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	Koyna Nagar city of Maharashtra - India
		The Koyna River is a tributary of the Krishna river in western Maharashtra, India.
		The Koyna River is famous for the Koyna Dam, which is the largest hydroelectric project in Maharashtra.
		The dam is situated in Koyna Nagar in the Western Ghats.
	www.bharatheritage.in /maharashtra/koynanagar.htm (570 words)

	Physical Dynamics of the Earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Koyna Dam and its reservoir, Shivaji Sagar Lake, are located in the watershed of the Krishna River in Maharashtra, India.
		The Koyna Dam, and the reservoir formed by it, went under construction in 1962 and were completed in 1963.
		Prior to the year 1962, the Koyna Dam had been considered free from any significant seismic (earthquake) activity, but a seismic zoning map of India, which was prepared by the Indian Standards Institution in 1962 and later revised in 1966, showed this region to be very seismic.
	www.hubcat.org /Adrienne/Koyna/Koyna_physical.htm (685 words)

	International Water Power and Dam Construction
		The dam is located on the Koyna river upstream from the state of Karnataka.
		Downstream of the Koyna dam are major dams such as the Alamatti, Narayanpur and Nagarjuna Sagar dams, and the Srisailam project.
		The Koyna multi-purpose project (stages I to IV), with a total installed capacity of 1920MW, is expected to serve as a peaking station.
	www.waterpowermagazine.com /storyprint.asp?sc=2002693 (264 words)

	Folk operas of Bikaner come alive ahead of Holi; Shantiniketan's open-air classrooms taken over by bees; Chinese ...
		The town of Koyna was the epicentre of another earthquake measuring 5.1 on Richter scale on Monday, which shook the entire western part of the country.
		Koyna is located about 200 kilometres (120 miles) south of Mumbai, and has a population of about 2,500.
		The dam, at Koyna Nagar in the Patan Taluka of Satara district is a highly active seismic zone and its Shivajisagar reservoir has a capacity of 2797 million cubic metres of water.
	www.indiatraveltimes.com /special/special2005/bikaner.html (2883 words)

	GPS & structural monitoring: deformation studies of Koyna Dam GPS World - Find Articles
		The observations taken on the dam structure and the surrounding area have been processed, evaluated, and analyzed at IITB for the purpose of determining the rate, magnitude, and nature of the deformation.
		The Koyna Dam, a rubble concrete structure, is an 85-meter high, 800-meter long, rock-filled structure with 872 square kilometers of catchment area.
		The dam has been well-instrumented for observations of structural behavior, right from the design stage, and this fact has proved to be very useful because of the continuing tremors in the zone after the 1967 event.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0BPW/is_11_15/ai_n9510462 (783 words)

	Dams and earthquakes
		That the epicentre wa s located in the vicinity of the Koyna dam gave rise to speculation that the reservoir was the sole cause of the earthquake.
		The dam was cite d as the cause of the quake.
		Instead of attributing an earthquake to a nearby dam, efforts should be made, using all avai lable facilities such as the computational technique, remote sensing, seismic tomography, seismic data from numerous observatories and data from geo-stationary satellite, to understand the mechanism behind earthquakes.
	www.hinduonnet.com /fline/fl1627/16270870.htm (1612 words)

	Damming The Three Gorges - Chapter Ten - Dam Safety Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		For example, the Koyna Dam in India initiated an earthquake (approximately 6.0 in magnitude) that seriously damaged the dam and killed 200 people in an area that had not previously been seismically active.
		At the Tarbela Dam (Pakistan), and the Glen Canyon and Hoover Dams (U.S.), extremely high velocities and pressures caused cavitation* and erosion which threatened the structural integrity of the dam and necessitated serious and costly repairs.
		The risk of dam failure increases with its age as construction materials deteriorate, mechanical systems such as spillway outlet gates fail, and the effects of a series of problems, such as corrosion, abrasion, sedimentation, and downstream scouring, become intractable.
	www.threegorgesprobe.org /pi/documents/three_gorges/Damming3G/ch10.html (1586 words)

	Rs 136 cr to bolster Koyna dam
		The Maharashtra government has sanctioned Rs 136.44 crore for strengthening Koyna dam in view of the fact that the area is earthquake prone, the state assembly was informed on Thursday.
		Earlier this week, Koyna region was the epicentre of a moderate earthquake which jolted parts of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka.
		The Deuskar Committee, appointed by the state government to study the status of 27 dams in the state had found no weakness in Koyna dam, he said.
	www.rediff.com /news/2005/mar/17koyna.htm (139 words)

	rediff.com: Koyna dam is safe: PTI
		The Koyna dam, in one of the most seismic-prone zones of Maharashtra, suffered no damage due to the earthquake which struck parts of Maharashtra early on Tuesday, according to Koyna hydroelectric project chief engineer N Huddar.
		The accelerograph on Koyna dam recorded an acceleration of 0.13 G (gravitational acceleration) in the body of the dam, he told PTI.
		Their conclusion is based on an analysis of earthquakes in the region since Koyna experienced the first earthquake in 1967 five years after water was impounded in the reservoir.
	www.rediff.com /news/2000/sep/05quake1.htm (407 words)

