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Topic: Kreutz Sungrazers

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	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Kreutz Sungrazers
		The Sungrazers of 1689, 1702 and 1945 also seem to be closely related to those of 1882 and 1965, although their orbits are not well enough determined to establish whether they broke off from the parent comet in 1106, or the previous perihelion passage before that, some time in the 4th century AD.
		This subgroup is known as Subgroup I. The Sungrazers of 1843 and 1963 also seem to be closely related, although when their orbits are traced back to one previous perihelion, the differences between the orbital elements are still rather large, probably implying that they broke apart from each other one revolution before that.
		The Sungrazers of 1668, 1695, 1880 and 1963 are also members of this subgroup, called Subgroup II, probably resulting from fragmentations at the previous perihelion or the one before that.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Kreutz_Sungrazers (2443 words)

	Sungrazer Comets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Kreutz group of sungrazing comets may be fragments of a Sungrazer Parent Comet with diameter 120 km that Brian Marsden has calculated to have appeared between 20,000 and 10,000 years ago.
		Kreutz Sungrazer Group 1 held together until 371 BC, when it split into at least 3 pieces, one of which was the Great March Comet of 1843.
		Kreutz Sungrazer Group II held together until 1106 AD, when it split into at least 3 pieces, including the Great September Comet of 1882 and Comet Ikeya-Seki of 1965.
	www.valdostamuseum.org /hamsmith/sungrazer.html (386 words)

	Comet White-Ortiz-Bolelli at AllExperts (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It was a member of the Kreutz Sungrazers, a family of comets which resulted from the break-up of a large parent comet several centuries ago.
		The calculated orbit pinned down White-Ortiz-Bolelli as a member of the Kreutz Sungrazers, a group of comets which all originate from the fragmentation of one giant parent comet several hundred years ago, and which has provided some of the brightest comets ever seen.
		Kreutz sungrazers appearing between May and July may come and go unseen, as they approach from directly behind the Sun as seen from Earth; the only previous Kreutz Sungrazer seen during these months was the Eclipse Comet of 1882, which was only observed once, during a total solar eclipse.
	experts.about.com.cob-web.org:8888 /e/c/co/Comet_White-Ortiz-Bolelli.htm (646 words)

	SOHO Comets
		In the late 1880's and early 1890's, Heinrich Kreutz studied the possible sungrazing comets which had been observed until then and determined that some were sungrazers and some were not.
		Even the brightest Kreutz comets observed by LASCO are believed to be no more than tens of meters in diameter (compared to the diameter of the Sun, which is roughly 1,390,000,000 meters!).
		Sungrazing comets have been observed possibly as far back as the year -371.
	ares.nrl.navy.mil /sungrazer/index.php?p=sungrazers (719 words)

	A SOHO and Sungrazing Comet FAQ
		The Kreutz fragments seen in SOHO have largely been tiny (as small as 5 meters in diameter), and they have invariably vaporized due to their close passage to the Sun.
		Kreutz sungrazers are known for their extremely small perihelion distances, which frequently bring them within less than a solar radius of the Sun?s visible surface (photosphere), particularly Subgroup I Kreutz comets, whose brightest known member was the Great Comet of 1843 and which account for about 80% of SOHO?s Kreutz fragments.
		Kreutz comets present no danger to Earth, as their orbits are steeply inclined to the ecliptic.
	home.earthlink.net /~tonyhoffman/SOHOfaq.htm (2376 words)

	ESA - Space Science - Comets: 'Sungrazer' comets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In the late 1880s and 1890s, Heinrich Kreutz studied the comets which had been observed until then and determined that some were sungrazers and some were not.
		The Kreutz sungrazers get to within about 50 000 kilometres of the surface, just passing through the lower regions of the solar atmosphere (the corona).
		Sungrazing comets have been observed possibly as far back as the year 371 BC.
	www.esa.int /export/esaSC/SEMPYV57ESD_index_0.html (392 words)

	Sungrazer Comets
		The Kreutz family is the largest with over 500 sungrazers.
		When sungrazers collide with the sun, the matter-antimatter explosions produce enormous sunspots and solar flares stretching millions of kilometers into space.
		On July 23, 2002, a 23,000 metric ton antimatter sungrazer created a billion Megatons of TNT explosion that could have supplied the World's total energy needs for 10,000 years.
	www.matter-antimatter.com /sungrazer_comets.htm (328 words)

