		Kovno is both the Russian and Yiddish spelling and pronunciation, but it is written and said as Kuanas in Lithuanian.
	www.suite101.com /lesson.cfm/17387/735/4 (505 words)

	Jewish History of Kovno
		Jews are first known to have lived in Kovno as early as 1410 when they were brought forcibly as prisoners of war by the Grand Duke Vytautas.
		Following the July 1944 liquidation of the Kovno Ghetto, only a quarter of the Ghetto's original number remained.
		Today, not much remains of Kovno but fragments of that old community: derelict buildings, slanting wooden houses, and the wonder of what the place was like, both pre and post war.
	www.jewishmag.com /35MAG/kovno/kovno.htm (0 words)

	How I Survived the Kovno Ghetto
		I was a high school student in one of the four Hebrew high schools in Kovno, the capital of Lithuania.
		The Jewish community in Kovno had about 40,000 members and constituted 25 percent of the population in the city.
		In Kovno, during the month of July, the sun sets at around 10:00 or 11:00 at night, and rises at about 3:00 in the morning.
	www.aish.com /holocaust/people/How_I_Survived_the_Kovno_Ghetto.asp (0 words)

	Kovno Ghetto Diary (Pages 139-175)
		Kovno ghetto, which for some time had been referred to as "Kovno concentration camp", became a camp soon after the "children's action".
		Kovno firemen were on full alert on the outer side of the ghetto fence.
		Kovno Jews will be accommodated in well-organized camps in Germany,a country of high civilization and culture.
	www.jewishgen.org /yizkor/kaunas/Kau139.html (6694 words)

	Union of Councils for Soviet Jews:
		The seed of the "partnering" of Tifereth Israel Congregation of Washington, D.C. and the Hassidim Shul and Kehila of Kovno, Lithuania, was planted by Tina Lunson.
		The medieval tip of the city of Kovno begins at the confluence of two rivers, the Nemunas and the Neris, by the ruins of an ancient fortress.
		There were still Jews in Kovno, remembering who they were even through the slaughter of their families and forced Russification of the survivors.
	www.fsumonitor.com /stories/yskovno.shtml (1766 words)

	Bittker History at the Virtual Family Reunion (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although it was officially forbidden for Jews to settle in Kovno, Daniel of Troki and his sons had special permission from the King Casimir IV, undoubtedly because of the income brought to the King and his lands through trade.
		Kovno was subject to many orders of expulsion and pogroms over the next few centuries and generally when these occurred the Jews of Kovno would go to Slobodka.
		In 1815 they had a child, Touba and when a government official recorded their family in a Census in 1816, the surname they chose was Linkovsky or "from Linkovo".
	www.smallworldgraphics.com /familyreunion/bittkerbio.htm (3516 words)

	Kovno Stories Links
		Kovno ghetto Jews during the Estonian Deportations, October 1943.
		Kovno ghetto and lived with a non Jewish family.
		Jakob Svirsky was born in Kowna, Lithuania in 1920 to Zalman and
	www.eilatgordinlevitan.com /kovno/kovno_pages/kovno_stories_links.html (0 words)

	Amazon.de: No Time for Patience: My Road from Kovno to Jerusalem: English Books: Shimon Peres,Zev Birger (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 1944, when the Nazis obliterated the Kovno ghetto, Birger, his brother and their father were captured and transported to Dachau; Birger's mother was sent to a different camp, and he never saw her again.
		From his youth in Lithuania fighting anti-Semites to his underground activities in the Kovno ghetto and the hellish stay in the Dachau extermination camp, it was Zionist dreams and Hebrew culture that kept Birger alive.
		The only survivor in his family, he constantly convinced himself that circumstances were bearable and that he must live through the hunger, disease, and back-breaking labor to exact the revenge of survival.
	www.amazon.de /No-Time-Patience-Kovno-Jerusalem/dp/1557043868 (641 words)

	The Kovno Ghetto Table of Contents
		Elkes Elected Head of the Judenrat in Kovno
		Evidence of Jewish Escapees from Kovno On the Burning of the Bodies
		A Lithuanian Woman Doctor on the Jews in the Kovno Ghett
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Holocaust/kovnotoc.html (41 words)

	Interview Text : Gutman, Ephraim
		And so we returned to Kovno, the mood was terrible; they were grabbing people on the streets and led them to the forts to be shot.
		That is the general who took Kovno and he started to negotiate with the Kovno rabbi, Rabbi Schapiro, he should take steps to form a Jewish Community Council, and through them establish a ghetto near Kovno, that is in Slobodca.
		And this victorious general undertook to negotiate with the rabbi of Kovno that there be formed a Jewish community Council consisting of several Jews who enjoyed the confidence of the Kovno rabbi, who should take the steps toward the creation of a ghetto in Kovno.
	voices.iit.edu /interviews/gutma_t.html (7114 words)

