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Topic: Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant

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	Nuclear Power Phase-out Encyclopedia Article @ NaturalResearch.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The initiative "stop the construction of nuclear power stations," which proposed a ten-year moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants, was passed with 54.5% to 45.5%.
		Opponents of nuclear power argue that it is not possible to discriminate between civil and military usage, and therefore that nuclear power contributes to the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
		Nuclear power has been relatively unaffected by embargoes, as uranium is mined in reliable countries such as Australia and Canada unlike, for example, some large natural gas suppliers, which include states of the former Soviet Union.
	www.naturalresearch.org /encyclopedia/Nuclear_power_phase-out (6236 words)

	The Nuclear Power Plant between Bulgaria and Europe
		The conflict around the fate of the nuclear power plants started in 1992 when, at the summit meeting of the G-7 in Munich, a principle decision on the policy of the industrially developed countries in regard to the nuclear safety in the countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union was taken.
		In this category are the nuclear power plant Dukovany and Temelin in Czech Republic, the nuclear plant Paks in Hungary, the nuclear plants Bohunice V-2 And Mochovice in Slovakia and the Bulgarian Kozloduy power plant, for units 5 and 6.
		This group comprises the nuclear power plant Bohunice V-1 in Slovakia, the Ignalina nuclear plant in Lithuania and units 1-4 of the Kozloduy nuclear power plant.
	www.capital.bg /weekly/99-41/3-41.htm (1447 words)

	CNN - NATO bombing threatens Bulgaria nuclear plant - May 26, 1999
		A nuclear power plant in Kozloduy, Bulgaria, located about 60 miles from the Yugoslav border, is endangered by the NATO air campaign against Serbia, according to Bulgarian environmentalists who have called for the immediate shutdown of the plant.
		The power plant is threatened by oil spills which have polluted the Danube River, by the military aircraft flying over the plant and by terrorist attacks due to its weak security system, the environmentalists report.
		The Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant is situated on the banks of the Danube River, and six of its pressurized water nuclear reactors utilize water from the river for their cooling systems.
	www.cnn.com /NATURE/9905/26/nato.nuclear.enn (452 words)

	Nuclear Power Plant Kozloduy To Be Separated from National Electricity Company
		The nuclear power plant Kozloduy will be taken out of the structure of the National Electricity Company (NEC) and will be registered as a separate legal person - producer of electrical energy - representatives of the NEC said.
		The issue is whether experiments should be made with the nuclear power plant, which has the most complicated economy and management and which, during the past years, has been an object of constant political attacks regarding nuclear safety.
		If Kozloduy remains part of the transmission company, it will be very simple for it to have priorities in installation and buying of electricity, which is not good for the market and for the competition.
	www.capital.bg /weekly/99-37/3-37.htm (1506 words)

	Marcon International, Inc. - Ship Brokers & Marine Consultants
		Although two of the six units at Kozloduy (Units 1 and 2) are slated for shutdown by 2003, it was accepted that the complete closure of Kozloduy now is impractical, given the country's dependence on nuclear power.
		The contribution of the Kozloduy nuclear power plant in overall electricity generation is presently about 44%, while the share of power plants fueled by local coal exceeds 40%, and the hydroelectric power plants produce about 7% of Bulgaria's electricity.
		Power generation at Maritsa East was estimated at 11.8 billion kWh in 1998, and is planned to increase to 12.8 billion kWh in 2001, 19.5 billion kWh in 2005, and 21.0 billion kWh in 2010.
	www.marcon.com /marcon2c.cfm?SectionGroupsID=51&PageID=343 (5814 words)

	World Nuclear Association \| Nuclear Portal \| Nuclear Power Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Kozloduy NPP - Lots of information about the Kozloduy nuclear power plant in Bulgaria, as well as a photo gallery of the plant.
		Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant - The commissioning of unit 1 on 30 September, 1964 started the history of operation and development of the Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant, one of the earliest nuclear power plants in Russia.
		Yankee Nuclear Power Plant - The Yankee Nuclear Power Station - also known as 'Yankee Rowe' - was the third nuclear power plant built in the US and the first built in New England.
	www.world-nuclear.org /portal/nuclear_power_plants.htm (837 words)