	Crustal & dam deformation studies using GPS
		The Indian Peninsular Shield, one of the oldest continental blocks on the Earth’s surface, was traditionally assumed to be a stable block; hence, the 1967 Koyna earthquake, with magnitude 7.5 on the Richter scale, came as a surprise to the earth scientists.
		Of these, 12 stations are established on the dam body, and the rest on the ground surrounding the dam and the reservoir.
		The GPS network in Koyna will yield precise estimates of the deformations in the dam structure, as well as the crustal deformations in the vicinity of the dam and reservoirs, after sufficient number of repeat observations, over a long period.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /technology/gps/techgp0016pf.htm (2794 words)

	Work on Koyna dam over ahead of schedule
		The Koyna dam is the lifeline of Maharashtra as it accounts for two-thirds of the hydroelectric power capacity of the state.
		It is located in Koyna Nagar, nestled in the Western Ghats on the state highway between Chiplun and Karad in southern Maharashtra.
		Strengthening of the overflow portion of the dam was undertaken to make it safer and better equipped to face possible high intensity earthquakes in the future.
	www.whereincity.com /news/2/5754 (344 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The spate of earthquakes over the recent months in the Koyna dam region, has taken the shape of a ticking time-bomb waiting to explode even as panic-striken people have time and again pleaded before the authorities to come up with a permanent solution for the problem.
		The Koyna Dam region is no stranger to earthquakes as tremors are a common occurance here happenning nearly every week but in a milder manner.
		Koyna has a history of a quake related tragedy as it was on December 11, 1967 that the 'Koynanagar earthquake` claimed 110 lives and rendered at least 10,000 people homeless injuring another 1500 people.
	www.narmada.org /archive/dh/2000sep06.ntf.htm (378 words)

	Drought-proofing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It is a peasant-built small dam, combining local labour and activist enthusiasm with technical help from progressive engineers in Mumbai, and has been financed largely by the right to sell sand from the Yerala river which remains dry for 11 months of the year.
		Some are from the areas of dams still being built, such as Urmodi in Satara district, Uttar Mang or Marathwadi, and a few have given alternatives, like the villagers affected by the proposed Uchangi dam in Kolhapur district, who have argued for two smaller dams to replace the one which would flood their land.
		Rather than an apocalyptic campaign to halt the building of all large dams, theirs is a trade union struggle aimed at gaining a share of their benefits and a fight for what might be called workers' participation with a full-scale plan of restructuring the irrigation system on the Krishna.
	www.ambedkar.org /gail/Drought-proofing.htm (1166 words)

	The Hindu : State concerned over cracks in Koyna dam
		Reports have it that the Koyna region, which was the epicentre of an earthquake in December 1967 (leading to a dam burst and a consequent loss to life and property), has been facing repeated tremors.
		A recent tremor is stated to have caused cracks in the dam beyond the prescribed limits, and about a fortnight ago, there was a sudden discharge of a large quantum of water downstream of the Krishna.
		Downstream of the Koyna were major irrigation projects such as the Alamatti (storage of around 120 tmcft.), the Narayanpur dam (30 tmcft.), the Nagarjuna Sagar (around 250 tmcft.), and the Srisailam Project (around 300 tmcft.).
	www.hindu.com /2000/10/08/stories/0408210c.htm (648 words)

	Soma Enterprises completes Koyna Dam strengthening ahead of schedule
		The strengthening of the Koyna dam project was awarded to Soma Enterprises by the state government at a cost of Rs 94 crore.
		The dam is the lifeline of Maharashtra as it accounts for two-thirds of the hydro-electric power capacity of the state.
		The dam had developed visible cracks after it was affected by the first major earthquake in 1967.
	news.webindia123.com /news/Articles/Business/20060621/369104.html (173 words)

	Krishna and Narmada
		THE KOYNA, built high in Satara district of the Sahyadris on one of the major tributaries of the Krishna, is a big dam, a ``major irrigation project'' in the terminology of the Indian Government.
		Though the dam was completed in 1956-59, over 2,000 of the evictees have received land only since 1989, when the Koyna Dharangrast Sangram Sanghatana was formed.
		This dam irrigates 900 hectares in two villages, on the basis of ``equal water distribution'' providing that all families in the villages, even the landless, get water.
	www.ambedkar.org /gail/Krishnaand.htm (1174 words)

	Research work on the Koyna Dam, India.
		In 1967, the 103m high Koyna mass concrete dam in India was subjected to a magnitude 6.5 earthquake.
		Due to the availability of field data the dam has been the subject of a number of studies in recent years.
		Of particular interest is the unloading curve because when cracks open and close it is well established that the crack stress-strain curve does not return to zero but to some finite tensile strain indicating that particles have 'wedged' in the open crack.
	www.lusas.com /case/civil/koynadam.html (379 words)