	Headless comets survive plunge through sun's atmosphere
		They belong to the Kreutz family of sun-grazing comets, often seen by the SOHO spacecraft while diving towards their final rendezvous with the Sun.
		Normally, sungrazers simply fade and disappear at an earlier stage, obliterated by the Sun's intense heat and radiation pressure.
		Another pair of Kreutz sungrazers with such a "headless tail" was observed in June 1998, when the observing geometry was very similar.
	www.govertschilling.nl /nieuws/archief/2003/0306/030610b_nasa.htm (538 words)

	sun-grazing_comet
		In the late 1880s and early 1890s, the German astronomer Heinrich Kreutz (1854-1907) studied the possible sungrazing comets that had been observed until then and determined which were true sungrazers.
		He also found that the genuine ones all followed the same orbit, with a period of about 800 years, indicating that they were fragments of a single comet that had broken up.
		Several hundred sungrazers have been observed by the SOHO spacecraft out of a total population of perhaps 200,000, the smallest of which may be less than 10 m across.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/sun-grazing_comet.html (241 words)

	State of own research (1998-2001)
		The scope of our model of sungrazing comets is to constrain properties like radius, density, and tensile strength from the observation that these objects are completely destroyed.
		Application of the model to sungrazing comets showed that the maximum size of a comet which can be disrupted by sublimation alone is several tens of meters.
		While the detection of a large number of small sungrazing comets by the LASCO coronograph is valuable, the images reveal only very limited information about the structure or composition of the objects.
	www.phim.unibe.ch /internal/nf01web/node24.html (973 words)

	Heinrich Kreutz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Heinrich Carl Friedrich Kreutz (September 8, 1854 – July 13, 1907) was a German astronomer, most notable for his studies of the orbits of several sungrazing comets, which revealed that they were all related objects, produced when a very large sun-grazing comet fragmented several hundred years previously.
		The group is now known as the Kreutz Sungrazers, and has produced some of the brightest comets ever seen.
		Kreutz was born in Siegen in 1854, and obtained his PhD at the University of Bonn in 1880.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Heinrich_Kreutz (190 words)

	Gatorsports.com :: 100 years of Gator Football (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A Sungrazing comet is a comet that passes extremely close to the Sun at perihelion - sometimes within a few thousand kilometres of the Sun's surface.
		The most famous sungrazers are the Kreutz Sungrazers, which all originate from one giant comet that broke up into many smaller comets during its first passage through the inner solar system.
		Since the launch of the SOHO satellite in 1995, hundreds of tiny Kreutz Sungrazers have been discovered, all of which have either plunged into the sun or been destroyed completely during their perihelion passage.
	www.gatorsports.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?template=wiki&text=sungrazing_comet (808 words)

	science results
		Some Kreutz sungrazers have been among the brightest comets ever seen, for example, Comet Ikeya-Seki in 1965, which briefly became bright enough to be seen during daylight.
		The Kreutz sungrazers detected by SOHO, however, have been much smaller than this, and all of them seem to have disintegrated as they approached the sun.
		My plan was to take photographs specifically covering the expected path of the Kreutz sungrazers, and to do visual searching (with binoculars) both along the sungrazer path and around the general vicinity of the sun.
	www.swisr.org /ecl_sci.html (568 words)

	Universe Today - SOHO Nears 1,000th Comet Discovery
		Comets also have a tail of electrically charged particles (ions) that is usually fainter and is pushed away from the Sun by the solar wind, a thin stream of electrified gas that blows constantly from the Sun.
		It is likely that small fragments continue to break off all around their orbits, because SOHO observes a stream with tiny Kreutz members reaching the Sun almost every day, and bits as small as these would have simply vaporized if this had happened near the Sun.
		However, since the Kreutz group is so numerous, the parent comet that shattered to create Kreutz comets is estimated to have been truly immense, about 60 miles (100 km) across.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/soho_1000_comets.html (996 words)