	Nuclear Power World Status Report 1996
		The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency stated in its 1993 Activities Report that due to the low number of new plant orders in comparison to the closure of reactors, even before the end of their expected life time, the viability of the nuclear industry is at stake, as well as the confidence of nuclear investors.
		The nine electricity utilities are all staggering under the weight of debt accumulated from constructing nuclear plants in the past: this resulted in the utilities unilaterally withdrawing from the plan to construct the `advanced thermal reactor' (ATR) in August 1995.
		Thus the overall energy contribution of nuclear power is due for a major decline as the reactors commissioned in the early 1970s are closed.
	archive.greenpeace.org /comms/nukes/chernob/read8.html (3252 words)

	NEI Source Book: Fourth Edition (NEISB_4.5)
		To meet projected demand and the possible shutdown of Kozloduy units 1 and 2 by the end of the decade, the Bulgarian Energy Committee and the state utility are developing a plan for a second nuclear plant at Belene.
		In the early 1990s, the committee advised the government to backfit the Kozloduy units to permit continued operation, warning that the country could not afford the level of energy imports that would be necessitated by a shutdown of the plant.
		As the chief nuclear regulatory official in the country, Yanev is responsible for regulating the operation of the Kozloduy units.
	www.insc.anl.gov /neisb/neisb4/NEISB_4.5.html (3023 words)

	Fuel storage facility for Bulgaria's Kozloduy nuclear power plant [EBRD - Press Release]
		The construction is financed with funds from the Kozloduy International Decommissioning Support Fund, which is managed and administered by the EBRD.
		Nuclear safety grant funds, managed by EBRD on behalf of donor governments, make a substantial contribution to sustainable energy development.
		Besides improvements in nuclear safety, decommissioning of nuclear units and environmental rehabilitation of nuclear sites, the funds provide grant co-financing for energy efficiency, environmental emission controls and a measures to limit demand.
	www.ebrd.com /new/pressrel/2004/82june4.htm (399 words)

	Naturalist News - Late-breaking environmental news from around the world. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A deal for the closure of four of Bulgaria's Kozloduy reactors was agreed by the EU and the Bulgarian government in 1999.
		The Soviet designed Kozloduy power plant, which is now run by the National Electric Company, had a troubled operating history in the early 1990s.
		There is concern about gradual weakening of the reactor pressure vessel surrounding the nuclear fuel, due to lack of internal stainless steel cladding and use of low alloy steel with high levels of impurities.
	www.naturalist.com /eco-news/index.cfm?p=display&id=7289 (593 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Programmes \| Crossing Continents \| Europe \| Kozloduy: who'll blink first?
		The stumbling-block is Kozloduy, a nuclear power station on the banks of the Danube.
		Kozloduy is Bulgaria's pride, and its power-generating lifeline; but for several members of the EU, it's become the symbol of Bulgaria's unfitness to join Europe.
		Kozloduy's problem is that it was built 25 years ago by the Russians - to a design that wouldn't stand a chance of being approved today.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/audiovideo/programmes/crossing_continents/europe/newsid_545000/545370.stm (805 words)

	ISN Security Watch - Nuclear row threatens Bulgaria's EU plans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Fears are growing that a political struggle in Bulgaria over the decommissioning of ageing reactors at the Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant on the Danube may delay or derail Bulgaria's EU accession.
		The nuclear power plant was built under communist auspices as a symbol of the "fraternal" relationship they cultivated with the Soviet Union.
		According to the Alpha Research polling agency, the Kozloduy power plant is thought of in emotional terms as a symbol of national sovereignty, rather than pragmatically as an economic asset.
	www.isn.ethz.ch /news/sw/details.cfm?ID=9006 (1246 words)