	Kovno Ghetto Diary (Pages 2-50)
		Kovno - a former temporary capital of Lithuania - is one of the most important industrial and significant cultural centres of the republic.
		Captured people were delivered to Kovno prison under a strict guard, and later, when the prison became full - to the Seventh Fort (one of the forts belonging to the former Kovno fortress).
		Kovno ghetto residents remember the events of 28th of October as "the big action".
	www.jewishgen.org /yizkor/kaunas/Kau002.html (7882 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Kovno
		Quietly but determinedly, it commands us to heed its eternal message of remembrance.
		Today, not much remains of Kovno but fragments of that old community: derelict buildings, slanting wooden houses, and the wonder of what the place was like, both pre- and postwar.
		At that moment, I realized that those men are the true sentinels of Kovno.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/Kovno.html (0 words)

	CNN - Record kept by Holocaust victims goes on display - November 20, 1997
		At the height of World War II, residents of Kovno, a Jewish ghetto in Lithuania, risked their lives to chronicle their ordeal through drawings and paintings, diaries and photographs.
		Among her works is a sketch she drew frantically, as she and thousands of other Kovno Jews were being deported to a labor camp in Estonia.
		Of the 35,000 Kovno Jews at the beginning of the war, only an estimated 3,000 survived.
	www.cnn.com /US/9711/20/kovno.ghetto (384 words)

	Kovno and Slobodka - The Slabodker Yeshiva (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Kovno (today, Kaunas - formerly Kowno in Polish), is the second largest city in Lithuania, with 400,000 inhabitants.
		The town of Slobodka (Slabodka in Yiddish), which lay on the banks of the River Vilya, across from the much bigger Kovno, was a very poor town.
		As a young rabbi in Kovno, he held secret nightly worship service and helped preserve other forms of religious observance, including the baking of matzah, after the ghetto was established.
	www.chelseashul.org /Oshry/Slobodka.htm (168 words)

	Dr. Elkhanan Elkes of the Kovno Ghetto: A Son's Holocaust Memoirs - ReadingBee.com
		Ghetto Kovno was one of the very few Ghettos in the Holocaust to be headed by a Council elected by the Jewish community, rather than one appointed by the Germans.
		Also included are reproductions of extraordinary water colors and pen- and-ink drawings executed at the time in the Ghetto by the historic Esther Lurie, who served as artist-witness-recorder and visual chronicler to her community.
		He has contributed significantly to the founding of the new science of Psychopharmacology, a science dealing with the play of chemical influences on mental life, and the place of drugs in the management and treatment of the mentally ill. He is a Founding Fellow and Senior Scholar-in-Residence at the Fetzer Institute, Kalamazoo, Michigan.
	www.readingbee.com /review/book1557252319.html (1309 words)

	Story of the Kovno Photos taken by Maurice Block in 1920 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Uncle Maurice had been born in Kovno and after a 15 year absence, wanted to take pictures as a memory and to show the family back in the States.
		File Kovno #13 shows one of the sisters noted above, Chana Rochelsohn Rosen, and her children.
		By the way, on the edge of the photo of the man with his horse and carriage, my uncle wrote "drosky", which I believe refers to a cab for hire.
	members.tripod.com /~Kovno (417 words)

	The Hidden History of the Kovno Ghetto
		The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum opened a new exhibition in November entitled The Hidden History of the Kovno Ghetto.
		The Jews in the Kovno ghetto systematically recorded their experience, which was the similar experience of Jews in ghettos like it across Europe.
		She attended the opening ceremonies of the exhibit with her husband and brother, Abe Beker who also was a survivor of the ghetto.
	www.mcjc.org /mjtravel/MJTUSDC1.htm (0 words)

	Jewish and Israel News from New York - The Jewish Week
		It would be another 15 years before Douglas found herself knee-deep in passenger ship records, census counts and “The Hidden History of the Kovno Ghetto” as she searched for family roots.
		She discovered how other relatives got herded into the Kovno Ghetto and how her great-grandmother Chaya had the good fortune to die of natural causes.
		Still a work-in-progress, the film, written and narrated by Douglas, unfolds like a personal diary as it chronicles the events that lead to the filmmaker’s trip to Kovno, where accompanied by her adult daughter, she searches for the home where her grandfather lived.
	www.thejewishweek.com /news/newscontent.php3?artid=3883 (1068 words)

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