	SOHO Solar and Heliospherical Observatory
		These comets, the Kreutz comets, tend to follow a predicted path through the SOHO FOV (field of view) always traveling in a path toward the near edge of the visible sun ending their long journey.
		In the late 1800s Heinrich Kreutz began studying the sungrazing comets and discovered that many of them appeared to share a similar orbit.
		The Kreutz group comets are the most abundant of all sungrazers.
	www.cometary.net /soho.htm (642 words)

	NASA's Cosmos
		They are named after the German astronomer Heinrich Kreutz (1854-1907) who found that many of the comets, which had come closest to the Sun in the 19th century, seemed to have a common origin with similar orbits.
		When a member of the Kreutz sungrazer group moves around its orbit and returns to our vicinity, it can dive into the inner corona and disappear forever (Fig.
		Aside from the numerous Kreutz sungrazers, SOHO has found more than forty new comets, which is comparable to the number of comet discoveries during almost any decade throughout the previous two centuries.
	ase.tufts.edu /cosmos/print_chapter.asp?id=16 (2938 words)

	Comets K-12 Background Information for Lesson Plans & Science Fair Projects
		Due to their origins in the outer solar system and their propensity to be highly affected (or perturbed) by relatively close approaches to the major planets, comets' orbits are constantly changing.
		Some are moved into sungrazing orbits that destroy the comets when they near the Sun, while others are thrown out of the solar system forever.
		Comets are believed to originate in a cloud (the Oort cloud) at large distances from the Sun consisting of debris left over from the condensation of the solar nebula; the outer edges of such nebulae are cool enough that water exists in a solid (rather than gaseous) state.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/astronomy/comet.html (4507 words)

	Sun approaching comets
		Over 1000 sungrazing comets of the Kreutz familly have been discovered on coronograph images from the SOHO spacecraft and it is the leading source of comet discoveries.
		This study compares the SOHO sungrazers, which always disappear during their approach to the Sun, with the sungrazers detected earlier with the other space-borne coronagraphs (Solwind and Solar Maximum Mission [SMM]) as well as with the bright members of the Kreutz system, discovered from the ground between 1843 and 1970.
		The headless comet C/1887 B1 is suggested to be a transition object between the bright sungrazers and the coronagraphically discovered ones: its physical behavior was similar to that of the latter comets, but it survived the perihelion passage.
	www.ast.cam.ac.uk /~jds/kreutz.htm (2929 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: INFO 02-2000: 100 and Counting - SOHO's score as the world's top comet finder
		These comets are now called the Kreutz sungrazers, and the 92 vanishing SOHO comets belong to that class.
		The sungrazing comets slant in from the south, at 35 degrees to the plane where the Earth and the other planets orbit.
		Although SOHO's sungrazers are all too small to survive, other members of the family are still large enough to reappear, depleted but intact, after their close encounters with the Sun.
	sci.esa.int /content/news/index.cfm?aid=14&cid=2097&oid=12363 (1423 words)

	Kamikaze Comets
		Ninety-two sungrazing comets discovered by SOHO appear to have come from the breakup of a single gigantic comet more than 2000 years ago.
		This Kreutz sungrazing comet from April 30, 1998 was observed in the LASCO C2 telescope.
		The disruption that created the many SOHO sungrazers was similar to the fate of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, which went too close to Jupiter and broke up into many pieces that eventually fell into the massive planet in 1994.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2000/ast10feb_1.htm (883 words)

	History's greatest comet hunter approaches major milestone
		About 85 percent of the comets discovered so far by SOHO belong to the Kreutz group of 'sungrazing' comets, so named because their orbits take them very close to the Sun.
		The Kreutz sungrazers come within 800 000 km of the Sun's visible surface.
		Sungrazing comets are discovered when they enter LASCO's field of view as they pass close by the Sun.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-07/esa-hgc070605.php (426 words)

	Astronomy - Comets - Francis Reddy
		Kreutz argued that the comets he studied were possibly fragments of some much larger comet that fell apart at a close approach to the Sun.
		Sungrazers have perihelion distances less than 0.02 AU, orbital periods of a few centuries, and other distinguishing orbital characteristics, but they were also apparently rare.
		Marsden believes that nearly all of them belong to the Kreutz group, although there are too few observations to uniquely determine their orbits.
	www.astronomy.com /asy/default.aspx?c=ss&id=78 (3123 words)

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