	[No title]
		KOZLODUY NUCLEAR POWER PLANT * No official proposal for compensations in connection with the closing down of reactor No.1 of the Kozloduy nuclear power plant has been submitted to the government to date, said deputy prime minister and minister for commerce and foreign economic cooperation Kiril Tsochev.
		The Bulgarian nuclear power plant is called "an inadmissible risk" for Rumania.
		As for the pressures in connection with the Kozloduy nuclear power plant he says, among others, that a good partnership does not mean the imposition of certain economic interests through pressures as demonstrated by the G-7 countries.
	www.b-info.com /places/Bulgaria/news/95-10/oct20.bip (2467 words)

	Losing Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		On 9 January, a three-member panel of the Supreme Administrative Court (SAC) canceled the government's October 2002 decision requiring Bulgaria to decommission units 3 and 4 of the Kozloduy nuclear power plant in 2006.
		The two oldest reactors of the Kozloduy nuclear power plant were shut down on 31 December 2002.
		Meanwhile, the government approved the technical report on the cutting of units 1 and 2 of the Kozloduy nuclear power plant.
	www.tol.cz /look/BRR/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=9&NrIssue=1&NrSection=1&NrArticle=8420 (655 words)

	Kozloduy nuclear power plant, U.S. activist trip, 6/99
		Indeed, before the plant was built 25 years ago, Kozloduy was a farming village of 500—now it’s a mini-city of 20,000, and, like Pripyat, it was built for convenience, not safety: the reactors—all six of ‘em (keep ‘em separated)—are just two miles away.
		At a meeting with the plant’s top management, I ask what is obviously an uncomfortable question: "what is the worst accident you believe can happen at these reactors?" The intent of my question is to find out about the managers’ understanding of the nuclear safety culture.
		If the first four units at Kozloduy were closed, and the markets opened, well, Bulgaria is a great place for energy efficiency improvements (their economy is nine times less energy efficient than the typical Western European state) and has substantial opportunity for renewable resources as well.
	www.nirs.org /mononline/kozloduytrip.htm (3872 words)

	Bulgarian Nuclear Plant Kozloduy
		The Nuclear Plant at Kozloduy consists of six reactors of Soviet design: units 1 to 4 are VVER 440-230 reactors and units 5 to 6 are VVER 1000-320.
		Several nuclear experts that have visited the plant since believed that it is safer and a 1992 assessment by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) noted that the international assistance had improved the safety of the Bulgarian reactors.
		The Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant produces around 40% of Bulgaria's electricity and is of vital importance to the county's domestic needs.
	www.american.edu /TED/bulgarnk.htm (3572 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| Nuclear plant sours Bulgaria-EU ties
		In the accident simulator room of the Kozloduy nuclear power plant, alarms ring and warning lights spring to life.
		The Bulgarians have agreed to close down the two oldest reactors at the Kozloduy nuclear power station on the Danube at the end of this year.
		They say Kozloduy is no Chernobyl - the nuclear plant in Ukraine, one of whose reactors exploded in 1986.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/low/world/europe/2131640.stm (488 words)

	RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY
		The construction of the six-block Soviet-designed Kozloduy power plant began in the 1970s as a pet project of the then-ruling Communist Party (BKP).
		In 1981, the construction of a second nuclear-power plant started in Belene, but that project was halted in 1990 because of lack of funding and protests from environmentalists.
		Because there is no alternative to Kozloduy in sight, Bulgaria's politicians -- regardless of their party affiliation -- want the lifespan of all of the plant's blocks to be extended as long as possible.
	www.rferl.org /newsline/2002/10/5-not/not-151002.asp (960 words)

	Nuclear Power Plants - Bulgaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The 6 unit Kozloduy facility is located in northern Bulgaria near the Danube River adjoining Romania.
		The Danube is used for cooling with a 7 mile long canal leading to the plant.
		These plants meet the major portion of the electrical demand needs of the country.
	www.nucleartourist.com /world/bulgaria.htm (119 words)