	Finite element analysis based on an embedded strong discontinuity model for cracking of plain concrete
		The consideration of this effect is of crucial importance in the context of dam analyses as large hydrostatic pressures may appear in the vicinity of open cracks: The fluid penetrates into the crack and becomes an additional driving force for the crack opening.
		However, the dam did not fail, which is astonishing, as it was designed for a seismic coeffcient of 0.05 g but was subjected to accelerations up to 0.63 g during the quake.
		The dam is a 850 m long concrete mass dam with a crest height of 103 m (Fig.
	nw-ialad.uibk.ac.at /Wp3/Tg3/Se4/Ss5 (3517 words)

	NBA: Quake is reservoir induced (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It said that the tremor on Sunday was reservoir-induced earthquake (RIE) and the mighty Narmada dam is prone to high intensity quakes, according to Mr M.K.Sukumar the NBA activist at Baroda.
		It may be recalled that the Koyna earthquake on December 10, 1967 was of 6.3 magnitude on the Richter scale which claimed over 200 lives and injured over 1,500 and rendering thousands homeless.
		Referring to a research paper of a geologist Harsh Gupta of the Department of Science and technology in New Delhi, the Baroda based NBA activists stated that the Koyna earthquake was induced by pressure on land created by the structure of dam and water reservoir.
	www.ahmedabad.com /news/2k3/july/29nba.htm (626 words)

	The Koyna Lake, Koyna-Reservoir, Picturesque Lake of Maharashtra, The Lake of Kolhapur, Lake Expedition, Lakes in India
		The Koyna region includes parts of Mahabaleshwar, the Koyna Lake and around Satara.
		The ferries on the Koyna Lake are an enjoyable way of approaching the forts on its western edge.
		The famous wildlife sanctuary in this area, The Koyna wildlife sanctuary includes the eastern and western catchments of the Koyna dam-reservoir, which is a major hydroelectric project centre in western Maharashtra.
	www.indiantravelportal.com /maharashtra/lakes/koyna-reservoir.html (428 words)

	[No title]
		The dam region is surrounded by thick forests and has the highest rainfall in the region.
		One can visit during the dam site during the rainy season specially to see the waterfalls and the scenic beauty.
		Road: The Koyna Dam is about 4 hours drive from Sangli.
	www.indiantravelportal.com /maharashtra/picnic-spots/koyna-dam.html (214 words)

	Koyna Earthquake Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Koyna Dam and the Koyna Reservoir formed by it are located on the western side of India, about 200 kilometers south of Bombay (Mumbai), in the state of Maharashtra.
		The dam was built in 1962, and infilled with water in 1963.
		The purpose of this project is to research and summarize the events leading up to the earthquake; document the physical dynamics associated with this particular earthquake and reservoir-induced earthquakes in general; assess the impact on people living and working in the area; and finally detail the community and worldwide response to the disaster.
	www.hubcat.org /Adrienne/Koyna/Koyna_home.htm (260 words)

	The Koyna earthquake and the damage to Koyna Dam -- CHOPRA and CHAKRABARTI 63 (2): 381 -- ...
		The Koyna earthquake and the damage to Koyna Dam -- C
		The Koyna earthquake (surface-wave magnitude 6.5) occurred on
		and strength of concrete in the dam is consistent with the earthquake
	www.bssaonline.org /cgi/content/abstract/63/2/381 (207 words)

	RESERVOIR-INDUCED EARTHQUAKES AND ENGINEERING POLICY
		Of particular concern, of course, is the possibility that such a fault might pass through the dam itself, as was the subject of considerable debate and concern in the case of Auburn Dam, California (Allen, 1978).
		Nevertheless, in view of the uniqueness of the Koyna event---and the thousands of dams that have not experienced similar earthquakes---it would appear unduly conservative at this time to assume that still larger triggered earthquakes should be considered in the siting and design of most structures.
		In at least one case (Hsinfengkiang Dam, China), the surprising presence of many small earthquakes during the initial stages of filling led to such concern that the dam was immediately strengthened, the wisdom of which became apparent shortly thereafter when a magnitude 6.1 event occurred almost beneath the structure (Sheng and others, 1973).
	www.johnmartin.com /earthquakes/eqpapers/00000054.htm (2882 words)

	The Hindu Business Line : Strengthening of Koyna Dam spillway to be completed by May
		Mr Ankineedu Maganti, Director, Soma Enterprise Ltd, said the strengthening of the spillway had been envisaged by the Water Resources Department, Maharashtra to safeguard the dam against earthquakes as the Koyna Dam Reservoir is situated in a seismic zone prone to high intensity earthquakes.
		The strengthening of Koyna Dam Project was awarded to Soma Enterprise in a joint venture with SSHPR of Russia at a cost of Rs 93.78 crore.
		Once concrete backing to the downstream portion in the overflow section of the dam is completed, the storage level would be raise by five feet, which in turn would increase the storage capacity of the dam by 6.5 TMC (thousand million cubic feet).
	www.thehindubusinessline.com /2006/04/07/stories/2006040703811300.htm (568 words)

	How does a dam change the dynamics of a river system?
		There are three companion dams in the Black Hills built on the same unit which are unfilled.
		Koyna Dam near Bombay, India; reservoir infilling 1962, 103 m high, 2.8 billion cubic meters capacity.
		USGS report on Dams and Reservoirs on the Upper Missouri River.
	maps.unomaha.edu /maher/linked/week9/damchanges.html (641 words)

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