	Kozloduy IDSF [EBRD - Nuclear safety] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Bulgarian nuclear power plant at Kozloduy was built to Soviet design with six reactors of the VVER type.
		To support the decommissioning of units 1-4 of the Kozloduy nuclear power plant, particularly through the provision of facilities for the storage and treatment of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste in a safe and cost effective manner;
		The aim is to support Bulgarian families in their effort to increase the energy efficiency of their households, which include invetments in the modernisation of wall insulations, replacement of windows, heating systems and others.
	www.ebrd.com /enviro/nuclear/overview/funds/kidsf.htm (1073 words)

	The Uranium Institute \| News Briefings \| Nuclear Energy News \| News Briefing 00.06 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Nuclear power accounted for 42.1% of the country’s electricity output in 1999.
		The licence was on condition that assurances were received from China National Nuclear Corp (CNNC), designer of the plant, that modifications had been made to the 300 MWe PWR to prevent vibration problems encountered at Chashma’s reference plant, Qinshan-1.
		(Power in Asia, 27 February, p28; see also News Briefings 99.50-11 and 00.04-10) North Korea accused the US of delaying the construction of the nuclear reactors and demanded compensation for losses and damages caused by the delay.
	www.world-nuclear.org /nb/nb00/nb0006.htm (1533 words)

	FT.com \| TotalSearch \| Global Archive \| Article
		power plant has been subjected to more precise rules and restricted to a minimum.
		This was announced for the Khorizont programme of the Bulgarian National Radio by Yordan Kostadinov, Kozloduy N-plant executive director.
		He added that the reactors' chief and duty engineers have been instructed to adopt measures related to the reactors' safety.
	www.nci.org /01/09/26-4.htm (139 words)

	Bulgaria shuts down Kozloduy NPP
		The closure of units 3 and 4 of the Kozloduy nuclear power plant is scheduled for 2006.
		Bulgaria is currently a major electricity exporter in the Balkans, sending over 6 billion kilowatt-hours of electrical power per year but will most probably have to halve its energy exports after 2007.
		The EU has earmarked 4.6 billion euros for Bulgaria in its first three years of membership to compensate for the closure of two outdated reactors at the Kozloduy nuclear power plant, help develop rural areas and strengthen border control.
	www.bellona.no /en/international/russia/npps/38276.html (338 words)

	dti: Energy - Nuclear
		The overall aim is to enhance Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) safety culture and, hence, overall nuclear safety.
		Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) currently has a training programme for operations staff to ensure the safe operation of its facilities.
		This project will develop course materials and assessment methodologies for the pre-defined subject areas, deliver the training to Kozloduy NPP operations staff, and train the trainers at the plant to enable them to continue to deliver the training.
	www.dti.gov.uk /energy/nuclear/fsu/nsp03_b4.shtml (215 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Power control on the forward and reverse channels is faster and more frequent than in AMPS systems.
		RELAX, SOVIET-BUILT NUCLEAR REACTORS ARE IN GOOD HANDS The 1992 annual report for EG&G quotes the Chief Manager of Bulgaria's Kozloduy nuclear power plant as follows: "By Western standards, we're driving this reactor blindly.
		They walked out of the power plant control room and took all of the operating manuals with them.
	www.barovelli.com /radio/textfiles/BLN0793.TXT (4148 words)

	[No title]
		The nuclear power plant at Kozloduy supplies between 30-40% of Bulgaria's total energy needs.
		He blamed the scourge on high-level reluctance to address corruption, judicial shortcomings, unclear bureaucratic decision-making procedures, and the power of officials to issue credits, licenses, and quotas.
		According to the Labor Ministry, 85% of vacancies are for blue-collar workers, while two-thirds of the unemployed have a higher or specialized secondary education.
	www.b-info.com /places/Bulgaria/news/95-02/feb28.omri (1520 words)

	Category:Nuclear power plants - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The main article for this category is Nuclear power plant.
		Nuclear Power Plant Landshut Isar I + Isar II
		This page was last modified 19:10, 12 February 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:Nuclear_power_plants (73 words)

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